Prevention Of Attacks Research Articles

Users' Awareness of Cyber Security Practices for Preventing Data Attacks in Public Organisations

This study assessed users' awareness of cyber security practices for preventing data attacks. The study employed a descriptive research design and quantitative research approach. A random sampling technique was used to select a sample of 65 respondents. Data were collected through structured questionnaires. Descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation were used to analyse data. The validity and reliability of data collection tools were ensured. Findings revealed that the user's awareness of cyber security practices on prevention of data attacks was high in the selected case for study, which remains anonymous. The study recommends that due to the rapid changing of technology, the organisation should prevent risks from various sources, including internet-borne attacks, such as spyware or malware, user-generated weaknesses, such as easily guessed passwords or misplaced information, inherent system or software flaws and vulnerabilities and subvert system or software features.

IMCMK-CNN: A lightweight convolutional neural network with Multi-scale Kernels for Image-based Malware Classification

Rapid and accurate identification of unknown malware and its variants is the premise and basis for the effective prevention of malicious attacks. However, with the explosive growth of malware variants, the efficiency of manual updating of the sample database is getting worse and worse. It is difficult for the traditional identification methods to effectively capture the sample feature information operated by the confusion method only based on the delayed database information. The research into the direction of malware detection is dedicated to surmounting the limitations of conventional detection methodologies, and delves deeply into the application of cutting-edge technologies such as data visualization, machine learning, and hybrid detection within the realm of malware detection. Through these investigations, our goal is to construct a detection system that is both more precise and efficient, capable of addressing the ever-evolving threats to cybersecurity. Pursuing research in this direction is not only vital for enhancing network security defenses and safeguarding user data, but it will also foster the advancement of related state-of-the-art technologies and further mitigate the economic and societal repercussions of malware attacks. In light of this issue, this paper proposes the Image-based Malware Classification with Multi-scale Kernels (IMCMK), a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architecture using multi-scale convolution kernels mixing action to improve malware variants detection capabilities. First, we propose the Multi-scale Kernels (MK) block combining deep large kernel convolution and standard small kernel convolution with shortcuts to improve the accuracy. Furthermore, we propose Multi-scale Kernel Fusion (MKF) to reduce the number of parameters that come with the large kernels. The improved Squeeze-and-Excitation (SE) block can obtain the correlation between different channels to further increase the model performance. Experimental results show that IMCMK outperforms the state-of-the-art methods in malware family classification accuracy, which has achieved 99.25 %.

Distributed Denial of Service Attack Detection and Prevention Using Pipit Fox-Attentional Deep Learning in Software-Defined Networking

The Software-Defined Network (SDN) remains the innovative model that assists in satisfying the new application requirements of future networks. However, destructive attacks, particularly Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks, are aimed primarily at the SDN control panel, presenting a significant risk to network security. The traditional approaches for DDoS attack detection exhibit several limitations including interpretability challenges, overfitting problems, and false predictions. To mitigate these drawbacks, the research proposed a Pipit Flying Fox Optimized Deep Neural Network (PPF-DNN) and Intelligent Pipit Forage Optimized-Attentional Convolutional Neural Network (IPFO-ACNN) model. The channel attention is employed to enable the network to focus selectively on relevant information, improving the model’s sensitivity to subtle anomalies associated with DDoS attacks. By dynamically adjusting the attention weights across channels, the mechanism enhances the capability of the model to discriminate the normal network traffic and malicious patterns, which results in improved precision and reduced false positives. This approach harnesses the power of CNN to automatically extract hierarchical features from network data, enhancing the efficacy of the ACNN model in attack detection. IPFO and PPF algorithms integrate the unique strengths of bio-inspired algorithms, creating a synergistic approach for efficient model parameter tuning. In the case of Training Percentage (TP) 80, the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of the IPFO-ACNN model are evaluated as 98.87%, 99.24% and 97.91%, respectively. Similarly, the PPF-DNN model’s performance is assessed as 98.49%, 92.50% and 98.55%, which presents a promising avenue for bolstering network security infrastructure, ensuring more robust DDoS detection and mitigation capabilities in an increasingly complex cyber threat landscape.

