Prevention Of Diarrhea Research Articles

A Descriptive Study to Assess Child Nutrition and Health Information Related Knowledge among Mothers of Under Six Years Children in Selected Areas of Dadra & Nagar Haveli

Background: The Health of a country depends on healthy citizens. Healthy children grow up to be healthy adults. Young children, especially those under the age of six are in a vulnerable stage of physical development. Malnutrition during this time can have long-term and irreversible consequences. Mothers have to be made more aware about feeding practices and health-care practices only then it can go a long away in reducing the severity of malnutrition. As per ICDS guidelines on convergence initiatives for improved nutrition, Knowledge of mothers regarding child Nutrition and Health information can be assessed based on five key Nutrition and Health information as follows: (i) importance of colostrum; (ii) continued breastfeeding; (iii) diarrhea prevention and treatment using oral rehydration solution (ORS); (iv) child immunization and (v) family planning. Aim: To assess knowledge regarding child nutrition and health information among mothers of under six year children in selected areas of Dadra and Nagar Haveli. Methodology: A descriptive survey design was used to collect data with structured interview method from 200 mothers which were selected from non-probability convenient sampling technique. Result: Out of 200 mothers whosever taken part in study, 24.50 % had inadequate knowledge, 64.50 % had moderate knowledge and 11.0 % had adequate knowledge. Age, education of mothers and family monthly income were having significant association with knowledge score at 0.05 level of significance. Conclusion: This study concluded that mothers were having moderate knowledge which is affected by mainly age and education of mothers, hence improving knowledge level of mothers can positively impact growth and development of children.

Intestine microbiota and SCFAs response in naturally Cryptosporidium-infected plateau yaks.

Diarrhea is a severe bovine disease, globally prevalent in farm animals with a decrease in milk production and a low fertility rate. Cryptosporidium spp. are important zoonotic agents of bovine diarrhea. However, little is known about microbiota and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) changes in yaks infected with Cryptosporidium spp. Therefore, we performed 16S rRNA sequencing and detected the concentrations of SCFAs in Cryptosporidium-infected yaks. Results showed that over 80,000 raw and 70,000 filtered sequences were prevalent in yak samples. Shannon (p<0.01) and Simpson (p<0.01) were both significantly higher in Cryptosporidium-infected yaks. A total of 1072 amplicon sequence variants were shared in healthy and infected yaks. There were 11 phyla and 58 genera that differ significantly between the two yak groups. A total of 235 enzymes with a significant difference in abundance (p<0.001) were found between healthy and infected yaks. KEGG L3 analysis discovered that the abundance of 43 pathways was significantly higher, while 49 pathways were significantly lower in Cryptosporidium-infected yaks. The concentration of acetic acid (p<0.05), propionic acid (p<0.05), isobutyric acid (p<0.05), butyric acid (p<0.05), and isovaleric acid was noticeably lower in infected yaks, respectively. The findings of the study revealed that Cryptosporidium infection causes gut dysbiosis and results in a significant drop in the SCFAs concentrations in yaks with severe diarrhea, which may give new insights regarding the prevention and treatment of diarrhea in livestock.

Probiotic Properties of Saccharomycetes (Review)

The purpose of the review is to summarize and analyze information on the molecular genetic basis and methods for studying the probiotic activity of Saccharomycetes fungi, the mechanisms of their physiological action, and their application in biotechnology. The relevance of research in this area is confirmed by the dynamics of the growth of publications. The effectiveness of Saccharomyces boulardii in the treatment and prevention of diarrhea of various etiologies, relapses of C. difficile infection, side effects of H. pylori infection therapy has been established with a high level of evidence. Genetic, cytological, cultural and biochemical features of S. boulardii determine their probiotic activity. Other Saccharomyces strains with probiotic potential are most often isolated from national fermented plant and dairy products. A unified methodology for studying the probiotic properties of yeast has not yet been created; clinical trials involving people are needed to confirm their status. Promising probiotics are strains of the species S. cerevisiae and K. marxianus, which have an international safety status. Possible mechanisms of physiological action of Saccharomycetes include antimicrobial and antitoxic, trophic, antisecretory and anti-inflammatory effects. Some of the mechanisms of yeast probiotic action differ from those of bacteria, and not all of them are yet understood. Saccharomycetes probiotics can be used to improve the biological value, quality and safety of food products.

KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE OF USING ORS AND HOUSEHOLD MANAGEMENT OF CHILDHOOD DIARRHOEA

Introduction: Diarrhoea is dened as the passage of three or more loose stools per day. Diarrhoea is one of the leading causes of childhood mortality in India. The objectives of the study were to assess household Knowledge, Attitude and Practice for prevention of Diarrhoea in children through preformed questionnaires. Material and Methods: Four hundred and sixty eight under ve children were selected for study by Cluster sampling method. Background information, details of acute diarrhoea and treatment modalities were obtained from mother of the under ve children. This was a hospital based study conducted at a tertiary care hospital, from 1st May 2021 to 30th December 2022. Results:About 70 % of the moms were between the age assemble 25-32 years and the vast majority of them were housewives (72%).A greater part (&gt;66%) of the moms were having essential/auxiliary education. Learning with respect to different parts of the diarrhoea and ORS surprisingly extremely unacceptable. In the present examination it is seen that learning in regards to ORS in looseness of the bowels is more in educated mother than uneducated. Three sitting of Educational mediations realized huge enhancement of the middle scores of learning, state of mind and practice expanded from 9, 6, 3 to 19, 14, 8, individually, Conclusion: The household knowledge regarding method of use and preparation of ORS for management of diarrhoea was observed to be lacking in this investigation. More estimates should be taken to enhance this learning and make moms mindful about the planning and utilization of ORs

Reducing inequities in maternal and child health in rural Guatemala through the CBIO+ Approach of Curamericas: 3. Expansion of population coverage of key interventions

BackgroundThis is the third in a series of 10 articles describing the Curamericas/Guatemala Maternal and Child Health Project, 2011–2015, and its effectiveness in improving the health and well-being of 15,327 children younger than 5 years of age and 32,330 women of reproductive age in the Department of Huehuetenango in180 communities that make up the municipalities of San Sebastian Coatán, Santa Eulalia, and San Miguel Acatán. The Project combined the Census-Based, Impact-Oriented (CBIO) Approach with the Care Group Approach and the Community Birthing Center (Casa Materna Rural) Approach. This combined approach we refer to as CBIO+. The Project trained women volunteers every two weeks (in Care Groups) to provide health education to neighboring households. Messages focused on the promotion of maternal and newborn health, nutrition, prevention and treatment of acute respiratory infection and diarrhea in children, and immunizations.MethodsHousehold knowledge, practice and coverage (KPC) surveys were executed at baseline in January 2011 and at endline in June 2015 to measure changes in levels of knowledge of danger signs, key household practices (such as Essential Newborn Care and handwashing), and health service utilization (such as antenatal care and care seeking for a child with signs of pneumonia) in two separate Project Areas (Area A with 41 months and Area B with 20 months of full intervention implementation).ResultsFor the 24 indicators of the interventions under the Project’s control, statistically significant improvements were observed for 21 in Area A and 19 in Area B. However, for some of the interventions that required support from the government's Extension of Coverage Program (immunization, family planning, and vitamin A administration) no improvements were noted because of the cessation of the program by the government after Project implementation began. In both Areas A and B one-half of the indicators improved by at least two-fold.ConclusionThis community-based Project has been effective in quickly achieving marked improvements in indicators for interventions that are important for the health of mothers and children. These achievements are notable in view of the challenging context in which the Project was implemented.

Knowledge, attitude and practices of community health workers on managing and preventing childhood malaria and diarrhea in Fako Division, South West Region, Cameroon; A mixed method study.

In developing countries, childhood malaria and diarrhea are among the 5 leading causes of death among children under five years; the use of community health workers (CHWs) to manage these diseases has shown some degree of success. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to assess knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) of CHWs on the management and prevention of childhood malaria and diarrhea in Fako Division, South-West Region, Cameroon. A pretested questionnaire was administered to eighty CHWs in Fako Division. Three focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted with 29 CHWs. The Chi-Square and Spearman Correlation tests were used to investigate the association between socio-demographic characteristics with CHWs' KAP on childhood malaria and diarrhea management and prevention. A total of 52.5% of the participants had good knowledge, negative attitudes (65.0%), and carried out poor practices (60.0%) on the management and prevention of childhood malaria. Up to 8.75% CHWs did not know the first-line antimalarial drug used in Cameroon. More than half (57.5%) of participants had poor knowledge, 70.0% had a negative attitude and 82.25% carried out good practices on the management and prevention of childhood diarrhea. 47.6% of CHWs used a mixture of guava leaves and 'masepo' (Ocimum gratissimum) as treatment for childhood diarrhea. Level of education (p = 0.028) and Health District (p = 0.026) were significantly associated with practices on management and prevention of childhood diarrhea. CHWs had inadequate knowledge, poor attitude, and practices on childhood malaria management. Even though a majority of CHWs carried out good practices for diarrhea management, their knowledge and attitude were poor. Therefore, there is a need for training to improve CHWs' knowledge, attitude and practices on childhood malaria and diarrhea management.

