Prevalence Rates Of Overweight Research Articles

Determinant Factors Of Nutritional Status In Adolescents

Background: The nutritional status of adolescents in Gorontalo Province is based on data. The prevalence of overweight and obesity in the 13-15 year age group is 16%. The prevalence rate of overweight and obesity in the 16-18 year age group reached 12.4%. The results of the Gorontalo Province Riskesdas in 2018 showed that physical activity in the low category was high, namely 34.0% and obesity based on BMI in the adult group was 24.4% (Indonesian Ministry of Health, 2018). By knowing the facts above, further research will be carried out regarding the determinants of nutritional status in adolescents in Gorontalo.Purpose: The aim of this research is to determine the determinants of nutritional status in adolescents in Gorontalo City.Methods: The type of research used is Observational Analytical with a Cross sectional approach. The population in this research is teenagers in Gorontalo City. In research, the sampling technique is by accidental sampling. This research will be conducted from January to May 2023. The instrument used in this research is a questionnaire.Conclusion: The results of this research are that there is a relationship between food intake (carbohydrate intake, protein intake and fat intake with the incidence of nutritional status. There is no relationship between stress levels and physical activity and the incidence of nutritional status. Suggestions provide education to teenagers about the importance of nutritional status.Keywords: Determinant factors, nutritional status, adolescents

Association between increased BMI and cognitive function in first-episode drug-naïve male schizophrenia.

Although the adverse effects of obesity in schizophrenia are documented, there is limited research exists on the implications for untreated initial schizophrenia. Our investigation aimed to explore the connections between BMI and cognitive function in first-episode drug-naïve (FEDN)schizophrenia. We enrolled 143 FEDN schizophrenia patients, and collected data on their body mass index, fasting blood glucose and lipid levels. Cognitive function was measured with the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB). Using correlation and regression analysis to assess the relationship between BMI and cognitive performance. The prevalence rate of overweight plus obesity in FEDN schizophrenia patients was 33.57%. Patients with FEDN schizophrenia exhibited extensive cognitive impairment, and those who were overweight/obesity demonstrated more severe impairments in working memory and visual learning when compared to normal/under weight counterparts. Correlation analysis indicated a negative association between working memory and BMI and TG, as well as a link between visual learning and BMI and LDL-C. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that a higher BMI predicted a decrease in working memory in FEDN schizophrenia patients. Our results indicate that the rate of overweight plus obesity is high in FEDN schizophrenia patients, and there is an association between BMI and cognitive function in schizophrenia, particularly in relation to working memory.

Prevalence and factors associated with overweight, obesity and central obesity among adults in Shenmu City, Shaanxi Province, China

ObjectivesThis research aimed to explore the prevalence and determinants of overweight, obesity, and central obesity in Shenmu City, Shaanxi Province, China and to offer guidance for preventative health measures. MethodsWe conducted a multi-stage, stratified random sampling survey among 4,565 residents of Shenmu City. Data collection included questionnaires and anthropometric assessments to gather socio-demographic data and to identify cases of overweight, obesity, and central obesity. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was utilized to assess the association between various factors and these conditions. ResultsThe observed prevalence rates for overweight, obesity, central obesity, and the combination of overweight/obesity with central obesity were 39.9%, 18.2%, 48.0%, 32.8%, and 22.8%, respectively. Notably, the incidence of these conditions was significantly higher in men compared to women. The prevalence of overweight and obesity initially increased and then decreased with age, whereas the prevalence of central obesity consistently rose. Furthermore, a higher educational level correlated with lower prevalence rates. Additionally, our analysis indicated that hypertension, dyslipidemia, and hyperuricemia are risk factors for these conditions. ConclusionsThe findings of this study offer crucial insights for formulating effective strategies to prevent and manage obesity in Shenmu City.

