Prevention Of Acute Respiratory Infections Research Articles

Vitamin D supplementation for prevention of acute respiratory infections in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) have a substantial impact on morbidity, healthcare utilization, and functional decline among older adults. Therefore, we systematically reviewed evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to evaluate the efficacy and safety of vitamin D supplementation in preventing ARIs in older adults. PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched until 1 February 2024. RCTs evaluating the use of vitamin D supplements to protect older adults from ARIs were included. Two reviewers independently screened papers, extracted the data and assessed the risk of bias. Data were summarised as relative risks (RRs) or odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Random effects meta-analyses were used to synthesise the results. GRADE was used to evaluate the quality of evidence. All the analysis were performed with Stata version 17. Twelve trials (41552 participants) were included in the meta-analysis. It showed that vitamin D supplementation probably does not reduce the incidence of ARIs (RR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.97-1.02, I2 = 0%; moderate certainty). No significant effect of vitamin D supplementation on the risk of ARI was observed for any of the subgroups defined by baseline 25(OH)D concentration, control treatments, dose frequency, study duration, and participants' condition. However, there was a possibility, although not statistically significant, that vitamin D may reduce the risk of ARI in patients with a baseline 25(OH)D concentration <50 nmol/L (OR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.79-1.04, I2 = 14.7%). Additionally, vitamin D supplements might result in little to no difference in death due to any cause, any adverse event, hypercalcinemia, and kidney stones. Vitamin D supplementation among older adults probably results in little to no difference in the incidence of ARIs. However, further evidence is needed, particularly for individuals with vitamin D deficiency and populations residing in low and middle income countries. This study was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42023451265).

Evaluation of the effectiveness and safety of interferon alpha-2b ointment and gel for prevention of acute respiratory infections in organized groups

Relevance: the annual incidence of acute respiratory infections (ARI) is in the lead in the structure of infectious pathology in the Russian Federation. One of the main issues is the development of optimal strategies for prevention of these diseases in high-risk groups.Aim: to evaluate the preventive and clinical efficacy as well as safety of various dosage forms of interferon alpha-2b in relation to ARI in young adults from organized groups.Materials and methods: our study included 300 volunteers aged 18 to 20 years, 100 of them were prescribed interferon alpha-2b in the form of a gel in addition to non-specific methods for the prevention of ARVI, 100 participants received interferon alpha-2b in the form of an ointment, 100 participants did not receive antiviral drugs.Results: the use of interferon alpha-2b ointment for prevention of ARI in organized groups significantly reduced the number of people who had ARVI and cases of ARI during the observation period. Among those who used interferon alpha2b no pneumonias occurred, the duration of hospitalization was statistically significantly reduced compared to the group of volunteers who used only non-specific prophylaxis methods. Participants who received interferon alpha-2b ointment had ARVI mainly in a mild form. No adverse events that could be associated with the use of the study drug were recorded during the observation period.Conclusion: the use of interferon alpha-2b in the form of ointment showed preventive and clinical efficacy against ARI in young adults from organized groups.

The Influence of Health Education on Mothers' Knowledge About Prevention of Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) in Toddlers at Majalengka Public Health Center

Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) can be easily transmitted and if not treated immediately will cause high morbidity and mortality rates in children under five. A low level of knowledge regarding ARI in toddlers will have an impact on mothers' inability to prevent and treat children with ARI. One intervention that can be done to solve the problem of lack of knowledge is health education. This study aims to determine the effect of health education on mothers' knowledge about preventing ARI in toddlers. This type of research was quantitative and a Quasi Experimental method with a pre test-post test design. The sample in this study was 49 mothers who had ARI toddlers (1-5 years) obtained using accidental sampling technique. Data was obtained using a questionnaire and univariate analysis with the T-Test. The results of this research showed that most of the knowledge was poor (40.8%) and this increased after health education was carried out, most of the knowledge was good (46.9%). The statistical test results obtained a p value of 0.000, meaning that there is an influence of health education on mothers' knowledge about preventing ARI in toddlers. The conclusion of this research was that health education can increase knowledge about preventing ARI in toddlers. Suggestions to the community health center nurses to develop innovative and more interesting health promotion media (for example: animated videos, motion graphics, etc.). It would be better if the health promotion media can be shared widely on the internet and social media (Instagram, WhatsApp, Facebook, YouTube) so that people can easily access information provided by the Puskesmas.