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Syrian Mothers' Towards Diarrhea Management and Prevention Among Under-Five Children: A Cross Sectional Study from Syria

Background: Diarrhea kills more than 2,000 children worldwide and over 1.3 million annually. There is still a gap in home management knowledge, attitude, and excellent practice of diarrheal illness.This research aims to understand mothers' knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours about diarrhoea in children under the age of five in Syria to minimize the number of fatalities and enhance the efficacy and efficiency of treatment. Methods: From the 8th to the 18th of September 2022, a cross-sectional online survey was done in Syria. The questionnaire was modified based on prior research that used a thorough, validated scale. Mothers having at least one child under the age of five and Syrian nationalities from all Syrian governorates were eligible to participate in the study. Four components make up the questionnaire. In the first section, information regarding the participants' demographics was provided. In the second section, mothers were tested on their knowledge of diarrhoea. Mothers' actual attitudes regarding preventing and treating diarrhoea were also analyzed. Results: 49.9% of the 996 participants were between the ages of 25 and 34, while 62.6% of the children were between the ages of 26 and 59 months. 46.2 percent of participants had a Bachelor's degree. 82.4 % of moms classified diarrhoea as the frequent passage of watery stools (3 or more times). 53.7 percent of respondents had used ORS; however, only 33.7% said they knew how to prepare it. Mothers with children aged 25–59 months were more informed about the prevention and home-based treatment of diarrhoea in their children (mean=6.07, SD= 2.36) than those aged 35–44 (mean=6.16, SD= 2.36). Mothers' excellent economic status was associated with greater diarrhoea management knowledge (mean=6.5, standard deviation = 2.50). (Mean = 7.28, Standard Deviation = 2.50) Mothers with a high school diploma or above had more understanding of diarrhoea management than those with a lower level of education. 28.7% of mothers with children between 25 and 59 months exhibited excellent knowledge of prevention and home-based treatment of diarrhoea. 43.4% of mothers with a bachelor's degree or more showed a positive attitude toward diarrhoea management. Only 6.3% of moms with a low socioeconomic position have shown appropriate diarrhoea control practices. Three out of six predictor factors were substantially connected with mothers' attitudes about diarrhoea management, including the age of the child, the mother's employment, and her level of education (P0.05). Two of the six predictor factors were substantially connected with mothers' practice of diarrhoea control, including the mother's employment and socioeconomic position (P0.05). Women with higher socioeconomic status are expected to perform diarrhoea treatment 1.69 times more often than those with a lower socioeconomic status. Conclusion: We indicated that mothers' beliefs and actions about the prevention and home management of diarrheal illnesses in children younger than five were inadequate. Therefore, it is important to plan and execute health education, information distribution, and community discourse to improve the prevention and treatment of diarrhea in children under five.

Short-term supplementation of zinc nanoparticles in weaned piglets affects zinc bioaccumulation and carcass classification

High doses of zinc have been used as a prevention against weaned piglets' diarrhea for many years. Nevertheless, since 2022 high doses of zinc oxide have been banned in EU. Currently, there are several studies about the potential of zinc nanoparticles in lower doses which could maintain a preventive effect. Several concerns about nanoparticles' toxicity and bioaccumulation have been raised in many other fields of research. The aim of this short follow-up study is focused on the impact of zinc nanoparticles used as a prevention of diarrhea for weaned piglets, on the classification of slaughtered pigs’ carcasses and on zinc retention in muscle tissue. Seventy piglets (10 groups of 7 piglets) were fed a standard diet. The treated groups’ diets were supplemented with zinc oxide (ZnO), and phosphate-based nanoparticles: spherical- shaped type A (ZnA) and irregular-shaped: type C (ZnC), at the doses of 500, 1000 and 2000 mg Zn equivalent per kilogram of diet. The control group´s diet was not treated with zinc in any form. The feed experiment started when the piglets were 28 days old and lasted for 10 days. Experimental animals were grown to the final weight 120 ± 10 kg and slaughtered in a slaughterhouse. The pig carcasses were evaluated according to S/EUROP standards: the pigs’ weight, back fat thickness and lean meat content were monitored. Moreover, zinc concentrations in M. longissimus dorsi et thoracis were analyzed. The results have not proved significant changes in S/EUROP standard classification and zinc bioaccumulation in muscle tissue. This follow-up experiment was carried out as part of maintaining a precautionary approach to the use the nanoparticles in piglet fattening. In our study we did not confirm their effect on the assessment of carcass classification and their bioaccumulation in muscle tissue.

