Prevention Of Adhesion Reformation Research Articles

Comparing the efficacy and pregnancy outcome of intrauterine balloon and intrauterine contraceptive device in the prevention of adhesion reformation after hysteroscopic adhesiolysis in infertile women: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial study

Study objectiveTo evaluate the efficacy and pregnancy outcomes of intrauterine balloon and intrauterine contraceptive devices in the prevention of adhesion reformation following hysteroscopic adhesiolysis in infertile women with moderate to severe intrauterine adhesion.DesignA prospective, randomized, controlled trial study.SettingA tertiary university hospital.PatientsA total of 130 patients with moderate (American Fertility Society [AFS] score of 5–8) and severe (AFS score of 9–12) intrauterine adhesions were recruited.Interventions86 patients were evenly allocated to group treated with an IUD for 1 month and group treated with an IUD for 2 months. 44 patients were allocated to group treated with a Foley catheter balloon.(IUD: Yuangong IUD).Measurements and main resultsThe primary outcome measures were the AFS score, endometrial thickness, and pregnancy outcome. After hysteroscopy, the AFS score was significantly decreased(P<0.05), whereas endometrial thickness was significantly increased across the three groups(P<0.001). Notably, the decline in the AFS score in the balloon group was greater than that in the IUD-1-month group and IUD-2-month group(P<0.01), with no significant difference between the IUD groups(P = 0.298). Lastly, In addition, the extent of the increase in endometrial thickness(P = 0.502) and the pregnancy outcomes(P = 0.803) in the three groups were not significantly different.ConclusionInserting a balloon or placing an IUD for one or two months can effectively lower the risk of adhesion recurrence and restore the shape of the uterine cavity. While the therapeutic effect of the balloon was superior to that of the IUD, no significant differences were observed in the one-month and two-month IUD groups.Trial registrationThis research was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (http://www.chictr.org.cn/enIndex.aspx); Clinical trial registry identification number: ChiCTR-IOR-17,011,943 (http://www.chictr.org.cn/showprojen.aspx?proj=17979). Date of trial registration: July 11, 2017.

The Effect of Estrogen in the Prevention of Adhesion Reformation After Hysteroscopic Adhesiolysis: A Prospective Randomized Control Trial

(Abstracted from J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2022;29:871–878) Asherman syndrome occurs when intrauterine adhesions (IUAs) are produced after trauma to the basalis layer of the endometrium (often following endometrial curettage in the gravid uterus). The syndrome may present in affected women as changes in menstruation including secondary amenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, infertility, or recurrent miscarriage.

Efficacy of autologous platelet-rich plasma in preventing adhesion reformation following hysteroscopic adhesiolysis: a randomized controlled trial

Research questionWhat is the efficacy of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in reducing adhesion reformation in women with moderate to severe intrauterine adhesions (IUA)? DesignIn this randomized controlled trial, women with moderate-to-severe IUA were recruited between November 2019 and June 2021 from a university hospital and randomized into the PRP or control group. The PRP group was treated using an intrauterine-suitable balloon combined with PRP infusion following hysteroscopic adhesiolysis, whereas the control group received only the former intervention. The reductions in adhesion scores from before to after surgery and the adhesion reformation rate were analysed. ResultsA total of 123 participants successfully completed the study (PRP group, 63; control group, 60). Age, pregnancy history, menstrual score and American Fertility Society score before surgery were not significantly different between the two groups. At the second-look hysteroscopy, the PRP group had a significantly greater reduction in adhesion score than the control group (7 versus 6, respectively; P = 0.027). The postoperative adhesion reformation rates in the PRP group and the control group were 20.6% and 30.0%, respectively (risk ratio 0.69, 95% confidence interval 0.27–1.38, P = 0.232; number needed to treat 10.6). ConclusionsIntrauterine PRP infusion seems to be beneficial in reducing postoperative adhesion reformation following hysteroscopic adhesiolysis.