Community-based prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

The Annual Report on Cardiovascular Health and Diseases in China (2022) intricate landscape of cardiovascular health in China. This is the third section of the report with a specific focus on community-based prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). This section of the report underscores the importance of initiatives outlined in the "Healthy China 2030 Plan," emphasizing the comprehensive prevention and control strategy for chronic diseases. A key aspect of this plan involves the establishment of national demonstration areas aimed at comprehensive prevention and control of chronic diseases. By 2020, 488 such areas had been set up across China, surpassing the initial target and covering a significant proportion of counties and districts. The report highlights the successful implementation of these strategies in Lishan district, Anshan city, where demonstration areas for comprehensive prevention and control of chronic diseases were launched in 2013. Over the course of seven years, the number of healthy units increased substantially, leading to improvements in managing risk factors for CVD among residents. Significant reductions in prevalence rates of overweight, obesity, smoking, passive smoking, and drinking were observed, along with the development of healthier behaviors among residents. Similarly, Qiaokou district in Wuhan City, designated as a national demonstration area in 2014, implemented comprehensive public health promotion initiatives. Notably, special clinics for hypertension intervention were established, contributing to an increase in self-reported rates of hypertension, a slight decrease in prevalence, and a remarkable improvement in the control rate among treated patients. Overall, these efforts underscore the effectiveness of community-based approaches in driving positive health outcomes and advancing the comprehensive prevention and control of chronic diseases, particularly cardiovascular diseases, in China.

The prevalence of obesity and relationship between obesity indicators and chronic diseases in Northern Shaanxi, China.

Obesity not only affects human health but also is an important risk factor for a variety of chronic diseases. Therefore, it is particularly important to analyse the epidemic trend of obesity and actively carry out the prevention and control of obesity in the population. A total of 4565 adults were selected by multi-stage stratified random sampling in Shenmu, Shaanxi Province, China. Univariate analysis was used to explore the epidemic characteristics of obesity in this region. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyse the relationship between obesity and chronic diseases. Finally, the prediction efficiency of different obesity indexes was analysed by drawing receiver operator characteristic curves (ROC). All statistical analysis was completed by SPSS 26.0 software. The prevalence rates of overweight, obesity, and central obesity were 39.9%, 18.2%, and 48.0%, respectively. After adjusting for other confounding factors, multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that overweight and obesity were risk factors for hypertension, dyslipidaemia, and hyperuricaemia. Central obesity is a risk factor for dyslipidaemia and hyperuricaemia. High level of waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) was a risk factor for dyslipidaemia and hyperuricaemia (p < 0.05). Obesity-related indicators: body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and WHtR, are strongly correlated with the increased risk of chronic diseases in northern Shaanxi, China. The optimal BMI cut-off values for predicting hypertension, dyslipidaemia, and hyperuricaemia were 24.27, 24.04, and 25.54, respectively. The optimal WC cut-off values for predicting dyslipidaemia and hyperuricaemia were 84.5 and 90.5, and WHtR cut-off values were 0.52 and 0.54, respectively. The problem of overweight, obesity, and central obesity in adults is serious in northern Shaanxi, China. Obesity of all types will increase the risk of chronic diseases. Therefore, a variety of preventive and therapeutic measures should be adopted to curb obesity and reduce the incidence of related chronic diseases.

National taxation on sugar-sweetened beverages and its association with overweight, obesity, and diabetes

BackgroundConsumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) has been linked to several adverse health outcomes, thus many countries introduced taxation to reduce it. ObjectivesTo summarize national SSB taxation laws and to assess their association with obesity, overweight and diabetes. MethodsWe conducted a systematic scoping review up to January 2022 on PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Google Search to identify taxes on SSBs. An interrupted time series analysis (ITSA) was conducted on 17 countries with taxation implemented in 2013 or before to evaluate the level and slope modifications in the rate of change of standardized prevalence rates of overweight, obesity, and diabetes. Random-effects meta-regression was used to assess whether year of entry into force of the law, national income, and tax design affected observed results. ResultsWe included 76 tax laws issued between 1940 and 2020 by 43 countries, which were heterogeneous in terms of tax design, amount, and taxed products. Among children and adolescents, ITSA showed level or slope reduction for prevalence of overweight and obesity in 5 (Brazil, Samoa, Palau, Panama, Tonga) and 6 (El Salvador, Uruguay, Nauru, Norway, Palau, Tonga) countries out of 17, respectively. No clear pattern of modification of results according to investigated factors emerged from the meta-regression analysis. ConclusionsTaxation is highly heterogeneous across countries in terms of products and design, which might influence its effectiveness. Our findings provide some evidence regarding a deceleration of the increasing prevalence rates of overweight and obesity among children occurring in some countries following introduction of taxation.PROSPERO registration number: CRD42021233309.

