Prevention Of Coronavirus Infection Research Articles

Awareness, acceptance, and hesitancy about COVID-19 vaccine among residents of urban and rural health training center field practice area of a medical college at Kolkata: A cross-sectional survey

Background: Effective vaccination is a successful tool for controlling COVID-19 pandemic, along with other preventive measures. Both intention to get vaccinated and barrier to vaccination played important role in COVID vaccination drive. Aims and Objectives: The present study was conducted to assess awareness, acceptance, and hesitancy about COVID-19 vaccine among the residents of rural and urban area and to assess the factors related to their attitude. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted among the adult residents of urban and rural area over 6 months. Total sample size was 400. Simple random sampling technique was adopted to recruit the study participants after obtaining informed verbal consent. This process was continued until the desired number of sample size was attained. Data were compiled after collection and analysis was done. Results: Rural population had significantly higher knowledge of coronavirus and urban population knew prevention of coronavirus infection more. Correct knowledge of COVID vaccine availability was higher among rural people but higher knowledge of vaccine related information was among urban population. Sources of information were mainly from mass media. Vaccine acceptance was more among urban population, but apprehension was significantly higher among urban residents. Higher proportion of urban people was motivated significantly by the healthcare workers as well as self-motivated than their rural counterpart. Conclusion: Targeted interventions could be developed for increasing awareness of disease and availability of COVID-19 vaccines. Population-based vaccination program can decline the trend of the pandemic in long term.

Biologically active food components as an element in the prevention of coronavirus infection: A review

Immune cells play a vital role in protecting the human body from pathogens and viruses. The deficiency of a number of nutrients in the diet negatively affects the state of the immune system, which disrupts the chemical, structural, and regulatory processes in the body. The purpose of the article is to consider the role of various biologically active nutrients and bioactive substances in increasing innate and adaptive human immunity for the prevention of COVID-19 in the population. Using the research method of scientific electronic libraries, bibliographic bases of articles on medical sciences, it was found that such vitamins as C, D, A, and E, minerals (zinc, iron, selenium), resveratrol, turmeric flavonoids, garlic, green tea, elderberry extract, biologically active substances from an aqueous extract of wormwood leaves help prevent coronavirus infection or reduce the severity of the disease, having immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antiviral properties. In the context of the ongoing pandemic of coronavirus infection, recommendations for including the biologically active substances described above in the diet can be extrapolated to the entire population to maintain the immune system and the body’s resistance to infection.

Features of clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of COVID-19 coronavirus infection in children

Worldwide spread of COVID-19 coronavirus infection SARS-CoV-2 also affected the child population. Now, a sufficient number of studies have been described in adult patients, and only limited data are available with an analysis of the clinical course of the disease in pediatric patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Currently, SARS-CoV-2 has spread around the world as a variant of omicron. The article is a lecture on the features of the clinical picture, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of coronavirus infection in children, taking into account the latest domestic and foreign articles.
 The purpose of the lecture is to improve the knowledge of family doctors and pediatricians in the study of clinical features, course, diagnosis, therapy, prevention, and long-term consequences of a coronavirus infection. The lecture presents the etiology and epidemiology of coronavirus infection. The clinical picture of the omicron strain is described. The assessment of the clinical picture of the disease is presented based on the working criteria of the severity of the disease. The diagnosis of coronavirus infection is presented in detail. The algorithm for treating children with coronavirus infection is presented according to the latest recommendations of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. The emphasis is on prevention and elimination of dehydration. Vaccine prophylaxis during the pandemic is considered.