The efficacy of auto-cross-linked hyaluronic acid gel in addition to oestradiol and intrauterine balloon insertion in the prevention of adhesion reformation after hysteroscopic adhesiolysis

What is the efficacy of auto-cross-linked hyaluronic acid gel use in preventing adhesion reformation after intrauterine adhesiolysis? This was a single-centre, double-blind randomized controlled trial. In total 171 participants successfully completed the study (84 in the treatment group and 87 in the control group). There was no significant difference in pre-operative variables between the two groups. The primary outcome measure was the adhesion reformation rate at second-look and third-look hysteroscopy. At second-look hysteroscopy, there was no significant difference in adhesion recurrence rate between the treatment group (20.2%, 17/84) and the control group (23.0%, 20/87; P = 0.662). At third-look hysteroscopy, there was also no significant difference in adhesion recurrence rate between the treatment group (9.5%, 8/84) and the control group (11.5%, 10/87; P = 0.675). The secondary outcome measure was the median American Fertility Society (AFS) score, which was not significantly different at second-look hysteroscopy 4 weeks after surgery between the treatment group (0, range 0-4.0) and the control group (0, range 0-4.0; P = 0.475), and at third-look hysteroscopy 8 weeks after surgery between the treatment group (0, range 0-3.5) and the control group (0, range 0-4.0; P = 0.965). Regarding the menstrual flow improvement rate 3 months post-operatively, there was no significant difference between the treatment and control groups (67.9% versus 64.4%; P = 0.630). The application of auto-cross-linked hyaluronic acid gel does not seem to reduce the incidence and severity of intrauterine adhesion recurrence or affect the menstrual pattern after hysteroscopic removal of mild to moderate intrauterine adhesions.

The Effect of Estrogen in the Prevention of Adhesion Reformation after Hysteroscopic Adhesiolysis: A Prospective Randomized Control Trial

To evaluate whether estrogen therapy can reduce adhesion reformation after hysteroscopic adhesiolysis. A single-center, single blinded, randomized controlled trial. A tertiary University Hospital. A total of 207 patients with mild (American Fertility Society [AFS] score 1-6) and severe (AFS score 7-12) intrauterine adhesion who underwent hysteroscopic adhesiolysis. Patients were randomized to a treatment group or a control group, stratified according to the preoperative AFS adhesion score. The treatment group received estrogen, and the control group did not. All patients had second-look hysteroscopy at 4 weeks and third-look hysteroscopy at 8 weeks after surgery. Primary outcome measures were adhesion reformation rate and AFS score at third-look hysteroscopy. Secondary outcome measures included adhesion reformation rate and AFS score at second-look hysteroscopy and menstrual pattern improvement rate at 3 months after operation. Among subjects with mild intrauterine adhesion, there was no significant difference between the treatment group and control group with regard to adhesion reformation rate at third-look hysteroscopy (10.6% vs 13.6%), AFS score (mean ± standard deviation) at third-look hysteroscopy (1.1 ± 1.2 vs 1.3 ± 1.2), and menstrual pattern improvement rate at 3-month follow-up (89.4% vs 86.4%). Similarly, among those with severe intrauterine adhesion, there was no significant difference between the treatment group and control group in adhesion reformation rate at third-look hysteroscopy (32.6% vs 26.7%), AFS score (mean ± standard deviation) at third-look hysteroscopy (2.5±2.2 vs 2.7±2.1), and menstrual pattern improvement rate at 3-month follow-up (84.8% vs 73.3%). Postoperative estrogen therapy did not appear to reduce the incidence or severity of adhesion reformation, nor did it improve the menstrual pattern, regardless of whether the pre-existing intrauterine adhesion was mild or severe.

Intrauterine administration of G-CSF for promoting endometrial growth after hysteroscopic adhesiolysis: a randomized controlled trial.

