Prevention Of Further Loss Research Articles

An accurate and efficient method for occlusal tooth wear assessment using 3D digital dental models

Tooth or material wear in a dentition is a common finding that requires timely diagnosis for management and prevention of further loss or associated esthetic or functional impairment. Various qualitative and quantitative methods have been suggested to measure tooth or material wear, but they present with limitations, such as imprecision, subjectivity, or high complexity. Here we developed and assessed an efficient 3D superimposition method to accurately measure occlusal tooth wear on 3D digital dental models. For this purpose, teeth on plaster casts were manually grinded on their occlusal surfaces to simulate various degrees of tooth wear. The casts were scanned using a surface scanner. Grinded tooth crowns (T1) were segmented and compared to the original crowns (T0) using five 3D surface superimposition techniques and a gold standard technique (GS). GS measurements were obtained by using intact adjacent structures as superimposition references. The technique of choice (complete crown with 30% estimated overlap of meshes) showed the best reproducibility (maximum difference < 0.050 mm3) and excellent agreement with the GS technique (median difference: 0.032 mm3). The suggested 3D superimposition method offers a highly efficient and accurate tool for tooth wear assessment, which could be applicable to clinical conditions.

Infectious Wildlife Diseases in Austria—A Literature Review From 1980 Until 2017

This literature review examines infectious wildlife disease research in Austria. We analyzed 226 research papers, published between 1980 and 2017. We determined that wildlife disease papers increased significantly from 0.8 ± 0.8 publications per year in the first decade (1980–1989) when compared to 2008–2017 with an average of 12.9 ± 4.1 publications per year. We illustrate information about the most investigated diseases and highlight the lack of research into certain wildlife pathogens. A special emphasis was given to diseases with zoonotic potential. The review showed that research focused on a few select species like the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), red deer (Cervus elaphus), and wild boar (Sus scrofa), all game species. Moreover, diseases affecting livestock and human health were seen more often. The review also found that only a low number of publications actually stated disease prevalence and confidence interval data. The reported diseases identified were classified according to their notifiable status and the distribution at the wildlife–human and wildlife–livestock interface. Furthermore, we try to argue why research into some diseases is prioritized, and why other diseases are underrepresented in current Austrian research. While spatiotemporal indicators could not be assessed due to the variability in methodologies and objectives of various studies, the information provided by this review offers the first comprehensive evaluation of the status of infectious wildlife disease research in Austria. Therefore, this study could assist investigators to identify further areas of priorities for research and conservation efforts and for wildlife management professionals to inform policy and funding strategies. With this review, we want to encourage research in the field of wildlife diseases in Austria to enhance current knowledge in the prevention of further loss in biodiversity and to find new measures to promote “One Health” on a global scale.

The patient with metabolic alkalosis

ABSTRACTMetabolic alkalosis defined by the increase of both plasma HCO3- level (>26 mmol/L) and blood arterial pH (>7.43) is quite frequent and usually accompanied by hypokalemia. Its pathogenesis requires both the generation of alkalosis and its maintenance. Generation may be due to excessive hydrogen ion loss by the gastrointestinal tract (e.g. vomiting) or by the kidney (e.g. use of loop diuretics) or may be due to exogenous base gain. Maintenance reflects the inability of the kidney to excrete the excess of bicarbonate because of hypovolemia, chloride depletion, hypokalemia, hyperaldosteronism, renal failure or a combination of these factors. The evaluation of volemic status and measurement of urinary Cl- and plasma levels of renin and aldosterone are crucial to identify the cause(s) of metabolic alkalosis. The cornerstone of treatment is the correction of existing depletions and the prevention of further losses. In vomiting-induced chloride depletion alkalosis, infusion of potassium chloride restores the excretion of bicarbonate by the kidney.

Climate and land use changes will degrade the configuration of the landscape for titi monkeys in eastern Brazil.