Adaptogens as potential drugs for prevention of infectious diseases

The work is devoted to the analysis of scientific research on the prevention of infectious diseases by adaptogens, proposed by a prominent domestic toxicologist and pharmacologist Professor Nikolai Vasilyevich Lazarev and the school of scientists he created. The role of adaptogens (dibazol, Eleutherococcus, Rhodiola rosea, Scutellaria Baicalensis) in creating a state of non-specifically increased body resistance (NSIBR according to N.V. Lazarev) for the prevention of viral diseases, including coronavirus infection, was evaluated. Analysis of the pharmacological properties of the synthetic adaptogen bendazol (dibazol) opened by N.V. Lazarev, showed that the drug has a number of positive properties: antiviral stimulates immunity to the attack of infectious agents, being an inducer of endogenous interferon; antiproliferative inhibits the replication of viruses inside the host cell; immunomodulatory corrects violations of the protective functions of the body. Dibazol also has a mild effect after vaccination, stimulating the production of immunoglobulins. These properties of dibazol make it possible to recommend it and herbal adaptogens (tinctures of Eleutherococcus, Rhodiola rosea, Scutellaria Baicalensis) for the prevention of coronavirus infection.

The role of ecolinguistics in traditional media and on the internet in terms of the coronavirus pandemic

The article touches upon the most up-to-date problem of language and ecology interaction in terms of frequently spoken event which has been mentioned everywhere for the last two years – coronavirus pandemic. This disease influenced almost all spheres of the life over the world. The spread of coronavirus infection also had an impact on the information environment and ecological model of communication as a whole. At present we can see how terms, ordinary words and our speech as a whole get another meaning or they are understood in a different way. In this study we analyzed the dissemination of information about coronavirus infection in traditional media, in social media and on YouTube video hosting (on the material of the popular Russian science blogs). Also we tried to assess the role of popular science content, advertising campaign in traditional media and rules for posting information on the spread and prevention of coronavirus infection in social networks in stabilizing the mood of society during the pandemic period.

Social Immunology: Application in Research on Migration

The COVID-19 pandemic has been challenging the world for many months, drawing the public’s attention to the field of epidemiology. Governments around the globe urgently call on the scientific community to provide guidelines for the treatment and prevention of coronavirus infections. Immunity protection (natu-ral or man-made) is at the epicentre of state policies and public discussions. It is less known that the epi-demiological discourse had been used beyond natural sciences in the domain of philosophy and social research. This paper introduces the concept of social immunology developed by Italian philosopher Rob-erto Esposito at the turn of the 20th century as part of the discussion of the notion of biopolitics. I re-read one of my previous research projects through the lens of Esposito’s theory to show the potential of his theoretical constructs in studies on migration and integration.

The significance of coronavirus infection in the development of reproductive and lower urinary tract lesions

The impact of COVID-19 on the organs of the genitourinary system is of particular interest to the urologist. There is insufficient information about this influence up to date. The studies are actively developing and require long-term data analysis to determine possible long-term complications, persistent changes in physiological parameters and anatomical and histological structures, as well as to establish the possibility of regression of these changes and complications. The results obtained will undoubtedly improve not only the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of coronavirus infection and its complications, but also make it possible to predict certain disease's outcomes and changes in the function of organs and systems. In turn, this will give an understanding of the measures that need to be taken to completely avoid or minimize these complications and changes.This review focuses on the impact of COVID-19 on genitourinary organs, particularly its place in the development of the lower urinary tract and reproductive organs lesions, as well as the role of androgens in the course of SARS-CoV-2.

Epidemiology of benign and malignant tumors in children in the Republic of Moldova (1 year of activity-2020)