Edukasi Pencegahan dan Tatalaksana Awal Infeksi Saluran Pernapasan Akut pada Anak

Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) is an infection that can occur in the respiratory tract. The World Health Organization (WHO) in 2015 stated that, ARI is the leading cause of death in children less than 5 years old in the world. This service aims to improve the degree of public health knowledge through counseling on the importance of prevention and early management of ARI in children. This method of service is to conduct an initial survey of the location of the service, conduct counseling related to the initial management and prevention of ARI in children accompanied by discussions at the Gambesi Health Center. The target of this devotion is mothers who have toddler children. The result obtained is that there is an increase in maternal knowledge before and after counseling is carried out

Edukasi Pencegahan ISPA pada Anak Oleh Keluarga di Puskesmas Simpang Kawat Kota Jambi

Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) is a common disease with mild to severe manifestations. Symptoms include fever, cough, and often sore throat, runny nose. ARI usually lasts more than 14 days. Puskesmas Simpang Kawat Jambi City experienced an increase in cases of Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) in children in August-September 2022 as many as 20-25 cases per month. The purpose of this service is to educate the prevention of children's ARI in families. The methods in this community service are lectures, demonstrations and leaflets. The time of community service was held on December 22, 2022. Participants followed the community service with enthusiasm which was attended by 14 participants and at the end of the material evaluation there were 10 participants. The results of the community service increased knowledge where 5 participants could answer 5 question items, namely the definition of ARI in children, the causes of ARI, 5 out of 9 signs of symptoms of children's ARI, 4 out of 6 prevention of ARI in children, and 4 out of 11 ARI treatments in children while at the beginning of education 3 participants knew the definition of ARI, 3 participants knew the cause of ARI from germs, 3 participants knew the symptoms of ARI were only cough and cold, 3 participants knew the prevention of ARI by wearing masks, 2 participants knew the treatment of ARI by taking cough and cold medicine. The results of this community service are expected to be applied in the form of providing information in the form of education and demonstrations on a scheduled basis so that family knowledge is increasing.

HUBUNGAN PENGETAHUAN IBU DENGAN UPAYA PENCEGAHAN INFEKSI SALURAN PERNAPASAN AKUT (ISPA) PADA BALITA DI PUSKESMAS TUNTUNGAN TAHUN 2022

Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are a major health problem in children under five years of age (toddlers). Mother's knowledge also affects the incidence of ARI in toddlers. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between maternal knowledge and efforts to prevent acute respiratory infections (ARI) in toddlers at the Tuntungan Health Center in 2022. This research method use a cross sectional approach. The sampling technique in this study use a purposive sampling technique with a total of 37 respondents. The instruments used in this study are maternal knowledge instruments and ARI prevention instruments. The results show that the knowledge of the mother is in the good category (73.0%) and the prevention of ARI is good (78.4%). The results of the Chi-square statistical test with p value = 0.001 (p &lt;0.05), meaning that there is a relationship between mother's knowledge and efforts to prevent acute respiratory infections (ARI) in children under five at the Tuntungan Health Center 2022. It is hoped that the leadership and staff of the Tuntungan Health Center carry out health education programs about Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) for the community, provide and improve counseling through various health information media on social media that has developed recently.

Hubungan Pengetahuan Orang Tua tentang Pencegahan ISPA dengan Kondisi Sanitasi Rumah di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Ambulu

Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) is a disease that often affects children younger than 5 years caused by viruses or bacteria. ARI can be caused by many factors, such as intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Extrinsic factors include the sanitation conditions of the house, such as occupancy density, ventilation, type of floor, humidity, lighting, and maternal factors, such as level of education, age and knowledge. This study aims to identify whether there is a relationship between parents' knowledge about ISPA prevention and the sanitation conditions of homes in the working area of ​​the Ambulu Health Center. This type of research were descriptive correlational with a cross-sectional approach with a sample of 92 respondents, with a sampling technique using simple random sampling. The results of the chi-square statistical test show the valueρ value = 0.000 (α &lt; 0.05).Data collection was carried out using questionnaires and observation. The results showed that 19 mothers (20.7%) had moderate knowledge and 72 mothers (78.3%) had good knowledge. The sanitary condition of the respondent's house was in the moderate category of 24 (26.1) and the sanitary condition of the house was good as much as 68 (73.9%). It is hoped that health services can provide additional knowledge regarding the prevention of ARI for parents, especially those with children under five. So this can help health services to reduce the number of ARI cases, especially in rural areas that are not exposed to information.