Does intrauterine infusion of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) prevent adhesion reformation and promote endometrial growth after hysteroscopic adhesiolysis? Intrauterine perfusion of G-CSF can increase endometrial thickness but does not prevent the recurrence of intrauterine adhesions (IUAs) in patients with Asherman syndrome (AS) after surgery. Intrauterine infusion of G-CSF has been used in attempts to treat patients with recurrent miscarriage and an idiopathic thin endometrium for either fresh or frozen-thawed embryo transfer cycles but without uniform efficacy. There have been no reports on the effect of G-CSF on the recurrence of IUAs, endometrial regrowth or pregnancy results in specific populations with AS. This two-center prospective double-blind randomized controlled trial ran between April 2016 and August 2021. In it, 245 patients with moderate to severe AS were randomized to G-CSF and control groups at a 1:1 ratio; 229 women were included in the adhesion recurrence analysis; and 164 patients were analyzed for pregnancy outcomes. All eligible patients received the first hysteroscopic adhesion separation and balloon placement procedure. Patients who met our inclusion and exclusion criteria were randomized after surgery. These patients returned for balloon removal and underwent intrauterine perfusion with 300 µg (1.8 ml) G-CSF or 1.8 ml normal saline according to randomization at 7 days after surgery. A second-look hysteroscopy was carried out 1-2 months later. The primary outcome was the rate of formation of new adhesions at the second hysteroscopy. The secondary outcomes included endometrial thickness in the periovulatory period after surgery, as well as the clinical pregnancy and live birth rates. Age, menstrual cycle characteristics, pregnancy history and IUA score before surgery were similar between groups. There were no statistically significant differences in the adhesion reformation rate or median adhesion score reduction. However, G-CSF perfusion significantly improved endometrial thickness (7.91 ± 2.12 mm vs 7.22 ± 2.04 mm; P = 0.019, 95% CI for difference: -1.26 to -0.12), as well as cumulative pregnancy and live birth rate over time (P = 0.017 and P = 0.042). Furthermore, multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that postoperative endometrial thickness was an independent prognostic factor for pregnancy and live birth rates. These results cannot be extended to older patients or those without AS, as our subjects had moderate or severe AS and were aged <40 years. The low number of patients included in the fertility analysis could lead to biased results. Intrauterine perfusion of G-CSF could be an effective adjuvant therapy for patients with AS to increase endometrial thickness. This study was supported by grants from the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFC1004800), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82001624 and 81871209), the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (LQ20H040004) and the provincial and ministerial construction project of Zhejiang Province (2017 WKJ-ZJ-1721). The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest regarding this work. ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02855632). 4 March 2016. 13 April 2016.

Adhesion reformation and the limited translational value of experiments with adhesion barriers: A systematic review and meta-analysis of animal models

Today, 40–66% of elective procedures in general surgery are reoperations. During reoperations, the need for adhesiolysis results in increased operative time and a more complicated convalescence. In pre-clinical evaluation, adhesion barriers are tested for their efficacy in preventing ‘de novo’ adhesion formation, However, it is unknown to which extent barriers are tested for prevention of adhesion reformation. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to assess the efficacy of commercially available adhesion barriers and laparoscopic adhesiolysis in preventing adhesion reformation in animal models. Pubmed and EMBASE were searched for studies which assessed peritoneal adhesion reformation after a standardized peritoneal injury (in the absence of an intra-peritoneal mesh), and reported the incidence of adhesions, or an adhesion score as outcome. Ninety-three studies were included. No study met the criteria for low risk of bias. None of the commercially available adhesion barriers significantly reduced the incidence of adhesion reformation. Three commercially available adhesion barriers reduced the adhesion score of reformed adhesions, namely Seprafilm (SMD 1.38[95% CI]; p < 0.01), PEG (SMD 2.08[95% CI]; p < 0.01) and Icodextrin (SMD 1.85[95% CI]; p < 0.01). There was no difference between laparoscopic or open adhesiolysis with regard to the incidence of adhesion reformation (RR 1.14[95% CI]; p ≥ 0.05) or the adhesion score (SMD 0.92[95% CI]; p ≥ 0.05). Neither currently commercially available adhesion barriers, nor laparoscopic adhesiolysis without using an adhesion barrier, reduces the incidence of adhesion reformation in animal models. The methodological quality of animal studies is poor.