Hybrid Intelligent Anomaly Detection System Using Attention based Deep Learning Approach for Cyber Attacks Prevention

Objectives: Network Intrusion Detection System (NIDS) plays an important role in finding and preventing cyber-attacks, which helps to improve the entire security posture of an organization’s network infrastructure. The development of Deep Learning (DL) techniques possess the ability of IDS to detect attacks without delay and protects from intrusions even in real-time environment. Methods: The present study proposes an improved IDS framework called Enhanced Gated Recurrent Unit Hyper-Model combined Attention Bidirectional Long-Short Term Memory (EGHAB) approach, to effectively address the detection of attacks with maximum accuracy and minimal error rate. The proposed model is enhanced by using methods like numericalization and normalisation for pre-processing the input data, Genetic Algorithm (GA) for extracting intricate features from the input data, and the EGHAB classifier, which works on the principles of both Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) and Bidirectional Long-Short Term Memory (BiLSTM) models along with attention mechanism. Findings: The EGHAB model efficiently learns the abnormal behaviour of network and classified the attack and non-attack data using the publicly available NSL-KDD dataset and a generated real time data set, scapy. And it achieved 99.94% accuracy over NSL KDD dataset during multiclass classification and 93.3% on real time data set with reduced Error rate. Additionally, to examine the efficacy, the proposed approach is compared with other existing methods and proved its improved performance. Novelty: A combined ensemble classifier with GRU, BiLSTM and attention mechanism is designed to predict the attacks in earlier stage rather than due over. The model achieved better accuracy and reduced false assumption using anomaly prediction mechanism. Keywords: Cyber Attack, Anomaly Detection, Deep learning, Gated Recurrent Unit, Bi­ Directional Long­-Short Term Memory, Attention mechanism

Migraine in antiphospholipid syndrome and hereditary thrombophilia: pregnancy-related clinical and diagnostic features and therapeutic issues

Introduction. Migraine is one of the most common primary headaches and a risk factor for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) and hereditary thrombophilia (HT) causing pathological pregnancy are highly associated with migraine. Timely migraine recognition related to APS and HT facilitates earlier initiation of thrombophilia pathogenetic therapy and prevention of potential complications.Aim: to analyze the literature data on migraine clinical and diagnostic features in APS and HT as well as pregnancy-related therapeutic issues.Materials and Methods. A search for scientific literature was conducted in electronic databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, eLibrary from 2004 until May 2024. The search methodological basis included the presence of the following keywords and their combinations in Russian and English: "migraine", "antiphospholipid syndrome", "thrombophilia", "migraine and pregnancy", "migraine and thrombophilia", "migraine and cardiovascular diseases". As a result, a total of 184 publications were identified. Next, 62 articles were included in the review.Results. At the current stage, neurologists have no means to diagnose migraine in APS and HT based on headache-intrinsic characteristics. Pregnancy increases a risk of thrombotic complications. A migraine observed in patient's history should be crucial while assessing pregnancy-related obstetric risk. While diagnosing migraine, neurologists need to examine patient obstetric history. The data on most effective and safe therapy for pregnancy-related migraine attacks remain scarce.Conclusion. The frequent association between APS and HT with migraine, the lack of clear migraine clinical features in thrombophilia, patients’ reproductive age, and the high risk of thrombotic complications necessitate collaboration between neurologists and obstetricians-gynecologists for timely diagnostics and management of such patients. The impact of various types of antithrombotic therapy on migraine course requires further clarification. It is promising to conduct studies able to determine of whether migraine attack prevention can avoid adverse pregnancy outcomes in women with former migraine.

Patent Foramen Ovale and Other Cardiopathies as Causes of Embolic Stroke With Unknown Source.

In patients with stroke caused by cardiac embolism, the responsible heart diseases include atrial fibrillation, acute myocardial infarction, sick sinus syndrome, valvular disease, and significant heart failure. When there is no clear source of the embolism, the condition is referred to as "embolic stroke with unknown source (ESUS)." Recent studies have shown that the most common cause of ESUS is a right-to-left cardiac shunt through a patent foramen ovale (PFO). However, considering that PFOs are found in up to 25% of the general population, their presence does not necessarily indicate causality. In patients with ESUS associated with a PFO, either anticoagulants or antiplatelets are used for the prevention of future strokes or transient ischemic attacks. However, it currently remains unclear which treatment is superior. Nevertheless, recent randomized clinical trials have shown that percutaneous closure of the PFO more effectively reduces the incidence of recurrent strokes compared to medical therapy alone in patients with PFO-related strokes. This benefit is especially significant when the PFO carries high-risk features, such as a large shunt or the presence of an atrial septal aneurysm. Furthermore, the effectiveness of PFO closure has been well documented in young patients (<60 years) with a high-risk PFO development. In other cases, the therapeutic decision should be made through discussion among neurologists, cardiologists, and patients. Notably, in ESUS patients without a PFO, the underlying heart condition itself may be the source of embolism, with left atrial enlargement being the most important factor. Theoretically, anticoagulants such as non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) would be an effective therapy in these cases. However, recent trials have failed to show that NOACs are superior to antiplatelets in preventing further strokes in these patients. This may be due to the still uncertain definition of emboligenic cardiopathy and the presence of other potential embolic sources, such as mild but emboligenic arterial diseases. Overall, further research is needed to elucidate the source of embolism and to determine an effective management strategy for patients with ESUS.