Lecture Methods and Media Leaflets on Mother's Knowledge in ISPA Prevention

Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) is an acute infectious disease that attacks one or more parts of the respiratory tract from the nose (upper tract) to the alveoli (lower tract) including their adnexa such as the sinuses, middle ear cavity and pleura . This study aims to determine the effect of health education using the lecture method and leaflet media on increasing mothers' knowledge about the prevention of ARI (Acute Respiratory Infection) in the work area of the UPT Puskesmas Hiliduho . This type of research is a quantitative research with a quasi-experimental research design. The design used was pretest and posttest group design without control group. The research location was carried out in the working area of the Hiliduho Health Center, Hiliduho District , Nias Regency . When this research was conducted in August 2021. The population in this study totaled 389 people. The sample in this study was determined by purposive sampling technique. The number of samples is 80 people. The difference in mean knowledge of mothers before and after the lecture method health counseling was known to have a significant value from the t test for respondents in the lecture group, namely p = 0.000 (p &lt;0.05). The mean value of the respondent's knowledge before the lecture intervention was 1.98 while the mean value of the respondent's knowledge after the lecture was 1.18. Differences in the average knowledge of mothers before and after the media leaflet health counseling was carried out p=0.000 (p&lt;0.05). The mean value of the respondents' knowledge before the leaflet intervention was 5.68 while the mean value of the respondents' knowledge after the leaflet was 12.90. Therefore it is necessary to provide counseling on an ongoing basis, especially to mothers under five.

A Randomized Controlled Trial on Zinc Supplementation for Prevention of Acute Respiratory Infections in Infants

There is little evidence that zinc supplementation will be effective in treating acute respiratory infection (ARI), but it may prevent respiratory infections when taken in conjunction with antibiotics. Objective: To assess the zinc supplementation for acute respiratory infection prevention in infants. Methods: A randomized controlled trail was conducted on 120 acute respiratory infected infants in Pediatric Unit, Qazi Hussain Ahmad Medical Complex, Nowshera from 1st January 2022 to 30th June 2022. Infants having 6-14 months of age with acute respiratory infections were enrolled. Infants were allocated to two groups: Group-I infants receiving Zinc (20 mg/5 mL) in terms of Zinc sulphate (N=60) and Group-II infants taking syrup (Placebo) (N=60). Results: Of the total 220 episodes, the frequency of episodes in zinc and placebo group was 106 and 114 respectively, accounting for 7.78 and 8.68 per child year after 5 months. Based on GEE regression model observed an insignificant decrease of 8% (Adjusted IRR 0.89, 95% CI 0.79-1.01) in episodes of acute respiratory infections in zinc group as compared to placebo group. However, acute respiratory infections episodes (Adjusted IRR 0.36, 95% CI: 0.25-0.35) decreased by 60% in zinc group. Zinc supplementation reduced the acute respiratory days significantly by 14% (Adjusted RR 0.83, 95% CI: 0.76-0.92). Conclusions: Prophylactic zinc supplementation for two weeks decreased acute lower respiratory tract infection morbidity in apparently healthy infants and improved the infant’s recovery from acute respiratory infections and reduced their hospitalization as compared to placebo group

The relationship between hand hygiene and rates of acute respiratory infections among Umrah pilgrims: A pilot randomised controlled trial