A Simulation Curriculum for Teaching Obstetrics and Gynecology Residents the Management of Asherman's Syndrome

Study Objective To describe a simulation-based curriculum and evaluate its effect on OBGYN residents’ knowledge and confidence about the management of Asherman's Syndrome. Design A prospective cohort study. Setting A Canadian OBGYN residency program. Patients or Participants Twenty OBGYN residents. Interventions OBGYN residents participated in three targeted simulation-training sessions on the management of Asherman's Syndrome in the following sequence: didactic teaching with surgical videos and demonstration of safe dissection techniques; hysteroscopic dissection of intrauterine adhesions; insertion of intrauterine balloon to prevent adhesion reformation. Participants completed a pre-simulation and post-simulation survey assessing knowledge level of Asherman's Syndrome using a 20-point questionnaire and their self-reported confidence level in each of the simulation components using a Likert scale. (Component 1: Overall knowledge of Asherman's Syndrome; Component 2: Dissection of intrauterine adhesions; Component 3: Identifying the severity of intrauterine adhesions; Component 4: Insertion of a Cook's catheter.) Additional qualitative feedback was used to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the simulation curriculum. Measurements and Main Results Twenty OBGYN residents at the University of Saskatchewan participated in the study. The mean percentage of correct answers was 54.5% (+/- 18.3%) on the pre-simulation survey compared with 84.5% (+/- 12.5%) post-simulation (p Conclusion Simulation teaching is an effective method of increasing OBGYN residents’ knowledge and confidence about the management of Asherman's Syndrome.

Efficacy of silicone sheet as a personalized barrier for preventing adhesion reformation after hysteroscopic adhesiolysis of intrauterine adhesions.

PurposeTo evaluate the efficacy of silicone sheet as a new type of barrier for preventing adhesion reformation following hysteroscopic adhesiolysis of intrauterine adhesions (IUAs).MethodsHysteroscopic adhesiolysis was performed for 36 patients with IUAs. The adhesion reformation rate was retrospectively compared between 26 patients treated with silicone sheet (group 1) and 10 patients treated with an intrauterine device wrapped in oxidized regenerated cellulose as a barrier (group 2). For patients in group 1, a 1‐mm‐thick silicone sheet was cut to fit the size and shape of the individual uterine cavity as a personalized barrier.ResultsThe size and shape of each silicone sheet used for patients in group 1 differed significantly. The adhesion reformation rate was significantly lower in group 1 (4/26, 15.4%) than in group 2 (4/10, 40.0%; P = 0.03), although the pregnancy rate (14/20, 70.0% vs. 5/10, 50.0%; P = 0.28) and miscarriage rate (2/14, 14.3% vs. 1/5, 20.0%; P = 0.72) were not significantly different.ConclusionUse of silicone sheets appears to be effective for preventing adhesion reformation following hysteroscopic adhesiolysis of IUAs. This is the first study to investigate the efficacy of silicone sheet used as a personalized barrier for preventing IUAs.