Energy Efficient Secured PSO Optimized Clustering and Data Aggregation Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), sensor nodes are placed to sense and collect data. Due to the energy constraint nature of WSN, optimising the energy during the data dissemination is a major concern. To solve this problem, data aggregation may be used to bring down the redundant transmission of packets in WSN. In most of the previously available techniques, security is also a major concern during data aggregation and routing process with optimized energy. Many data aggregation-based routing systems are subject to security attacks during the data transfer from sensors to source to Clustered Heads (CHs) and then to sink with data aggregation process. Moreover, the existing data aggregation-based routing protocols suffer from data redundancy with less accuracy in aggregated data. For handling such issues order to overcome these issues, an Energy Efficient Secured Clustered Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) oriented Data Aggregation Routing Protocol (EESCPSO-DARP) that can provide efficient authentication during data aggregation-based routing is introduced in this paper. Moreover, the proposed protocol enhances the rate of the data transmission by efficient prevention of false data injection and other attacks through node authentication and data encryption. This proposed protocol minimizes the energy usage by minimizing the retransmissions by eliminating the possible redundant transmissions of data during data aggregation-based routing. Moreover, the introduced protocol minimizes both communication and computational overhead through optimal clustering and routing with PSO and provides and efficient routing system. This proposed EESCPSO-DARP protocol has been developed by using the NS3 simulator. The results of this protocol showed improved security, higher packet delivery ratio and enhanced network throughput with reduced energy and delay.

Analisis Efektivitas Keamanan Jaringan Layer 2: Port Security, VLAN Hopping, DHCP Snooping

In the industrial era 4.0, which is marked by the rapid progress of computer networks and the internet, network security at Layer 2 is part of the Data Link Layer in the OSI model, which is very important considering the increasing number of cyber threats. This research aims to compare the effectiveness of various security algorithms applied to Layer 2 switches, namely MAC Address Filtering with Port Security, VLAN Hopping Mitigation, and DHCP Snooping. Some of these methods have the function or purpose of creating MAC address filtering, port limitations, VLAN protection, ARP, etc. The device used to conduct this research is a Cisco Switch. This research uses an experimental approach by implementing each method in different network scenarios and comparing it with external data, measuring effectiveness based on attack detection and prevention, as well as its impact on network performance, then combining several of these methods into one scope. The results show that each method has its own advantages and disadvantages, which function to block various types of attacks such as Flooding, Snooping, and Rogue DHCP. It is highly recommended to combine all security methods into one integrated system.

Recurrent Ischemic Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack: Risk of Single and Multiple Recurrence.

Background/Objectives: Efforts have been made toward primary or secondary stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) prevention. However, little attention has been paid to recurrent stroke or TIA. This study investigated risk factors for multiple or single recurrent stroke or TIA. Methods: Data from 3646 patients with ischemic stroke or TIA were obtained from the Korea University Ansan Hospital Stroke Center between March 2014 and December 2021, using the prospective institutional database of the Korea University Stroke Registry. The associations between clinical features and recurrent stroke or TIA were assessed using bivariable and multivariable Cox models. Results: Recurrent stroke or TIA was associated with male sex (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 1.95, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.42-2.80), hypertension (HR 1.49, 95% CI 1.00-2.23), diabetes mellitus (HR 1.54, 95% CI 1.13-2.13), an etiologic subtype of transient ischemic attack (HR 1.88, 95% CI 1.09-3.16), white matter changes (HR 1.62, 95% CI 1.05-2.38), and cerebral microbleeds (HR 1.79, 95% CI 1.26-2.59). Multiple recurrent stroke or TIA was associated with male sex (HR 3.86, 95% CI 1.94-11.55), diabetes mellitus (HR 2.40, 95% CI 1.31-4.53), and anemia (HR 4,58, 95% CI 2.31-10.44). Conclusions: Given the risk factor profiles for recurrent stroke or TIA, risks differed among patient subgroups and were based on multiple or single recurrences. It may exert an effect as a prognostic indicator in the high risk of recurrences.