10-year level, trends and socio-demographic disparities of obesity among Ghanaian adults-A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.

The double burden of malnutrition has assumed severer forms in Low and Middle Income Countries (LMICs) arising from sharper increases in prevalence rates of overweight and obesity in these countries compared to higher income countries. Considering that LMICs already have fragile health systems, the rising obesity levels may just be a ticking time bomb requiring expeditious implementation of priority actions by all global and national actors to prevent an explosion of cardiovascular disease related deaths. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to provide a current estimate of obesity and overweight prevalence among Ghanaian adults and assess socio-demographic disparities following the PRISMA guidelines. We searched Pubmed with Medline, Embase, Science direct and African Journals Online (AJOL) for studies on overweight and obesity published between 2013 and January 2023. Applying a quality effects model, pooled mean Body Mass Index (BMI) and prevalence of overweight and obesity were obtained from 42 studies conducted across all three geographical locations of Ghana with a combined sample size of 29137. From the analysis, the mean BMI of adults in Ghana was 24.7 kgm-2 while overweight and obesity prevalence was estimated as 23.1% and 13.3% respectively. Temporal analysis showed sharper increases in overweight and obesity prevalence from 2017/2018. Mean BMI (Females: 25.3kgm-2 vrs Males: 23.1 kgm-2), overweight (Females: 25.9% vrs Males: 16.5%) and obesity (Females: 17.4% vrs Males: 5.5%) prevalence were higher among females than males. Gender differences in mean BMI and obesity prevalence were both significant at p<0.001. Urban dwellers had higher mean BMI than their rural counterparts (24.9kgm-2 vrs 24.4kgm-2). Overweight (27.6% vrs 18.2%) and obesity (17.3% vrs 11.0%) prevalence were also higher in urban areas than in rural areas. Body weight indicators for the various geographical areas of Ghana were; southern sector: 25.4kgm-2, 28.9% and 15.4%, middle sector: 24.8kgm-2, 26.4% and 16.2% and northern sector: 24.2kgm-2, 15.4% and 8.5% for mean BMI, overweight and obesity prevalence respectively. The southern part of Ghana was similar to the middle part in terms of mean BMI, overweight and obesity but higher than the northern part. We conclude that overweight and obesity prevalence in Ghana has risen to high levels in recent years with women and urban dwellers disproportionately more affected. There is a possible implication for increased cardiovascular diseases and a generally poor quality of life for the people. Evidence-based public health interventions are needed to reverse the current situation.

Epidemiological characteristics of cardio-metabolic risk factors in women aged 15-49 years in 4 provinces of China in 2018