The work was carried out within the State Program (1 year of activity-2020); „Modern personalized surgery in the diagnosis and complex treatment of tumors in children” N. 20.80009.8007.06. Analyzing the statistical data during the first year of activity of the project were registered 777 children with tumors, of which 279 (35.2%) primary and 498 (64.8%) – secondary. Of the 777 children, 455 (58.5%) had benign tumors and 97 (12.4%) had malignancies, 231 (29.7%) patients underwent surgical treatment, 455 (58.5%) chemotherapeutic treatment, 13 (1.9%) radiotherapy. Since March 2020, we have been active under the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. We have developed a special proce- dure for the prevention of coronavirus infection. The COVID-19 pandemic is a new situation, unprecedented for the whole world, with many unknowns, including for the field of Pediatric Oncology and Dental Surgery. First of all, we highlight the adult or child oncological ill patient – as an emergency patient, therefore, the child with the malignant tumor must be treated urgently. Therefore, the treatment of oncological ill patients was conditionaly devided into 3 groups. Group I – primary patients with a diagnosis of malignant tumor, histologically confirmed, who must undergo treat- ment. Postponing this treatment is more dangerous than coronavirus. The treatment should be conducted under pandemic conditions: at distance, using disinfectants, masks, visiting relatives prohibition. Group II – pediatric patients, who at the beginning of the pandemic were at the treatment stage (chemo- or radiother- apy). If the concrete situation allows, the treatment continues. Hormone injection therapy can be performed at home by the specialized team (doctor and nurse). Group III – consisting of children – patients, who have undergone treatment and currently have no signs of disease, but require monitoring. These patients must be in quarantine. Oncological ill patients are considered to have compromised immunity. In adolescent and children, immunity is rela- tively good if there are no serious diseases such as systemic diseases. The tactics must be personalized, strictly individual. During 2020 we performed 3 types of surgical interventions in pediatric oncology: typical surgeries, enlarged surger- ies, combined surgeries.

Интерфероны в лечении коронавирусной инфекции: основные характеристики и особенности применения

The review systematizes data on the main properties and effects of immunomodulators registered in Russia, including interferons, recommended for the treatment and prevention of coronavirus infection. Information on the recommended methods of treating patients with coronavirus is presented.

PREVENTION OF CORONA VIRUS INFECTION (COVID19) IN HEALTH WORKERS AND MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICE SUPPORT PERSONAL IN COMMUNITY HEALTH CENTER AREA KOTA TIMUR OF GORONTALO CITY

Prevention Of Corona Virus Infection (COVID-19) In Health Workers and Maternal Health Service Support Personal In Community Health Center Area Kota Timur Of Gorontalo City Background: the East City Health Center was chosen because it has patients exposed to COVID 19 with a target of 611 pregnant women. Pregnant women have a high risk if exposed to COVID-19. So it is necessary to prevent COVID-19 infection in the form of providing personal protective equipment (PPE), counseling on COVID-19 infection prevention guidelines, mentoring, monitoring, and evaluation through Whatsapp groups. In this activity, a questionnaire was also given that was filled out via a google form. The questionnaire was used to measure age, education, gravida, and knowledge of preventing COVID-19 infection in maternal services. Objectives: the purpose of this activity is to provide PPE that is used for maternal health service operations carried out at the East City Health Center as well as masks and hand sanitizers for patients, guidebooks that already have ISBNs and are registered with intellectual property rights, increase knowledge of preventing COVID-19 infection and not find patients exposed to COVID-19. Methods: this type of research includes quantitative research with the method of observational analysis. In this study, respondents were 18 health workers at the Puskesmas and 100 pregnant women who did antenatal checks from April to November 2020. The data analysis used the Fisher exact test. Results: the results of the analysis showed that 83% of health workers had good knowledge, 58% of pregnant women had good knowledge, 81% of respondents were in the healthy reproductive category, 64% had a college education and 46% of pregnant women were in the primigravida category. From the results of the questionnaire, data analysis was carried out with the results of the Fisher exact test, sig = 0.0012 (Sig 0.05) for gravida. Conclusion: prevention of COVID-19 virus infection in maternal services has a relationship with the knowledge of health workers, knowledge of pregnant women, reproductive age of pregnant women, the last education of pregnant women and has nothing to do with gravida.