Effect of Health Education Intervention On Diarrhea Prevention Practices Among Mothers of Under-5 Children in Abia State, Nigeria

Delayed response to the onset of diarrhea in infants caused by poor sanitation and delay in responding to signs and symptoms can be fatal, as evidenced by mortality in children attributable to diarrhea, occasioned by inadequate understanding of the dangers and consequences involved due to poor knowledge of far-reaching consequences, inadequate prevention and skills to manage the condition as it develops. This study evaluated the effect of a health education intervention on diarrhea prevention practices among mothers with children under the age of five in Aba, Abia State, Nigeria. This study employed a quasi-experimental research design. From population of 350 under-5 mothers in the Local government, a sample size of 60 was determined using power formula. Systematic sampling was used to select the mothers. The health education intervention involved a control and experimental group. The duration of program was one hour weekly didactic intervention for six weeks. A structured validated questionnaire was used to collect data at baseline, at 6th and 12th week post intervention. The Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficients for the constructs ranged from 0.75 to 0.87. The mother’s prevention practices were measured on a 27-point rating scale. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics at α = 0.05 level of significance.Findings showed that between the baseline and the post-immediate there was a significant difference in the mean prevention score in the experimental group (from 19.03±5.91 to 22.20±3.67 at p&lt; 0.05. However, there was no significant difference (p &gt;0.05) in the mean prevention score of the control group (from20.13 ± 4.89 to 20.8 ± 3.41). In conclusion, the health education intervention was effective increasing the mother’s prevention and home management practices of diarrhea. It is recommended that matrons and nurses in charge of antenatal and postnatal clinics should teach mothers about prevention andhome management of diarrhea.

Strategi Promosi Kesehatan terhadap Partisipasi Masyarakat dalam Pencegahan Diare pada Anak Balita

This study aims to determine the health promotion strategy for community participation in preventing diarrhea in children under five in the working area of the Tomuan Siantar Public Health Center. The method used is quantitative observational with a cross-sectional approach. The results showed that the value of p advocacy was 0.001, social support was p = 0.008, and community empowerment was p = 0.005. In conclusion, advocacy, social support, and community empowerment influence community participation in preventing diarrhea in children under five in the working area of the Tomuan Health Center.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: Toddlers, Prevention of Diarrhea, Promotion Strategy

Edukasi Pencegahan dan Penanganan Diare dengan Pemanfaatan Teh Daun Jambu Biji (Psidium Guava)

Diarrhea is a condition where a person defecates with a soft or liquid consistency, it can even be just water and the frequency is more often (usually 3 times or more) in one day. This service aimed to provide education to the public on how to prevent diarrhea and manage diarrhea by using guava leaf tea. This Education has been done on August 5, 2022 at RT 07 Legok Village, Jambi City. The series of service activities are as follows: 1). The pretest which was carried out before the implementation of the counseling was carried out precisely at 16.00 WIB (for 5 minutes) 2). Providing education about the prevention and treatment of diarrhea by conducting discussions and demonstrations on making guava leaf tea for 30 minutes (25 minutes for education and 5 minutes for questions and answers). and 3)., 3). Post test, carried out 5 minutes after the implementation of education. The result of this activity was an increase in knowledge about diarrhea and its handling using guava leaf tea from the average knowledge before service was carried out of 6.7 increased to 8.6 after education and demonstrations were carried out. For this reason, it is hoped that the Legok community, especially RT 07, will treat diarrhea by utilizing guava tea leaves

Effectiveness of the WHO Combination Treatment Regimen in the Management of Dehydration as a Panacea to Diarrhoea Prevention in Under-Five Children in Oyo State