To analyze the prevalence of cardio-metabolic(CM) risk in women aged 15-49 years in 4 provinces of China and the influence of socioeconomic factors on them. A total of 2851 women aged 15-49 years from Community-based Cohort Study on Nervous System Disease in 2018 were selected. Obesity, central obesity, elevated triglyceride(TG), elevated total cholesterol(TC), decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C), elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C), elevated blood pressure, elevated blood glucose and risk factor aggregation were analyzed. χ~2 test was used for univariate analysis, multinomial Logit model was used to evaluate the relationship between socioeconomic factors and CM risk factors, and Cochran-Armitage trend test was used for trend analysis. The detection rate of CM risk factors in this study from high to low were central obesity(26.76%), overweight(22.41%), pre central obesity(17.47%), decreased HDL-C(15.36%), elevated TG(11.78%), borderline elevated TC(11.40%), borderline elevated TG(11.12%), elevated blood pressure(9.71%) and hypertension(9.12%). The prevalence rates of CM risk factors were different among different age groups, income groups and education levels(P&lt;0.05). In addition to decreased HDL-C, the prevalence of other metabolic risk factors increased with age(P_(trend)&lt;0.05). With the improvement of educational level, the prevalence rates of overweight, obesity, central obesity, central obesity, elevated TG, decreased HDL-C, elevated blood pressure, hypertension, elevated blood pressure and diabetes showed a downward trend(P_(trend)&lt;0.05). Multinomial Logit model showed that the rick of metabolic risk factors in the age group of 40 to 49 years old was higher than that in the younger age group aged 15-29 years, and was more significant in hypertension, elevated blood pressure and elevated blood glucose, which were 8.51 times(95% CI 5.45-13.27), 3.14 times(95%CI 2.20-4.48)and 2.66(95% CI 1.52-4.66)times of the younger age group, respectively. Women with high-income level have a higher risk of borderline elevated TC, elevated TC and borderline elevated LDL-C(OR=1.85, 95% CI 1.44-2.38;OR=2.01, 95% CI 1.25-3.22;OR=2.16, 95% CI 1.61-2.90), but the lower risk of overweight and elevated blood pressure(OR=0.79, 95% CI 0.64-0.98;OR=0.69, 95% CI 0.50-0.94). The risk of obesity, hypertension and diabetes of people with college degree or above was about 50% lower than those with junior high school education or below(OR=0.52, 95% CI 0.35-0.78;OR=0.43, 95% CI 0.27-0.67; OR=0.52, 95% CI 0.28-0.96). Central obesity, overweight, pre central obesity and HDL-C decrease were prominent CM risk factors in women aged 15-49 years in four provinces of China in 2018. The detection rate of CM risk factors is higher in women of high age group or low education level.

A Descriptive Study to Assess the Prevalence of Obesity among Female Bachelor Nursing Science Students

Background of the Study: Over the past decades, Saudi Arabia has become more and more westernized and is now one of the highest peaks in the prevalence of obesity and overweight. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of obesity among female Bachelor Nursing Science students at Northern Border University (NBU). Materials and Methods: A descriptive survey design with proportionate stratified random sampling techniques was used in this study. The College of Nursing, Female Section, NBU, was the setting of this study. Bachelor Saudi Nursing Science Students of the College of Nursing (Female Section) at NBU were the sample, with a sample size of 220. Ethical approval was obtained from NBU, and written consent was obtained from all participants in this study. A structured questionnaire was the research tool used for data collection. Results: 63.2% of the subjects had a normal body mass index (BMI), but the prevalence rate of overweight is 17.3%, and obesity I and II contribute to 14.8%. The majority (88.5%) of the participants had a family history of obesity. 27.3% of the subjects were not doing any physical activity, whereas 74% of them were always taking fast food. 87.4% of the participants were always watching TV or using a smart phone. 91% of the participants were between 18 to 23 years old. Recommendations to prevent obesity are healthy eating behaviors'; regular physical activity, reduce television time/ screen time, and other “Sit time, reduce stress and improve sleep. Conclusions: Help our young generations to develop good health habits like regular physical exercise, healthy lifestyle and healthy eating behaviours’ for maintaining normal BMI and in order to overcome the global crisis of obesity.

Prevalence of obesity and associated complications in China: A cross-sectional, real-world study in 15.8 million adults.

To evaluate the prevalence of overweight/obesity and associated complications from a large, cross-sectional, nationwide database in China. Data were obtained from 519 Meinian health check-up centres across 243 cities. Eligible participants were aged ≥18 years, with a routine check-up in 2019 (N = 21 771 683) and complete height, weight, sex and region data. The unadjusted prevalence rates of overweight/obesity were calculated by age, sex and region. In addition, the nationwide prevalence rates of overweight and obesity were standardized according to the 2010 China census by age group and sex. The prevalence of obesity-related complications by body mass index (BMI) groups was calculated using logistic regression. There were 15 770 094 eligible participants (median age 40 years; mean BMI 24.1 kg/m2 ; 52.8% male). By Chinese BMI classification, 34.8% were overweight and 14.1% were obese. Overweight and obesity were more prevalent in male than female participants (standardized: overweight 40.2% vs. 27.4%; obesity 17.6% vs. 9.6%, respectively). The prevalence of assessed complications was higher in participants with overweight/obesity versus those with normal BMI (P < 0.001 for trends). The most prevalent complications in participants with overweight/obesity were fatty liver disease, prediabetes, dyslipidaemia and hypertension. The number of complications increased with higher BMI. Overweight/obesity and related complications are highly prevalent in this population. These data may better inform management and prevention public health strategies in China.