BackgroundThere is a lack of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the role of hand hygiene in preventing and containing acute respiratory infections (ARIs) in mass gatherings. In this pilot RCT, we assessed the feasibility of establishing a large-scale trial to explore the relationship between practising hand hygiene and rates of ARI in Umrah pilgrimage amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. MethodsA parallel RCT was conducted in hotels in Makkah, Saudi Arabia, between April and July 2021. Domestic adult pilgrims who consented to participate were randomised 1:1 to the intervention group who received alcohol-based hand rub (ABHR) and instructions, or to the control group who did not receive ABHR or instructions but were free to use their own supplies. Pilgrims in both groups were then followed up for seven days for ARI symptoms. The primary outcome was the difference in the proportions of syndromic ARIs among pilgrims between the randomised groups. ResultsA total of 507 (control: intervention = 267: 240) participants aged between 18 and 75 (median 34) years were randomised; 61 participants were lost to follow-up or withdrew leaving 446 participants (control: intervention = 237:209) for the primary outcome analysis; of whom 10 (2.2 %) had developed at least one respiratory symptom, three (0.7 %) had ‘possible ILI’ and two (0.4 %) had ‘possible COVID-19′. The analysis of the primary outcome found no evidence of difference in the proportions of ARIs between the randomised groups (odds ratio 1.1 [0.3–4.0] for intervention relative to control). ConclusionThis pilot trial suggests that conducting a future definitive RCT to assess the role of hand hygiene in the prevention of ARIs is feasible in Umrah setting amidst such a pandemic; however, outcomes from this trial are inconclusive, and such a study would need to be very large given the low rates of outcomes observed here. Trial registrationThis trial was registered in the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) (ACTRN12622001287729), the full protocol can be accessed there.

Острые, рекуррентные и рецидивирующие инфекции респираторного тракта у детей: вопросы иммунопрофилактики и иммунотерапии

The article is focused on the issues of immunoprophylaxis and immunotherapy of acute, recurrent and repeat respiratory infections in children. The authors underscore the high efficacy of active specific immunoprophylaxis against influenza virus, pneumococcal and Hib-infections. They emphasize that the use of combined immunoprophylaxis (vaccine + non-specific immunoprophylactic agents) is effective for achieving the maximal preventive effect, especially in children with recurrent and repeat respiratory infections. The article elucidates such issues as the mode of action and the efficacy of therapy and prevention, as well as the tolerability and safety of topical bacterial lysates in pediatric practice. It also reviews the pathogenetic rationale of using topical bacterial lysate IRS 19 in the prevention and treatment of acute, recurrent and repeat respiratory infections in children. The authors highlight the beneficial therapeutic effects of topical bacterial lysate Imudon on the clinical course of infectious and inflammatory oropharyngeal diseases and its preventive action. The authors outline the good tolerability of topical bacterial lysates used in pediatric practice. Taking into consideration that achievement of the most effective prevention of acute respiratory infections (ARI) in children with recurrent and repeat respiratory infections is possible via combination of immunizations, whereas topical bacterial lysates can be applied successfully as non-specific immunoprophylactic agents. KEYWORDS: vaccination, influenza, children, immunity, immunotherapy, immunoprophylaxis, acute respiratory infections, recurrent respiratory infections, repeat respiratory infections, topical bacterial lysates, trained immunity, frequently ill children. FOR CITATION: Zaplatnikov A.L., Girina A.A., Burtseva E.I. et al. Acute, recurrent and repeat respiratory infections in children: the issues of immunoprophylaxis and immunotherapy. Russian Journal of Woman and Child Health. 2023;6(1):50–59 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2618- 8430-2023-6-1-50-59.

Заключение совета экспертов «Роль витамина D в профилактике острых респираторных инфекций»