Surgical treatment of adhesion-related chronic abdominal and pelvic pain after gynaecological and general surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Chronic pain is a frequent post-operative complication, affecting ~20-40% of patients who have undergone surgery of the female genital or alimentary tract. Chronic pain is an important risk factor for diminished quality of life after surgery. Adhesions are frequently associated with chronic post-operative pain; however, surgical treatment of adhesion-related pain is controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and harms of surgical interventions for chronic post-operative pain attributable to adhesions. A search was conducted using PubMed, EMBASE and CENTRAL, without restrictions pertaining to date, publication status or language. Randomized trials and cohort studies from all surgical interventions for chronic post-operative pain were considered eligible. Patients with a concomitant diagnosis that could cause chronic pain (e.g. endometriosis or inflammatory conditions) were excluded. Outcome measures were graded according to clinical relevance, with improvement of pain at long-term follow-up regarded as most clinically relevant. A total of 4294 unique citations were identified, of which 13 studies met the criteria for inclusion. Two of the analysed studies were randomized trials, of which one had a low risk of bias. Only one trial, randomizing between laparoscopic adhesiolysis without an adhesion barrier and diagnostic laparoscopy, reported improvement of pain at long-term follow-up. In this trial, pain improved in 55.8% of patients after adhesiolysis and in 41.7% of patients in the control group; however, the difference was not significant (relative risk (RR) 1.34; 95% CI: 0.89-2.02). Most non-randomized studies had mid-length follow-up (6-12 months). In pooled analyses of trials and non-randomized studies, improvement of pain was reported in 72% of patients who underwent adhesiolysis (95% CI: 61-83%) at any follow-up longer than 3 months. The incidence of negative laparoscopies was 20% (95% CI: 10-30%). The overall incidence of complications following laparoscopic adhesiolysis was 4% (95% CI: 1-6%). Laparoscopic adhesiolysis reduces pain from adhesions in ~70% of patients in the initial phase after treatment. However, there is little evidence for long-term efficacy of adhesiolysis for chronic pain. Other drawbacks of laparoscopic adhesiolysis are the high rate of negative laparoscopies and the risk of bowel injury. At present, there is little evidence to support routine use of adhesiolysis in treatment for chronic pain. New research is needed to investigate whether the results of adhesiolysis can be improved with new techniques for diagnosis and prevention of adhesion reformation.

Hyaluronic acid and oxidized regenerated cellulose prevent adhesion reformation after adhesiolysis in rat models.

Postsurgical adhesion formation is the most common complication in abdominal and pelvic surgery. Adhesiolysis is the most commonly applied treatment for adhesion formation but is often followed by adhesion reformation. Therefore, an efficient strategy should be adopted to solve these problems. This study aimed to explore whether hyaluronic acid and oxidized regenerated cellulose (ORC) could prevent adhesion formation and reformation. Thirty female Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups (n=10 each) and subjected to different treatments during the first and second surgery. The control group was treated with isotonic sodium chloride, the ORC group was treated with ORC (1.5×1 cm), and the medical sodium hyaluronate (MSH) group was treated with 1% MSH (0.5 mL). At 2 weeks after the first surgery, adhesion scores in the MSH group (1.90±0.99) and the ORC group (1.40±0.97) were significantly lower than those in the control group (3.00±0.82) (P=0.005). Similarly, 2 weeks after the second surgery, adhesion scores in the MSH group (2.00±0.82) and the ORC group (1.50±1.27) were significantly lower than those in the control group (3.50±0.53) (P=0.001). In addition, body weights in the MSH group and the ORC group did not change significantly, whereas the control group showed a consistent decrease in body weight during the experiment. Histological examination revealed that inflammatory infiltration was involved in both adhesion formation and reformation. In conclusion, hyaluronic acid and ORC were both efficient in reducing adhesion formation and reformation in the rat model.

Randomized, controlled trial comparing the efficacy of intrauterine balloon and intrauterine contraceptive device in the prevention of adhesion reformation after hysteroscopic adhesiolysis