This study assessed the effectiveness of WHO combination treatment regimen in diarrhoea prevention through dehydration management amongst under-five children attending primary health care centres in Oyo State, Nigeria. The study used a quasi-experimental design consisting of a pre- and post-test for a single group. Sixty people who met the inclusion criteria were selected at random throughout the admissions process. Children with diarrhoea between the ages of 3 months and 60 months who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria and were hospitalised at the designated PHC Centres were the study's participants. Recovery rates at 24 hours, 2 weeks, and 4 weeks post-intervention were used to evaluate the efficacy of the combined therapy regime using a standardised instrument of the WHO observational check-list. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data. The results of this study demonstrate that the median ages of the participants range from 13 to 24 months (21; 35.0%), 3 to 12 months (18; 30.0%), 25 to 36 months (12; 20.0%), and 36 to 60 months (9; 15.0%). There are a total of 32 men and 28 females in this sample (53.3% vs 46.7%). However, upon arrival (Baseline), 47 individuals (78.3%) were already somewhat dehydrated. However, within 24 hours post-intervention, the majority of subjects (46, or 76.6%) no longer showed any signs of dehydration. After two weeks of intensive monitoring during home visits, the situation had improved significantly, with the vast majority (52, or 86.7%) of participants displaying no signs of dehydration. After 4 weeks of home visits, all 60 participants (100%) were found to be well hydrated upon re-examination. Dehydration status improved significantly after 24 hours, 2 weeks, and 4 weeks post-intervention, suggesting the combination of WHO-ORS and zinc is extremely effective in the treatment of diarrhoea in children younger than five. Therefore, PHC health professionals should use a combination of therapies rather than relying on just one to treat dehydration.

Hubungan Pengetahuan, Perilaku, dan Pengelolaan Jamban dengan Kejadian Diare di Wilayah Puskesmas Bogor Selatan 2022

Introduction: Diarrhea is a disease with signs of changes in loose stools until they melt and an increase in the frequency of bowel movements 3 or more times a day. Based on the pattern of causes of death for all ages, diarrhea is the 13th leading cause of death with a proportion of 3.5%. Meanwhile, based on infectious diseases, diarrhea is the third leading cause of death after TB and pneumonia. The population in this study were residents of South Bogor City. Objectives: To find out the factors that influence the incidence of diarrhea in Bogor City to be used as an intervention and implementation step in an effort to reduce the incidence of Non-Communicable Diseases, especially diarrheal diseases in the South Bogor Health Center area. Method: The sample in this study was 33 respondents using the simple random sampling method. The data was collected using a questionnaire, then the data was processed and analyzed using the Microsoft Excel program. Data analysis included univariate analysis by looking for the frequency distribution. Result: The results of data collection showed that the percentage of several indicators, namely knowledge, latrine management and behavior, which were the trigger for the incidence of diarrhea was behavioral behavior with the results of good behavior as many as 18 (54.5%), and unfavorable behavior 15 (45.5)%. While knowledge, it was found that, for poor knowledge as many as 8 (24.2%) had good knowledge as many as 25 (75.8%) respondents. For latrine management, 10 (30.3%) had unhealthy latrine management and 23 (69.7%) respondents had healthy latrine management. Conclusion: The conclusion of this study, although respondents have a good level of knowledge, it is not necessarily the respondents have good diarrhea prevention behavior, because it is proven that even though respondents have good knowledge, they have poor diarrhea prevention behavior. For not applying it in behavior.

Hubungan Pengetahuan, Perilaku, dan Pengelolaan Jamban dengan Kejadian Diare di Wilayah Puskesmas Bogor Selatan 2022