Acute respiratory viral infections (ARVIs) are the most common respiratory tract diseases that can reduce the quality of life of patients and aggravate bronchopulmonary and cardiovascular diseases. All ARVIs annually lead to a total economic damage of approximately 758 billion rubles, which corresponds to 80% of the damage from all infectious diseases. Due to a relatively limited number of non-specific causal therapy options, specific and non-specific prevention of ARVIs becomes extremely important. However, no specific vaccines against ARVIs, except influenza, have been developed so far. The majority of drugs for ARVI prevention have suboptimal efficacy and weak evidence (grade C). Given the pronounced economic damage from ARVIs (reaching 40 billion rubles annually), as well as the need for effective non-specific preventive agents, it is important to analyze the evidence base of new drugs for non-specific ARVI prevention, assess their cost-effectiveness, and availability for most patients. This can contribute to reducing ARVI incidence and both direct and indirect healthcare costs. Objective. Present the main provisions of the Council of Experts "The role of vitamin D in the prevention of acute respiratory infections" (February 18, 2023, Moscow, Russia) and assess the prospects for using in routine practice for improving the quality of patients life and optimize the costs of health care system. Main points. Preventive doses of colecalciferol (vitamin D3) is associated with a low risk of ARVI with daily or weekly intake lasting from 6 months. Vitamin D3 supplementation of 6 to 12 months should be recommended for people without obesity (BMI&lt;30 kg / m2) in a dose of 2000 IU / day or 10,000 IU / week, and with obesity (BMI&gt;30 kg / m2) in doses from 3000 IU / day to 6,000 IU / day for a long time. Long-term using of preventive doses of vitamin D3 is associated with a necessary maintain its target level throughout the year. Conclusions. In Russian Federation there is a high prevalence of deficiency and insufficiency of colecalciferol (vitamin D3) among the population, regardless of region and age group. According to the results of randomized clinical studies and metaanalyses, daily or weekly intake of vitamin D3 is associated with a low risk of ARVI. At the same time, vitamin D3 has a high therapeutic range, which makes its using more safe. Experts consider it it important to include colecalciferol (vitamin D3) in Russian clinical guidelines "Acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI) in adults" as part of their next revision as a means of non-specific prevention of ARVI. Level of evidence A (higher quality of evidence- 1). Key words: acute respiratory viral infections, influenza, COVID-19, nonspecific prevention, vitamin D3, colecalciferol

Эпидемиологическая и клиническая эффективность приема азоксимера бромида для профилактики острой респираторной инфекции и COVID-19 среди медицинских работников

Background. Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) account for over 90% of all infectious diseases in the Russian Federation. During the COVID-19 pandemic, with no causal therapy developed so far, it is important to pay attention to preventive drugs. Objective. To assess the epidemiological and clinical efficacy of azoximer bromide (Polyoxidonium®) for the prevention of ARIs and COVID-19 in the vulnerable groups (healthcare professionals). Patients and methods. We performed an observational, prospective, selective study to assess the impact of azoximer bromide (AzB) on the incidence and tolerability of ARIs and SARS-CoV-2 infection among healthcare professionals in the Russian Federation. This study was conducted between April and August 2020 and included 476 participants. Of them, 311 individuals were in the experimental group (AzB+), whereas 165 individuals served as controls (AzB-). Patients in the experimental group received 1 tablet of azoximer bromide twice a day for 10 days. We evaluated the incidence of ARIs and COVID-19 (epidemiological efficacy) and disease severity (clinical efficacy). We surveyed the participants using a special questionnaire 3 months following treatment initiation or inclusion in the control group. Statistical analysis was performed using the R v. 3.6.3 software. Differences were considered significant at p &lt; 0.05. Continuous variables were described by the number of observations (n), means, 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for means, medians (Me), and interquartile ranges (IQR). Categorical variables were presented as the absolute number of observations, percentages, and two-sided CIs. Results. We found that participants in the AzB+ group demonstrated a 43.3% lower ARI risk than controls (p &lt; 0.001). The risk of COVID-19 was decreased by 71.4% (p &lt; 0.001). We also demonstrated that AzB was effective in reducing ARI severity. Participant from the AzB+ group who developed some respiratory infections presented with a milder disease and 33.2% less common lower respiratory tract symptoms (such as cough, shortness of breath, and chest pain) (p &lt; 0.001). The incidence of pneumonia in the experimental group was 14.1% lower than that in the control group (5.3%–22.9%) (p = 0.029). Conclusion. Thus, azoximer bromide used as a preventive measure or as a part of comprehensive therapy decreased the incidence of ARIs and COVID-19 among healthcare professionals and alleviated the disease, which suggests its high epidemiological and clinical efficacy. Key words: acute respiratory infections, COVID-19, Azoximer bromide, prevention, comprehensive therapy, healthcare professionals

New treatment and preventive options for acute respiratory infections in children