To compare the efficacy of heart-shaped intrauterine balloon and intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD) in the prevention of adhesion reformation after hysteroscopic adhesiolysis. Prospective, randomized, controlled trial. University hospital. A total of 201 women with Asherman syndrome. Women were randomized to having either a heart-shaped intrauterine balloon or an IUD fitted after hysteroscopic adhesiolysis. The devices were removed after 7days. A second-look hysteroscopy was carried out 1 to 2months after the surgery. Incidence of adhesion reformation and reduction of adhesion score before and after surgery. Initially 201 cases were recruited; 39 cases dropped out, resulting in 82 cases in the balloon group and 80 cases in IUD group. The age, menstrual characteristics, pregnancy history, and American Fertility Society score before surgery were comparable between the two groups. The median adhesion score reduction (balloon group, 7; IUD group, 7) and the adhesion reformation rate (balloon group, 30%; IUD group, 35%) were not significantly different between the two groups. The heart-shaped intrauterine balloon and IUD are of similar efficacy in the prevention of adhesion reformation after hysteroscopic adhesiolysis for Asherman syndrome. ISRCTN 69690272.

Safety and acceptability of intrauterine balloon stent used in uterine after hysteroscopic adhesiolysis to prevent adhesion reformation

To evaluate the safety and acceptability of COOK intrauterine balloon stent in uterine for one week after hysteroscopic adhesiolysis. A total of 79 females with moderate-severe Asherman syndrome undergoing hysteroscopic division of intrauterine adhesion were enrolled from June 2012 to December 2013. They were divided into two groups of intrauterine balloon stent (n = 51) and tailed intrauterine contraceptive device (n = 28). The sterile swabs were taken from cervical canals for bacterial culture by the same microbiologist. Each patient in balloon group was requested to answer a questionnaire survey on the acceptability of balloon stent. 82.3% of them could tolerate discomforts during balloon placement and 86.3% desired re-ballooning if necessary. Positive microorganism cultures were seen in 17 patients (33.3%) in balloon group versus 8 (28.6%) in intrauterine contraceptive device group. And the positive rate was not different between two groups. It is relatively safe to maintain the intrauterine balloon stent in uterine for one week. And most patients accept readily the intrauterine balloon stent.

Etiology, treatment, and reproductive prognosis of women with moderate-to-severe intrauterine adhesions

ObjectiveTo analyze data from the hysteroscopic adhesiolysis of moderate-to-severe intrauterine adhesions (IUAs), and to review the disease etiology, changes in menstruation, uterine recovery, and reproductive prognosis of women after comprehensive therapy. MethodsIn a retrospective descriptive analysis, clinical data were assessed from 683 patients with moderate-to-severe IUAs who were treated by hysteroscopic adhesiolysis at Third Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China, between January 2007 and December 2011. Patients underwent comprehensive treatment. After hysteroscopic adhesiolysis, a persistent balloon urinary catheter was inserted, together with an intrauterine device (IUD). Intrauterine sodium hyaluronate gel was injected to prevent adhesion reformation, and oral estrogen was administered to promote endometrial regeneration. The outcomes were menstrual changes and uterine recovery under hysteroscopy, and the reproductive prognosis of patients with fertility intentions. ResultsAt the 3-month follow-up, the postoperative recovery of uterine shape was better than the recovery of menstruation among patients with moderate-to-severe IUAs. Among the 475 patients with fertility intentions, the pregnancy and live birth rates were 66.1% (314/475) and 64.0% (201/314), respectively. ConclusionComprehensive treatment prevented the recurrence of IUAs to a certain extent, but some severe endometrial injuries were found to be irreparable, reducing the rate of subsequent pregnancy and live birth.

A comparison of intrauterine balloon, intrauterine contraceptive device and hyaluronic acid gel in the prevention of adhesion reformation following hysteroscopic surgery for Asherman syndrome: a cohort study