Zero Trust in the Cloud: A Comprehensive Review of Data Breach and Network Attack Prevention

Zero Trust in the Cloud: A Comprehensive Review of Data Breach and Network Attack Prevention

Clinical structure and features of the course of pain and non-specific somatoform disorders in adolescent children

Annotation. The research is devoted to the study of clinical signs of painful and nonspecific somatoform disorders in children of early and late adolescence, depending on sex, place of residence, and study. The study examined 56 adolescent children with pain and non-specific syndromes who were treated in the MNP “Khmelnytskyi Regional Children's Hospital” of the Khmelnytskyi Regional Council and in the MP “Khmelnytskyi City Children’s Hospital” of the Khmelnytsky City Council. The average age of the children was 14,0±4,53 years. Among them, children of early adolescence (10-14 years) accounted for 57.2%, and late adolescence (15 years 11 months 28 days) – 42.8%. The clinical signs of pain and nonspecific somatoform disorders in the children we examined were as follows: headache, thermoregulation disorder, fibromyalgia and arthralgia syndrome, nonspecific back pain, asthenic syndrome with decreased work capacity, increased meteorological sensitivity, and impaired concentration. Nonspecific persistent pain syndrome occurred in 56 children, in particular, cephalic pain – in 77.4 %, polyarthralgia – in 8.9%, fibromyalgia syndrome – in 8.5%, nonspecific back pain – in 13.4% of children; thermoregulatory disorders were identified in 42.7%, asthenic syndrome – in 35.3% of children. It shows that among pain somatoform disorders, headache, in particular, tension headache and migraine, occupies the first rank in children. Stress, tension, and sleep disturbances were predominant among the triggering factors. Therefore, among adolescent children with painful and non-specific somatoform disorders, cephalalgia, with a predominance of tension headaches, and long daytime low fevers are most often diagnosed, as a manifestation of autonomic somatoform dysfunctions with impaired thermoregulation. At the same time, migraine, episodic symptoms associated with migraine, as well as trigeminal variants of headache and long-term pain of other localization were found in isolated cases. The age dependence of primary headache has been revealed: tension headaches occur more often in children of early adolescence, and migraines in children of older adolescence, which is important to consider in the differential diagnosis of headaches, since the treatment and prevention of attacks of these forms of headache are completely different.

PATIENT AND FAMILY INPUT TO DETERMINE EXPERIENCES AND RESEARCH INTERESTS IN PEDIATRIC PANCREATITIS: AN INSPPIRE-2 STUDY.

The aim of this study was to determine patient reported burdensome experiences and research interests in children with acute recurrent pancreatitis or chronic pancreatitis and their families. Children with pancreatitis and their families completed a web-based survey. Subject prioritized rankings of symptoms or quality of life issues and topics for future research were assessed. Data are presented as family and children scores. Among 80 participants, 18 were children with pancreatitis and 62 were family members. Top 5 ranked symptoms or quality of life issues were:1) pain, 2) fatigue, 3) missing school, 4) upset stomach, and 5) not knowing when an attack will occur. Top 5 ranked future research topics were:1) how to prevent a pancreatitis attack, 2) how pancreatitis affects other parts of the body, 3) ways to treat or handle pain, 4) what is the cause of pancreatitis, and 5) teach doctors about pancreatitis. This study highlights the importance of patient and family input in caring for children with pancreatitis. The most bothersome symptoms were pain, fatigue and upset stomach. Children with pancreatitis and families would like future research to primarily focus on prevention of pancreatitis attacks, pain therapy, and complications of pancreatitis.