Prevalence of obesity and its association with dietary patterns: a cohort study among Tibetan pastoralists in Qinghai Province

Objectives: To explore obesity prevalence and its association with dietary patterns among Tibetan pastoralists during the urbanization transition in Qinghai Province. Methods: Using an open cohort study design, 1 003 subjects were enrolled at baseline in 2018, 599 were followed up, and 1 012 were newly recruited in 2022. A total of 1 913 adults over 18 years were included in the study, and a questionnaire survey and health examination were conducted. Factor analysis was used to identify dietary patterns, and a mixed-effects model was used to analyze the association between dietary patterns and obesity. Results: From 2018 to 2022, the prevalence rates of overweight, obesity, and central obesity were 27.6%, 33.8%, and 54.6%, respectively. Age-sex-standardized prevalence of obesity and central obesity increased. Three dietary patterns were identified: the modern pattern was characterized by frequent consumption of pork, poultry, processed meat, fresh fruits, sugary drinks, salty snacks, etcetera; the urban pattern was characterized by frequent consumption of refined carbohydrates, beef and mutton, vegetables and eggs, etcetera; and pastoral pattern featured frequent consumption of tsamba, Tibetan cheese, buttered/milk tea, and whole-fat dairy products. After adjusting for demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status, and lifestyle factors, compared with the T1, subjects in the T3 of urban pattern scores were more likely to be overweight (OR=2.09, 95%CI: 1.10-3.95) and overweight/obese (OR=1.23, 95%CI: 1.00-1.51), whereas those in the T3 of pastoral pattern scores had a lower risk of overweight (OR=0.45, 95%CI: 0.24-0.84), obesity (OR=0.81, 95%CI: 0.69-0.95), overweight/obesity (OR=0.75, 95%CI: 0.61-0.91) and central obesity (OR=0.58, 95%CI: 0.38-0.89). Conclusions: Prevalence of obesity and central obesity was high among Tibetan pastoralists during the urbanization transition. Urban dietary pattern was a risk factor for overweight and overweight/obesity, whereas pastoral dietary pattern was a protective factor for overweight, obesity, overweight/obesity, and central obesity. Tailored interventions are needed to improve local people's health.

Trends of underweight, overweight, and obesity among older adults in China from 2008 to 2018: a national observational survey

ObjectiveThis study aims to investigate the 10-year trends and disparities in underweight, overweight, and obesity among older adults aged 65 years and older in China from 2008 to 2018.MethodsWe used four waves (2008, 2011, 2014, and 2018) of data from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS), a national community-based cross-sectional survey conducted every 2–3 years. Body weight and height were measured by trained assessors following standardized procedures. BMI was calculated and divided into underweight (< 18.5 kg/m2), normal (18.5–24.9 kg/m2), overweight (25.0-29.9 kg/m2), obese (≥ 30.0 kg/m2) according to WHO reference. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to examine factors related with abnormal BMI groups, after adjusting for potential confounders.ResultsAmong 46,543 older adults in China, the prevalence rates of underweight decreased with each survey year from 2008 to 2018, declining from 20.05 to 7.87% (p < 0.001). In contrast, the prevalence rates of overweight and obesity showed an increasing trend (all p < 0.001). Specifically, the prevalence of overweight rose from 12.82% to 2008 to 28.45% in 2018, and the prevalence of obesity increased from 1.62% to 2008 to 4.95% in 2018. In the multinomial logistic regression model, survey year, gender, residence, marital status, economic status, numbers of chronic diseases, smoking status, sleep quality, and functional disability were factors related with obesity.ConclusionThe prevalence rates of overweight and obesity were increasing while the prevalence of underweight and normal weight significantly decreased from 2008 to 2018 among older adults in China, which poses a huge challenge for chronic disease. There is an urgent need for intervention policy planning and early prevention of abnormal body weight for the preparation of an aging society.