The article is dedicated to the issue of acute respiratory infections in children. Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are the most common infectious diseases among both adults and children. The article presents data on the 2020/2021 ARVI and influenza epidemic season in the Russian Federation, which was characterized by an earlier beginning of the rise in the incidence of ARVI and influenza, a wide geographic spread, the highest rates of respiratory infections in children aged 1–2 and 3–6 years, high intensity of the epidemic process, the predominant circulation of influenza A (H3N2) viruses, and the low incidence, absence of severe disease and low mortality among vaccinated against the flu. Modern options for specific prevention of ARI (vaccination against influenza and other infections as part of the national and regional schedules) and non-specific prevention (implementation of the healthy lifestyle principles, including a day regimen, age-adequate nutrition, environmental control, cold exposure training and therapeutic exercise, avoidance of second-hand smoking, vitamin therapy, reduction of potential exposure to sources of infection, use of anti-epidemic measures in the site of infection, regular ventilation and moist mopping, hand washing, elimination therapy, barrier protective devices, use of systemic bacterial lysates, synthetic molecules) are discussed. The principles of rational ARI therapy are provided. The use of essential oil combinations with a composition of oils at certain proportions is one of the promising directions for therapy and prevention of acute respiratory infections. The results of numerous studies assessing the efficacy and safety of the inhalation administration of natural essential oil compositions as part of the combination therapy and prevention of acute respiratory infections in children are provided, good tolerance and high efficacy of essential oil inhalations are observed.

Metode Ceramah dan Media Leaflet terhadap Pengetahuan Ibu dalam Pencegahan ISPA

Acute infectious disease (ARI) that attacks one part and or more of the respiratory tract from the nose (upper tract) to the alveoli (lower tract) including adnexa such as sinuses, middle ear cavity and pleura. ARI is a disease that often occurs in children, because the child's immune system is still low. This study aims to determine the effect of health education with the lecture method and leaflet media on increasing maternal knowledge about the prevention of ARI (Acute Respiratory Infection) in the working area of ​​UPT Puskesmas Hiliduho. This type of research is quantitative research with a quasi-experimental research design. The design used was pretest and posttest group design without control group. The location of the research was carried out in the working area of ​​the Hiliduho Health Center, Hiliduho District, Nias Regency. The time of this research was carried out in August 2021. The population in this study amounted to 389 people. The sample in this study was determined by purposive sampling technique. The number of samples is 80 people. The difference in the mean knowledge of mothers before and after the lecture method health counseling was known to have a significant value from the t test for the respondents in the lecture group, namely p = 0.000 (p &lt;0.05). The mean value of the respondent's knowledge before the lecture intervention was 1.98 while the mean value of the respondent's knowledge after the lecture was 1.18. The difference in the mean knowledge of mothers before and after the leaflet media health counseling was p = 0.000 (p &lt;0.05). The mean value of respondents' knowledge before leaflet intervention was 5.68 while the mean value of respondent's knowledge after leaflet was 12.90.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: lecture method; leaflet media; ARI

Bacterial ligands in the rehabilitation of healthcare workers after COVID-19

Immune defense mechanisms in survivors of the COronaVIrus Disease-19 (COVID-19) and development of their rehabilitation during the pandemic both portray a great scientific and practical interest.The aim of the study was to explore effect of Immunovac-VP-4® (I-VP-4), a vaccine based on bacterial ligands, on the clinical and airway mucosal immunity parameters, along with systemic immune response in a group of medical workers in post-COVID period and in persons who did not develop the disease.Methods. 82 healthcare workers aged from 18 to 65 years were included in a prospective open controlled study. The participants were divided into 4 groups: groups 1 (n = 20) and 2 (n = 27) included those with a history of COVID-19, and groups 3 (n = 18) and 4 (n = 17) included those who did not have the disease. Volunteers in groups 1 and 3 received I-VP-4. Samples of oral fluid, induced sputum, nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal mucosa scrapings, and venous blood were examined. The levels of total secretory immunoglobulin class A (sIgA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) were determined by enzyme immunoassay. The phagocytic index (PI) of leukocytes was assessed by flow cytometry.Results. The group of patients who did not have COVID-19 and received IVP-4 (Group 3) showed a tendency to a smaller number of COVID-19 cases, as well as some reduction in days of incapacity for work due to the acute respiratory infections (ARI). The vaccine improved airway mucosal immunity parameters and innate immune response. sIgA increased in the induced sputum (p &lt; 0.005) and unchanged in the oropharyngeal mucosa samples in Group 1. The PI of macrophages in oral fluid doubled (p &lt; 0.05) in this group. At the same time, those parameters decreased in Group 2. In non-infected vaccinated patients (Group 3), a significant increase of PI of blood monocytes was found on the day 90 of the study (p &lt; 0.05). Also, a four-fold increase of PI of macrophages in oral fluid in comparison with Group 4 (p &lt; 0.05) was noted.Conclusion. I-VP-4 improved airway mucosal immunity mechanisms and the systemic immune response. The vaccine can be recommended for rehabilitation programs for COVID-19 survivors and for prevention of ARIs.