Introduction: Diarrhea is a disease with signs of changes in loose stools until they melt and an increase in the frequency of bowel movements 3 or more times a day. Based on the pattern of causes of death for all ages, diarrhea is the 13th leading cause of death with a proportion of 3.5%. Meanwhile, based on infectious diseases, diarrhea is the third leading cause of death after TB and pneumonia. The population in this study were residents of South Bogor City. Objectives: To find out the factors that influence the incidence of diarrhea in Bogor City to be used as an intervention and implementation step in an effort to reduce the incidence of Non-Communicable Diseases, especially diarrheal diseases in the South Bogor Health Center area. Method: The sample in this study was 33 respondents using the simple random sampling method. The data was collected using a questionnaire, then the data was processed and analyzed using the Microsoft Excel program. Data analysis included univariate analysis by looking for the frequency distribution. Result: The results of data collection showed that the percentage of several indicators, namely knowledge, latrine management and behavior, which were the trigger for the incidence of diarrhea was behavioral behavior with the results of good behavior as many as 18 (54.5%), and unfavorable behavior 15 (45.5)%. While knowledge, it was found that, for poor knowledge as many as 8 (24.2%) had good knowledge as many as 25 (75.8%) respondents. For latrine management, 10 (30.3%) had unhealthy latrine management and 23 (69.7%) respondents had healthy latrine management. Conclusion: The conclusion of this study, although respondents have a good level of knowledge, it is not necessarily the respondents have good diarrhea prevention behavior, because it is proven that even though respondents have good knowledge, they have poor diarrhea prevention behavior. For not applying it in behavior.

Growth and development of piglets depending on their live weight at birth

Relevance. The main task in organizing the feeding of suckling piglets is habituation early to feed and supplements, as well as the prevention of diarrhea and anemia. Up to 2 months of age is the most important period in the life of a piglet. The need of piglets for nutrients up to 3 weeks of age is usually met by sow milk, but from the first days of life they need additional nutrients, which must be given in the form of supplements.Methods. Experimental studies were conducted on pigs of Large white breed. For scientific research, 5 sows were selected at their 2nd and 3rd farrowing with 10–12 piglets, covered with one hog-producer (Miron-149, age 42 months, live weight 317 kg. The zoohygenic parameters of the indoor microclimate were maintained. Pigs of all groups were in the same conditions of feeding and maintenance, and they were fed compound feed in accordance with the developed recipes.Results. As a result of the research, it was revealed that with an increase in the age of sows increase their prolificacy, milk yield and nest weight on the 30th day and at 2 months of age. By milk yield the difference between sows of the first and fifth farrowing was 5.3 kg (P &lt; 0.001), by nest weight at the age of 2 months — 16.6 kg (P &lt; 0.001). The livability of piglets after the first and second farrowing was 89%, the third — 90%, the fourth and fifth farrowing — 96 and 95%. In all studied periods of development piglets with a larger live weight at birth were distinguished by a high absolute increase in live weight.

Effect of different ratios of phytogenic feed additives on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal barrier integrity, and immune response in weaned pigs challenged with a pathogenic Escherichia coli.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of supplementing different ratios of phytogenic feed additives (PFA) to weaned pigs challenged with pathogenic Escherichia coli on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal barrier integrity, and immune response, and to determine the optimal mixing ratio for post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) prevention. A total of 48 4-wk-old weaned pigs with initial body weight of 8.01 ± 0.39 kg were placed in individual metabolic cages, and then randomly assigned to eight treatment groups. The eight treatments were as follows: a basal diet without E. coli challenge (negative control, NC), a basal diet with E. coli challenge (positive control, PC), PC with supplementing 0.1% mixture of 20% bitter citrus extract (BCE), 10% microencapsulated blend of thymol and carvacrol (MEO), and 70% excipient (T1), PC with supplementing 0.1% mixture of 10% MEO, 20% premixture of grape seed and grape marc extract, green tea, and hops (PGE), and 60% excipient (T2), PC with supplementing 0.1% mixture of 10% BCE, 10% MEO, 10% PGE, and 70% excipient (T3), PC with supplementing 0.1% mixture of 20% BCE, 20% MEO, and 60% excipient (T4), PC with supplementing 0.1% mixture of 20% MEO, 20% PGE, and 60% excipient (T5), and PC with supplementing 0.1% mixture of 10% BCE, 20% MEO, 10% PGE, and 60% excipient (T6). The experiments progressed in 16 days, including 5 days before and 11 days after the first E. coli challenge (day 0). In the E. coli challenge treatments, all pigs were orally inoculated by dividing a total of 10 mL of E. coli F 18 for three consecutive days from day 0 postinoculation (PI). Compared with the PC group, the PFA2 and PFA6 groups significantly increased (P < 0.05) feed efficiency and decreased (P < 0.05) diarrhea during the entire period. At day 11 PI, the PFA6 group significantly improved (P < 0.05) gross energy digestibility compared to the PFA1 group. The PFA6 group significantly decreased (P < 0.05) tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 in serum and increased (P < 0.05) the villus height to crypt depth ratio (VH:CD). The PFA2 significantly decreased (P < 0.05) the relative protein expression of calprotectin in the ileum. In conclusion, improvements in growth performance, diarrhea reduction, and immunity enhancement are demonstrated when 10% BCE, 20% MEO, 10% PGE, and 60% excipient are mixed.