ObjectiveTo compare the efficacy of intrauterine balloon, intrauterine contraceptive device and hyaluronic acid gel in the prevention of the adhesion reformation after hysteroscopic adhesiolysis for Asherman's syndrome. Study designRetrospective cohort study of 107 women with Asherman's syndrome who were treated with hysteroscopic division of intrauterine adhesions. After hysteroscopic adhesiolysis, 20 patients had intrauterine balloon inserted, 28 patients had intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD) fitted, 18 patients had hyaluronic acid gel instilled into the uterine cavity, and 41 control subjects did not have any of the three additional treatment measures. A second-look hysteroscopy was performed in all cases, and the effect of hysteroscopic adhesiolysis was scored by the American Fertility Society classification system. ResultsBoth the intrauterine balloon group and the IUD group achieved significantly (P<0.001) greater reduction in the adhesion score than that of the hyaluronic acid gel group and control group. The efficacy of the balloon was greater than that of the IUD (P<0.001). There was no significant difference in results between the hyaluronic acid gel group and the control groups. ConclusionThe insertion of an intrauterine balloon or intrauterine device is more effective than the use of hyaluronic acid gel in the prevention of intra-uterine adhesion reformation.

Efficacy of melatonin and hyaluronate/carboxymethylcellulose membrane in preventing adhesion reformation following adhesiolysis in a rat uterine model

To evaluate the efficacy of hyaluronate/carboxymethylcellulose (HA/CMC) membrane and melatonin separately and in combination in reducing adhesion reformation following adhesiolysis of surgically induced adhesions in a rat uterine horn adhesion model. A randomized, prospective study was carried out in a university animal laboratory. Ninety-eight female Sprague-Dawley albino rats were operated on. Following infliction of standard lesions, all the animals underwent second operations after one week. In all the animals, there were dense and vascular adhesions only between the uterine horns. These adhesions were lysed. Following the completion of adhesiolysis, the animals were randomized before closure of the abdomen to one of four groups (melatonin, HA/CMC membrane, combination of melatonin and HA/CMC membrane, control group). Seven days after the second surgery, the third operations were carried out and adhesions were scored. The main outcome measures were type, tenacity, and extent of adhesions. Total adhesion scores were determined. Adhesion scores in the melatonin and HA/CMC membrane groups were similar, and significantly lower than those in the control group (P < 0.001). Adhesion scores in the combination group were lower than those in the other three groups (P < 0.001). Melatonin and HA/CMC membrane are both effective separately in preventing adhesion reformation following adhesiolysis, but in combination they are significantly more beneficial.

Mitomycin-C prevents reformation of intra-abdominal adhesions after adhesiolysis

Background. Prevention of adhesions is central to surgical practice, because they cause significant morbidity. Inhibition of fibroblast proliferation is a way to prevent adhesions. Mitomycin-C (MMC) (Kyowa-Hakko-Kogyo Co, Ltd, Tokyo, Japan) is an alkylating agent that also inhibits fibroblast proliferation for up to a few weeks. We investigated the effect of MMC on the prevention of adhesion reformation. Methods. Adhesions were generated by brushing the cecum and parietal peritoneum in 60 female Wistar albino rats. Ten days later, during a second laparotomy, adhesions were graded. After adhesiolysis, rats were divided into 3 groups. Group 1 was intraperitoneally administered 5 mL of saline solution, whereas groups 2 and 3 were intraperitoneally administered 0.5 mg/kg MMC in 5 mL of saline solution. MMC solution in the abdomen was completely rinsed and aspirated after 5 minutes in group 2 and after 10 minutes in group 3. Then, all the rats were administered 5 mL of saline solution intraperitoneally. After 10 days, adhesions were graded again during a third laparotomy. Results. Both MMC groups had significantly lower adhesion scores compared with the control group (P <.001). No side effects from MMC were observed during the experiment. Conclusions. MMC was found to be very effective in preventing adhesion reformation. (Surgery 2002;131:81-4.)