Heterogenous relapse and efficacy endpoint definitions for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder studies: A systematic review

BackgroundOver the last years, multiple studies have been dedicated to evaluate the efficacy of different treatment options for Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD). However, there is a wide variety of endpoints employed across these studies. Our goal is to conduct a systematic review describing the endpoints utilized in studies related to NMOSD. MethodsMedline, Embase, and Cochrane were searched from inception to May 2023, to identify studies analyzing treatment options in patients with NMOSD. We collected data on baseline study characteristics and all efficacy outcomes available. ResultsWe included 127 studies and identified approximately 40 different efficacy endpoints, categorized into 1) relapse, 2) disability, 3) visual acuity, and 4) surrogate outcomes. Most studies were retrospective (54.3 %) and aimed at attack prevention (81.4 %). The most common relapse-related outcomes were annualized relapse rate (73.2 %), followed by relapse rate (50.4 %), and relapse-free rate (36.2 %). The relapse definition also varied widely among studies, with only 73 (57.4 %) studies explicitly addressing the definition used. The most common disability outcome was the Expanded Disability Scale (97.6 %), followed by the Modified Rankin Scale (7.9 %). Visual Acuity Score was employed in 14.2 % of studies, followed by Visual Evoked Potentials (6.3 %). Imaging was the most common surrogate (20.5 %), followed by the fraction of B cells (18.1 %). ConclusionPublications were heterogeneous in measuring efficacy, with different use of endpoints and relapse definitions. Standardization across studies would improve data analysis and application in clinical practice.

Comparison of American and European Guideline Recommendations for Diagnostic Workup and Secondary Prevention of Ischemic Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack.

Guidelines help to facilitate treatment decisions based on available evidence, and also to provide recommendations in areas of uncertainty. In this paper, we compare the recommendations for stroke workup and secondary prevention of ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack of the American Heart Association (AHA)/American Stroke Association (ASA) with the European Stroke Organization (ESO) guidelines. The primary aim of this paper is to offer clinicians guidance by identifying areas where there is consensus and where consensus is lacking, in the absence or presence of high-level evidence. We compared AHA/ASA with the ESO guideline recommendations for 7 different topics related to diagnostic stroke workup and secondary prevention. We categorized the recommendations based on class and level of evidence to determine whether there were relevant differences in the ratings of evidence that the guidelines used for its recommendations. Finally, we summarized major topics of agreement and disagreement, while also prominent knowledge gaps were identified. In total, we found 63 ESO and 82 AHA/ASA recommendations, of which 38 were on the same subject. Most recommendations are largely similar, but not all are based on high-level evidence. For many recommendations, AHA/ASA and ESO assigned different levels of evidence. For the 10 recommendations with Level A evidence (high quality) in AHA/ASA, ESO only labeled 4 of these as high quality. There are many remaining issues with either no or insufficient evidence, and some topics that are not covered by both guidelines. Most ESO and AHA/ASA Guideline recommendations for stroke workup and secondary prevention were similar. However not all were based on high-level evidence and the appointed level of evidence often differed. Clinicians should not blindly follow all guideline recommendations; the accompanying level of evidence informs which recommendations are based on robust evidence. Topics with lower levels of evidence, or those with recommendations that disagree or are missing, may be an incentive for further clinical research.

Advent of oral medications for the treatment of hereditary angioedema.

Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by unpredictable, debilitating episodes of submucosal and/or subcutaneous tissue swelling, which may be life-threatening depending on anatomic location. The two primary management strategies for HAE are ready access to effective on-demand treatment in all patients and the prevention of attacks (short-term prophylaxis [STP] and long-term prophylaxis [LTP]) in appropriate patients. All approved on-demand and most LTP medications require subcutaneous or intravenous administration. Injection-related challenges include trypanophobia (fear of needles), difficulty with self-administration, injection-site reactions (e.g., pain, erythema, bleeding, bruising), and anxiety-all contributing to poor compliance and administration delays. Oral HAE treatments may improve outcomes by reducing treatment barriers. To review oral therapies, approved or in development, for on-demand treatment and/or prevention of HAE attacks. To provide a comprehensive review, data was obtained from publicly available resources through a targeted PubMed literature review and supplemented by information provided on company websites (search cutoff of May 31, 2024). Berotralstat, an oral plasma kallikrein (PKa) inhibitor, is approved for LTP. Sebetralstat, another PKa inhibitor, is the investigational first oral on-demand HAE treatment to complete a phase 3 trial. Deucrictibant, an oral bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist, has completed phase 2 trials for on-demand therapy and LTP. Several other oral PKa inhibitors (ATN249, VE-4666, and VE-4062) are in early development for LTP. Substantial advances have been made in the development of oral treatments for HAE. These treatments have the potential to improve and optimize clinical outcomes, satisfaction, and quality of life among patients with HAE.