A descriptive study to assess the knowledge regarding prevention of diarrhea among the mothers of under five children in selected villages of district Jammu

A descriptive study to assess the knowledge regarding prevention of diarrhea among the mothers of under five children in selected villages of district Jammu

The Effects of Climate on the Occurrence of Diarrhoea in South-South Nigeria

For years, studies have shown that climate affected man, especially in the spread of diseases. Diarrhoea is a known climate-sensitive disease. Hence, climate favours the occurrence of diarrhoea as changes in climatic variables causes pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, etc., to mature faster. This study evaluated the effects of climate on the occurrence of diarrhoea in the south-south region of Nigeria. Archival yearly climate (rainfall, temperature, and humidity) and diarrhoea data were collected for 30 years (1992-2921). The diarrhoea data were collected from government hospitals and the Ministry of Health in the six state capitals of Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Cross River, Delta, Edo, and Rivers states respectively. The climate data were down scaled at 5o x 5o gridded CRUTEM4 2019-12 grid boxes and Cruts_4. 04. The multiple regression analysis was employed, and the result for climatic factors showed a significant relationship F (3, 26) = 8.903, p (.000) &lt; 0.05; the correlation coefficient R = .712, and the R-square (coefficient of determination) was .507. The study established a statistically significant relationship between climate factors and diarrhoea. The coefficient showed that rainfall, temperature, and humidity had significant effect on the occurrence of diarrhoea. This study incorporated socioeconomic factors and administered 30 questionnaires to 30 medical consultants in the region to ascertain whether socioeconomic factors act as catalyst in the spread of diarrhoea. This was done based on 6 medical consultants in each of the government hospitals located in the state capitals. The result for climate and socioeconomic factors showed a significant relationship F (11, 18) = 9.400, p (.000) &lt; 0.05; the correlation coefficient R = .923, and the R-square = .852. This indicated that socioeconomic factors act as catalyst to the spread of diarrhoea The study highlighted the need for people in the region to be sensitised on the dangers of climate vagaries, especially on diarrhoea occurrence, and should be enlightened on the causes and prevention of diarrhoea. It suggested that personal hygiene should be encouraged, and health services provided, especially in remote areas.

Phytochemical analysis and anti-diarrhoea potential of ethanol leaves extract of Nypa frutican in albino rats

Organization has encouraged studies that will bring about the desired treatment and prevention of diarrhoea. Nypa frutican commonly known as Nipa palm or Mangrove palm is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various ailments and the leaves are locally used for making roofing mats, hats and brooms. This study was designed to evaluate the phytochemical constituents using Gas Chromatography- Flame Ionization Detector and anti-diarrhoea potential of ethanol leaves extract of Nypa frutican in albino rats. Fecal count, measurement of gastrointestinal charcoal meal distance and intestinal fluid electrolyte concentrations procedures were used. The quantitative phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, cyanogenic glycosides, oxalate, saponin, steroids, cardiac glycoside and tannin (35.53, 30.55, 16.88, 10.31, 9.79, 8.71, 4.86 and 1.95) µg/ml respectively. Extract of the leaves of Nypa frutican (200, 300 and 400) mg/kg in comparison with 5 mg/kg standard drug (loperamide hydrochloride), inhibited the production of diarrhoea stool, degree of gastrointestinal motility, and inhibited the concentration of intestinal fluid electrolyte (Na+, K+, Cl- and HCO3-). The result obtained showed that ethanol leaf extract of Nypa frutican may contain some pharmacologically active substance with anti-diarrhoea potentials due its phytochemical components.

Diarrea da antibiotico e probiotici: un matrimonio di scarsa utilità clinica. I risultati di un RCT

Antibiotic-induced diarrhea and probiotic: a marriage of little clinical utility. The results of an RCT The use of probiotics for the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) is an intervention of questionable efficacy. This blinded randomized controlled trial carried out on more than 300 children between 2018 and 2021 with a multi-species probiotic did not demonstrate a reduction in the risk of antibiotic-associated diarrhea when outcomes were analysed according to the strictest definition. It also highlighted that how AAD is defined has a significant effect on clinical trial outcomes and interpretation.