Cross-linked hyaluronate hydrogel prevents adhesion formation and reformation in mouse uterine horn model.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of cross-linked hyaluronate hydrogel (HA gel) as an adjuvant for postoperative adhesion prevention, in a mouse uterine horn model. In experiment 1 uterine horns were abrased with iodine. HA gel was applied to the injured surface before closure in the treatment group. In experiment 2, after injuring the uterine horns, three stitches were placed at equal distances around the uterine horns to appose the injured medial surfaces of the two horns during healing. HA gel was inserted between the uterine horns in the treatment group. In experiment 3 prevention of adhesion reformation was assessed. After lysis of adhesions that were induced as in experiment 2, HA gel was introduced between the serosal surfaces of apposing uterine horns. Untreated animals served as controls in each experiment. Statistical analysis was carried out using Student's t-test. The adhesion score was significantly lower in the HA gel group on the 14th day compared with controls in all the experiments: in experiment 1, 0.3 +/- 0.4 versus 1.7 +/- 1.2; in experiment 2, 0.9 +/- 1.0 versus 2.6 +/- 0.5; and in experiment 3, 1.5 +/- 0.9 versus 2.2 +/- 0.6 respectively. Cross-linked HA gel significantly reduced de-novo adhesions (P< 0.03) and adhesion reformation (P < 0.03).

Effect of oxiplex∗ films (PEO/CMC) on adhesion formation and reformation in rabbit models and on peritoneal infection in a rat model

Objective: To assess the efficacy of Oxiplex (FzioMed, Inc., San Luis Obispo, CA) barriers. Design: Film of polyethylene oxide and carboxymethylcellulose (Oxiplex) were tested for strength and tissue adherence. Films were selected for evaluation in models for biocompatability and adherence. Three films were selected for evaluation in efficacy studies, and one was evaluated for effects on bacterial peritonitis. Handling characteristics of Oxiplex film were evaluated via laparoscopy. Setting: University laboratory. Patient(s): Rabbits, rats, pigs. Intervention(s): Placement of Oxiplex prototypes at the site of injury. Main Outcome Measure(s): Mechanical properties, biocompatibility, tissue adherence, adhesion development, infection potentiation, and device handling. Result(s): Mechanical tests indicated that tensile strength and elongation were inversely correlated. All films tested had excellent tissue adherence properties. Selected films, based on residence time and biocompatibility, prevented adhesion formation in all animals and were highly efficacious in preventing adhesion reformation. The optimal Oxiplex prototype prevented adhesion reformation in 91% of the animals. This Oxiplex film, dyed to allow visualization, prevented adhesion reformation and did not affect bacterial peritonitis. In a laparoscopic model, the Oxiplex film, delivered in FilmSert forceps, via a 5.0-mm trocar, rapidly unfurled and could be easily applied to tissue with strong adherence. Conclusion(s): These data show development of an adhesion prevention material that is tissue adherent, can be placed via laparoscopy, and does not affect host resistance.

The effects of intraperitoneal piroxicam and low molecular weight heparin in prevention of adhesion reformation in rat uterine horn.

Our objective was to determine the effectiveness of intraperitoneal single dose piroxicam and low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) on prevention of adhesion reformation in the rat uterine horn. This study was carried out in the Surgical Research Laboratory, at Erciyes University. A standard lesion was created by unipolar electrocautery in 72 uterine horns of 36 female Wistar-Albino rats. After 2 weeks, adhesion formation scores were determined and adhesiolysis was performed in the second-look laparotomy. Animals were then randomly assigned into three groups. Each group contained 12 animals: group 1 was the control group where no adjuvant was given; in group 2, 1 ml 50 U Axa IC/ml solution LMWH was applied to the horns postoperatively, and in group 3, 1 ml 2 mg/ml piroxicam solution was applied to the horns after adhesiolysis. Two weeks later the rats were killed and adhesion reformation was evaluated. The number of horns with adhesion formation and the cumulative scores were not significantly different among the three groups in the second-look laparotomies, but after third-look laparotomies, the number of horns with adhesion reformation, after calculating the extent, severity and total scores of adhesion reformation, was found to be significantly less in LMWH and piroxicam groups than in the control group. Also, the effectiveness of piroxicam was significantly greater in all scores of adhesion reformation than LMWH was. In conclusion, both LMWH and piroxicam doses reduce adhesion reformation in the rat uterine horn, but the effectiveness of piroxicam is significantly greater than that of LMWH.