Machine learning-based DDOS attack detection and mitigation in SDNs for IoT environments

Software-defined network (SDN) platforms play a key role in providing security against today's Internet attacks. SDNs decouple the control plane from the data plane to maximize network performance. A DDOS attack is one of several in cloud-based networks. SDNs play a crucial role in controlling DDoS attacks and protecting end nodes like IoT nodes, as well as other computing devices, in large-scale cloud networks. This paper provides an efficient approach to DDoS attack detection and prevention using machine learning algorithms. The paper analyses the performance of SDNs in IoT systems, incorporating a huge set of computing devices that use multi-controllers. It also proposes an effective method to handle DDoS attacks. DDoS attacks are generated from IoT end devices in the infrastructure layer, which targets resources via an SDN-controlled testbed. The proposed ML method outperforms existing methods in terms of accurately and effectively detecting and mitigating flooding DDoS attacks with 99.99% accuracy. The proposed work's results are also compared to the results of other articles to prove the effectiveness of the results.

Insider threat mitigation: Systematic literature review

The increasing prevalence of cybercrime necessitates the implementation of robust security measures. The majority of these attacks are initiated by authorized users who possess knowledge of the system vulnerabilities. Thus, insider attack prevention (ITP) strategies need to be explored to ensure the security of organizations. This review comprehensively examines the existing literature on ITP methods, focusing on recent developments and their implementation in various corporations. This review categorizes and classifies different types of insider attacks and their corresponding prevention and detection techniques. This paper also introduces a multi-tiered activity monitoring model that integrates network, system, and physical security measures to provide comprehensive defense against insider threats. This review also provides a detailed taxonomy that classifies insider threats based on insider type, access level, and targeted security objectives. Finally, future directions for ITP are explored, highlighting the open issues and challenges that need to be addressed.

Treatment of Behçet Uveitis in Türkiye.

Behçet uveitis (BU) is a potentially blinding disorder. The main determinant of visual prognosis is early and appropriate treatment that provides rapid suppression of inflammatory attacks, control of subclinical inflammation, and prevention of new attacks. Our study aimed to determine the Turkish uveitis specialists' approach regarding the treatment choices and management of special situations such as pregnancy, vaccination, and surgical planning in BU patients, and to increase information sharing and raise awareness of issues where knowledge is lacking. A web-based survey including 16 questions about the treatment approach in ocular involvement of Behçet's disease was sent via e-mail to uveitis specialists in Türkiye. Based on the answers of 49 ophthalmologists who responded to the survey, we evaluated the approaches of uveitis specialists in our country to initiating treatment, selecting therapeutic agents, monitoring, switching and stopping treatment, and special situations such as surgical planning, vaccination, and pregnancy in BU patients. Uveitis specialists in our country mostly act in accordance with the guidelines in the decision to start treatment, selection of therapeutic agents, and monitoring the safety of treatment in BU. However, there is a lack of information about the therapeutic approach in pregnancy and vaccination practices. It was also observed that there is no consensus on the precautions to be taken before cataract surgery. Our study has shown that there is a need for more detailed and widespread information sharing on treatment in preparation for ocular surgery, safety monitoring, drug use during pregnancy, and vaccination in BU patients.

A lightweight anonymity protocol at terabit speeds on programmable switches

Anonymous communication protocols are integral tools for people to exercise the right to privacy in their online activities. Such tools are urged to offer maximum protection against various classes of adversaries, including rogue criminals, exploitative companies, and authoritarian or paternalistic regimes, while respecting the diversity of users’ activities, from e-mail and web browsing to file transfer and video streaming. In such a context, lightweight anonymity protocols are a promising solution to provide well-balanced anonymity and performance for daily use against a class of adversaries with a relaxed but realistic assumption of their capability. However, as the existing instantiations of these protocols solely target software implementation, they did not fully exhibit their advantages in performance by the relaxation of the adversarial model. This paper presents P5HI, a novel instantiation and implementation of a lightweight anonymity protocol on hardware programmable switches. Its realization requires a rethinking of all aspects of the system, beginning with the realization of bit-rotation on the switch, through the construction of a cryptographic scheme and attack prevention, to hardware-friendly procedures during path setup and data transmission. We deploy the full-fledged design of the lightweight anonymity protocol on an actual programmable switch, and our prototype demonstrates its operation at a speed of over 3.0 Tbps.

Analysis of Phishing Attack Trends, Impacts and Prevention Methods: Literature Study

Analysis of Phishing Attack Trends, Impacts and Prevention Methods: Literature Study