Vaccination in Europe: Attitude of the Anthroposophical Society

The article is devoted to a relevant topic – the progress and readiness of the European society for vaccination against coronavirus and the public discussion that unfolded in European countries regarding the pace of the vaccine campaign, the safety of vaccines certified by the European Medicines Agency. The author analyzed the activities of one of the well-known religious and philosophical groups – the Anthroposophical Society in Germany, which has its own arguments, grounded in a religious and philosophical position, against any vaccination, and especially against insufficiently tested vaccines against COVID-19. The Anthroposophical Society is an influential world outlook organization and at the same time a corporation whose members implement their religious and philosophical views in the field of education, organic farming, the production of good quality cosmetics and medicines that are in demand among the population of European countries. Anthroposophic physicians in the context of a pandemic have launched work on the prevention of coronavirus infection, as well as on the rehabilitation of people who have undergone it. They insist on the inadmissibility of isolation measures for students of Waldorf schools, protest against the massive vaccination campaign. Their vigorous protests find support from skeptics who distrust government vaccination policies. As a result, anthroposophists reckon with the strength of the regional authorities and listen to the federal ones, since it demonstrates a certain vector of public opinion and sentiment associated with the vaccine campaign, which is necessary for a return to normal life.

Prevention of Coronavirus infections SARS-CoV-2 in dental practice

The COVID-19 pandemic is an unprecedented global crisis in public health. Professionals in dental institutions, dental associations and regulatory bodies face various challenges in providing dental care and prevention of oral health of the population, as well as protection of patients and practitioners from the health threat of SARS-CoV-2 virus. The aim of this paper is to present the current findings and views regarding the information on the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the need to implement protocols to protect patients and dental practitioners from the health threat posed by the virus, in compliance with medically relevant regulations.Material and methods: References from WHO, FDI and published papers in international scientific journals in this relatively short period were consulted and they presented: updated epidemiological and seroepidemiological information, review of response measures implemented in EU countries / EEA, UK and countries around the world and response options to minimize the risk of recurrence of COVID-19. Results: Viral pneumonia that appeared on February 11, 2020, was named "Coronavirus (COVID 19)" by the WHO, while the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) proposed the name "SARS-CoV-2" for phylogenetic and taxonomic analysis of this corona virus. Dentists/doctors of dental medicine should be familiar with transmission of SARS-CoV-2, how to identify patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection and what measures should be taken for protection during the intervention in order to prevent its transmission. There are recommendations for infection control measures that should be followed by the dentists/doctors of dental medicine. The fact that aerosols and drops have been considered for major SARS-CoV-2 propagation routes has been emphasized. If these measures are not undertaken, then the dental office can potentially expose patients to cross-infection.
 Conclusion: The epidemiological situation around the world is changing dynamically, but patients should not be left without urgent medical help. Oral health team members are required to update their knowledge and skills regarding the prevention, diagnosis and management of communicable diseases that can be transmitted in a clinical setting and to stick to the standard precautions to protect patients from infections as well as protect themselves.

Herbal Prescription for COVID-19

The clinical studies from China have proved that the use of herbal medicine has played a significant role in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. This article aims to introduce the six most effective herbal prescriptions in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for treating the coronavirus (COVID-19). Each formula has been described in detail including the name, source, indication, ingredients (Chinese Pinyin, English and Latin names), usage and discussion, etc. The first chief formula introduced in this article is the most popular prescription published by The National Health Commission of People’s Republic of China on 3/3 2020 for the treatment and prevention of coronavirus infection and pneumonia; and subsequent formulas are the modified classical herbal prescriptions and my experienced herbal formula I often use in the UK.

Bovine coronavirus: virus isolation, laboratory diagnostics and specific prevention

Diseases of young cattle of infectious etiology are the most important problem of cattle breeding. Among these diseases, the greatest economic damage is caused by diseases in calves of the digestive system, collectively called “neonatal diarrhea”. Numerous studies carried out in recent years have irrefutably proven that the main role in the occurrence of diarrhea in calves is played by rota-, coronaviruses, less often viral diarrhea-mucosal disease, as well as bacteria from the genus Escherichia (separately or in associations). These infectious agents cause a similar clinical picture of the disease; therefore only laboratory methods (detection of antigen in feces, organs, and tissues of sick or dead animals, as well as antibodies in the blood) are the basis for the diagnosis. Besides, with the help of diagnostic kits, it is possible to determine the presence of immunity to a particular disease and the need for vaccination. The article provides an overview of certified kits and vaccines for the diagnosis and prevention of coronavirus infection in cattle and discusses the benefits of a comprehensive regimen of their use.