Determinants of wasting among children aged 6–59 months in North-East Ethiopia: a community-based case-control study

ObjectiveChildhood acute malnutrition, in the form of wasting defined by Weight-for-Height Z-Scores, is a major public health concern. It is one of the main reasons for the death of children...

Prevalence and factors associated with acute respiratory infection among under-five children in selected tertiary hospitals of Kathmandu Valley.

Acute respiratory infection (ARI) is responsible for about 30-50 percent of visits to health facilities and for about 20-30 percent of admissions to hospitals in Nepal for children under 5 years old. Incidence of ARI in children among under-five years of age is 344 per 1000 in Nepal. Hence, the study aims to find out the prevalence and factors associated with acute respiratory infection among under-five children. A cross-sectional study was conducted at Nepal Medical College and Teaching Hospital and International Friendship Children's Hospital (IFCH) in Kathmandu among children of age 2-59 months attending Pediatric OPD. A total of 286 children were selected using the non-probability (convenient) sampling technique. Data were collected using pre-tested semi-structured tool through interview schedule, and descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were used. Out of 286 children, more than half of children (60.8%) had Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI). Nearly one-fifth of the children had severe or very severe pneumonia. Acute respiratory infection was significantly associated with religion followed by the family (p = 0.009, OR = 4.59 CI = 1.47-14.36), presence of the child in the kitchen while cooking (p = 0.001, OR = 2.03 CI = 1.17-3.51), and presence of respiratory tract infection in family (p = <0.001 OR = 2.83 CI = 1.59-5.05). The study concluded that male children are more susceptible to acute respiratory infection than female children. Parents and family members should be aware of the prevention of acute respiratory infection by addressing and minimizing the factors contributing to ARI.

The Characteristic of Toddlers with ARI Disease in Kanigaran Public Health Center, Probolinggo City

Toddlers are included in the age group that is very susceptible to infections, especially those that attack the respiratory tract. Acute respiratory infection (ARI) in developing countries is one of the factors that cause the high mortality rate for children under five. This study aims to describe the characteristics of children under five with ARI disease in the working area of the Kanigaran Health Center, Probolinggo City. The research design used this quantitative descriptive with a total sample of 146 medical record data. The sampling technique used a non-probability sampling technique with the quota sampling method. Collecting data using observation sheets. The results showed that toddlers with ARI were more common at the age of 1-3 years (71.2%), female gender (53.4%), non-LBW weight (88.4%), normal weight nutritional status (75 .3%), and complete status (57.5%). The characteristics of children under five in the Kanigaran Health Center Work Area, Probolinggo City are good. As a nurse, it is necessary to provide education to parents about the prevention of ARI, because currently, ARI has attacked many toddlers with good characteristics.

Turkish Thoracic Society Early Career Members Task Force Group's Virtual Congress Notes: European Respiratory Society International Congress 2020.

In this article, Early Career Task Force Group members of the Turkish Thoracic Society summarize the European Respiratory Society 2020 virtual congress. Current developments in the field of respiratory diseases were compiled with the addition of sessions specific to coronavirus disease 2019 this year. Almost all of the congress sessions were examined, and the important and striking results of the congress were highlighted. Congress sessions were attended by expert researchers, and the prominent messages of each session were highlighted in short summaries. They were then grouped under relevant titles and ranked in order of meaning and relation. It was finalized by a team of researchers.