Land use changes have profound effects on populations of Neotropical primates, and ongoing climate change is expected to aggravate this scenario. The titi monkeys from eastern Brazil (Callicebus personatus group) have been particularly affected by this process, with four of the five species now allocated to threatened conservation status categories. Here, we estimate the changes in the distribution of these titi monkeys caused by changes in both climate and land use. We also use demographic-based, functional landscape metrics to assess the magnitude of the change in landscape conditions for the distribution predicted for each species. We built species distribution models (SDMs) based on maximum entropy for current and future conditions (2070), allowing for different global circulation models and contrasting scenarios of glasshouse gas concentrations. We refined the SDMs using a high-resolution map of habitat remnants. We then calculated habitat availability and connectivity based on home-range size and the dispersal limitations of the individual, in the context of a predicted loss of 10% of forest cover in the future. The landscape configuration is predicted to be degraded for all species, regardless of the climatic settings. This include reductions in the total cover of forest remnants, patch size and functional connectivity. As the landscape configuration should deteriorate severely in the future for all species, the prevention of further loss of populations will only be achieved through habitat restoration and reconnection to counteract the negative effects for these and several other co-occurring species.

On some possibilities and prospects of gene conservation and utilisation of pig breeds

Abstract. Nowadays, there are 47 rare pig breeds in the world the majority of which in Europe. Disappeared breeds are considered to be 139 breeds (mostly in Europe). The prevention of further losses of needs needs special measurements and methods for maintenance and conservation of genetic values. In spite of a lot of means being available, the conservation programs use the possibilities only moderately. Besides the commonly used testing results, special genetic analysis should be practised and extended widely, including blood groups, enzyme and other protein polymorphisms and the new results of genom analysis (marker genes atc). A proper – and well identified - genetic make up is of minimal precondition for preparing effective mating plans to avoid and reduce Inbreeding rate in closed populations. Besides number of traits and markers, more emphasis should be given to the distribution of the genetic markers on each chromosomes detected. If a chromosome were controlled (detected by at least 5 loci, thre would be round 200 parameters necessary as a minimum for a porper control fo the genomic background of a breed. Whilst it is very diffucult to prevent gene losses in small populations (small effective population size) for long term, reconstruction of them should be comined with cryopreservational and up-to-date DNA-screening.

Postmenopausal women. Factors in osteoporosis preventive behaviors.

Osteoporosis is a serious health hazard mainly affecting postmenopausal and elderly women. Osteoporotic fractures are one of the leading causes of morbidity and death in the elderly population. Prevention of further loss of bone mass in postmenopausal women can be achieved if women take estrogen replacement therapy, consume adequate levels of calcium, exercise regularly, and practice healthy lifestyle behaviors. Elderly women need to follow the same strategies as postmenopausal women with more emphasis on prevention of falls.

Estrogen in Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosisa

Estrogen has clearly been shown to decrease bone loss and frequency of osteoporotic fractures. Calcitonin has been shown in several studies to reduce the rate of bone loss, although no data are yet available demonstrating a reduction in fracture frequency. Studies of osteoporosis intrinsically assume that prevention of further loss, or increments in bone mass, will be associated with declines in fracture recurrence. That may not always be the case. Recent controlled studies in which fluoride was used to increase bone mass in vertebral bodies resulted in no significant decline in fracture recurrence, and there was even a suggestion of increased fracture risk at some sites. Thus further data on calcitonin will be important, even though calcitonin is not expected to alter bone quality as does fluoride. Alternative therapies to calcitonin and estrogen are being investigated in clinical studies since both are currently limited in their use. Because calcitonin currently requires nearly daily injections, estrogen remains the principal agent available for both prevention and treatment in spite of its wide effect on multiple body systems. Bisphosphonates, given continuously or intermittently, appear to be relatively safe oral alternatives to calcitonin. The long-term effects of these agents need to be evaluated in greater detail before they can be recommended for prevention, but a role in therapy of the established disorder seems likely. The skeletal effect of bisphosphonates is also inhibition of bone remodeling and therefore prevention of further bone loss. Thus, they add nothing to the other therapeutic regimens from this perspective and as with calcitonin therapy, documentation of decreased frequency of fracture is lacking. Agents to increase bone mass are purely investigational at this time and many years may elapse before efficacy can be shown for such interventions.