Knowledge and practices of community wide use of face mask and hand hygiene for prevention and control of coronavirus disease in Punjab

Background: Use of face mask and hand hygiene may break the chain of transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 by reducing the infectiousness of the subclinical virus shedders while also offering some protection to the susceptible population. Aim and Objective: This study aims to assess the knowledge and practices of community wide use of face mask and hand hygiene for prevention and control of coronavirus disease. Materials and Methods: The cross-sectional, observational study carried out in Punjab, using an online questionnaire developed using Google Forms. General population excluding the health-care professionals were included in the study. The participants were selected using convenience snowball sampling. The study period was May 26–June 26 (30 days period). All responses fulfilling inclusion criteria and received within 15 days period after sharing the link will be included in the study. Statistical analysis was done using EPI INFO VERSION 7.0. Results: Maximum participants were between 20 and 39 years of age. About 97.70% knew the importance of hand hygiene in prevention of coronavirus infection. The usage of face mask was less at private settings like home or at work. The cleaning practices of cloth masks were improper. Further, the study population was aware of the importance of hand washing but the duration of hand washing with soap and water was not appropriate. Conclusion: Community of Punjab needs little more awareness regarding hand hygiene and face mask to prevent the transmission of coronavirus infection effectively.

Tuberculosis in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic: what to expect and how to act?

Background. As of the end of December 2019, the list of priority areas of research and development of WHO included coronavirus of severe acute respiratory distress syndrome, coronavirus of the Middle East respiratory syndrome and mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB). In January, a new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 was added to this list. The COVID-19 pandemic puts enormous pressure on the health systems of all countries, including those with a high TB burden, including Ukraine.
 Objective. To describe the condition of TB care in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and to analyze the prospects for the consequences of the interaction between COVID-19 and TB.
 Materials and methods. Analysis of literature and statistics on this issue.
 Results and discussion. As a result of social distancing and staying at home, it is difficult to provide quality TB care: the level of timely diagnosis decreases, treatment control deteriorates, the number of undetected side effects in outpatients increases, the proportion of patients with uncontrolled or interrupted TB treatment increases. These processes can have serious adverse consequences. A comparison of TB incidence, including relapses, found out that in Ukraine in the first half of 2020 the TB incidence decreased by 27.4 % compared to the same period in 2019. Unfortunately, this most likely does not indicate a true decrease in incidence, but the reduction of the TB detection due to quarantine measures. The largest difference between 2019 and 2020 is observed in Zhytomyr, Ivano-Frankivsk, Rivne, Ternopil and Chernivtsi regions, which roughly corresponds to the distribution map of COVID-19. The incidence of TB in combination with HIV/AIDS in 2020 is also lower than in 2019 (by 28.4 %). Advanced cases have started to be registered more and more often, and in the conditions of strict quarantine patients with active bacterial excretion pose a serious threat to contact persons, first of all, to risk groups for COVID-19. Coronavirus infection can accelerate the activation of latent TB. According to the WHO, latent TB affects a quarter of the world’s population, so if the activation is accelerated, the process can easily get out of control. All viral infections, including COVID-19, also have an immunosuppressive effect that promotes TB progression. In case of co-existence, COVID-19 and TB have a mutually reinforcing effect, which reduces the likelihood of favourable outcomes for the patient. The interruption of TB treatment on the background of COVID-19 is an additional danger. Patients with TB, COVID-19 and diabetes are the most difficult to treat. In a pandemic, the feasibility of using intravenous forms of anti-TB drugs, which can intensify treatment, dramatically increases. On the positive side, the response of the medical community to COVID-19 can help the long-term efforts to combat TB through infection prevention and control, the development of a contact control system, surveillance and monitoring. The WHO recommends continuing to vaccinate newborns with the BCG vaccine. Clinical trials of the BCG vaccine for the prevention of coronavirus infection are currently underway.
 Conclusions. 1. The detection of TB in Ukraine in 2020 compared to 2019 decreased by 27.4 %, in children – by 34.5 %. 2. Coronavirus infection accelerates the activation of latent TB, has an immunosuppressive effect, promotes the progression of TB. 3. To improve TB treatment during a pandemic, electronic monitoring of drug circulation and treatment outcomes should be actively introduced. 4. TB treatment in people with and without coronavirus infection does not have any differences. 5. In a pandemic, the feasibility of using intravenous forms of anti-TB drugs is growing.

Ethical Challenges in Clinical Research During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The sudden emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic brought global disruption to every aspect of society including healthcare, supply chain, the economy, and social interaction. Among the many emergent considerations were the safety and public health of the public, patients, essential workers, and healthcare professionals. In certain locations, clinical research was halted—or terminated—in deference to the immediate needs of patient care, and clinical trials focusing on the treatment and prevention of coronavirus infection were prioritized over studies focusing on other diseases. Difficult decisions were made rapidly; flexibility and reconsideration were necessary not only because the intensity and severity of infection varied over time and by locale but also because knowledge of the disease and understanding of its treatment (and prevention) grew. Here we discuss the ethical challenges in decision-making and competing ethical tensions during the pandemic in an effort to advance future preparedness.

Non-specific prevention of coronavirus infection

The lecture is devoted to non-specific prevention of coronavirus infection. Various measures are described to prevent the spread of COVID-19 to both the public and healthcare providers. The characteristic of various measures for the disinfection of medical and household waste is given. A detailed description of various personal protection methods with a description of the rules for their use is given. Attention is drawn to the rules for the use of personal protective equipment during a pandemic. Attention is drawn to common errors encountered when using personal protective equipment. The importance of their use in order to prevent the spread of infection outside medical institutions is emphasized.

Role of Vitamin D in prevention of Corona virus infection (COVID-19)

Corona viruses enveloped positive-sense RNA viruses causes various diseases in mammals as well as birds which range from upper respiratory tract infection to potentially lethal human respiratory syndrome. In humans, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causing corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) which shows symptoms like fever, sore throat, gasping and ultimately pneumonia, lung injury and leading to death. The virus acts on various systems of our body, and one of them is the Renin-Angiotensin system. It is supposed that the virus causes cell injury by acting on Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors which causes an increase in the level of Angiotensin II, leading to inflammation and lung injury. An essential vitamin can prevent this in our body that is vitamin D. It acts on Renin-Angiotensin system (RAS) by inhibiting the action of renin and also by increasing production of ACE2 and hence Angiotensin II level decreases which prevent inflammation and lung injury. So vitamin D has a remarkable and pivotal role in modulation of the immune system of our body and hence protects human from this fatal disease.

Coronaviruses in cattle.

Bovine coronaviruses are spread all over the world. They cause two types of clinical manifestations in cattle either an enteric, calf diarrhoea and winter dysentery in adult cattle, or respiratory in all age groups of cattle. The role of coronaviruses in respiratory infections is still a hot topic of discussion since they have been isolated from sick as well as healthy animals and replication of disease is rarely successful. Bovine coronavirus infection is characterised by high morbidity but low mortality. The laboratory diagnosis is typically based on serological or molecular methods. There is no registered drug for the treatment of virus infections in cattle and we are limited to supportive therapy and preventative measures. The prevention of infection is based on vaccination, biosecurity, management and hygiene. This paper will cover epidemiology, taxonomy, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, therapy, economic impact and prevention of coronavirus infections in cattle.