Analysis of the nutritional status in the Palestinian territory: a review study.

Food insecurity, occupation, and poverty contribute to the poor nutritional status of Palestine. This review study aimed to analyze the nutritional status in the Palestinian Territory by analyzing published data from 2011 to 2023. Searching for relevant publications yielded 67 studies. Based on reviewing these studies, five major themes were identified: low birth weight, breastfeeding, obesity and overweight, protein-energy malnutrition, and micronutrient deficiency. Based on the review of these studies, five major themes were identified, namely, low birth weight, breastfeeding, obesity and overweight, protein-energy malnutrition, and micronutrient deficiency. Based on the literature, the prevalence rate of exclusive breastfeeding was 24.4% in the Gaza Strip, compared to a national rate of 39.9% in 2020. Smoking, anemia in mothers, diet during pregnancy, and indoor pollution were associated with low birth weight. One-fifth of the boys and girls were stunted by 2 years of age in the Gaza Strip, and girls were more stunted than boys. The prevalence rates of underweight, overweight, and obesity among school children in the West Bank were 7.3%, 14.5%, and 15.7%, respectively. Age, gender, and living area were significant predictors of being overweight among school children. The prevalence rates of overweight and obesity among adults in Palestine were 57.8% and 26.8%, respectively. Obesity is associated with a family history, chronic diseases, and low physical activity among adults. Exclusive breastfeeding was below the WHO recommendations, while significant rates of obesity and overweight were found among children and adults. Iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) among pregnant women and children remains a challenging public health issue, while other micronutrient deficiencies are high among children. This review emphasizes the need for multi-sectoral interventions to address malnutrition and nutritional shifts. It identifies gaps and addresses nutrition-related issues in the Palestinian Territory, which can serve as a basis for guiding United Nations agencies and governments in formulating evidence-based policies and strategies for prioritizing nutritional interventions to meet sustainable development goals.

Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Among Students of Intermediate Schools in Basra

Background: Obesity is one of the most serious public health challenges of the 21st century and represents a serious health problem for low- and middle-income countries, particularly in urban settings. Its prevalence has increased at an alarming rate. Globally, more than 340 million children and adolescents aged 5–19 years are overweight or obese, and approximately two-third of them live in developing countries. Aim: The present study was implemented to assess the prevalence rates of overweight and obesity among adolescents in intermediate schools in Basrah, Iraq. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted during the second semester (between January 15 and May 30, 2013) among children attending public and private secondary schools in Basra city to determine the relationship between certain variables and the prevalence of overweight and obesity. Results: According to the study findings, the overall prevalence rates of overweight and obesity among adolescents aged 13–15 years in intermediate schools were 20.6% and 22.6%, respectively. Conclusions: A combination of decreased physical activity, sedentary behaviors (watching TV, playing video games, and using the internet), ingestion of unhealthy foods, and consumption of soft drinks may be responsible for the observed increased prevalence of overweight and obesity among adolescent students in Basra city.

Obesity in adult patients with inflammatory bowel disease: Clinical features and impact on disability. A cross-sectional survey from the GETAID

In recent years, an increasing prevalence of obesity in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been observed. However, only a few studies have focused on the impact of overweight and obesity on IBD-related disability. To identify the factors associated with obese and overweight patients with IBD, including IBD-related disability. In this cross-sectional study, we included 1704 consecutive patients with IBD in 42 centres affiliated with the Groupe d'Etude Therapeutique des Affections Inflammatoires du tube Digestif (GETAID) using a 4-page questionnaire. Factors associated with obesity and overweight were assessed using univariate and multivariate analyses (odds ratios (ORs) are provided with 95% confidence intervals). The prevalence rates of overweight and obesity were 24.1% and 12.2%, respectively. Multivariable analyses were stratified by age, sex, type of IBD, clinical remission and age at diagnosis of IBD. Overweight was significantly associated with male sex (OR=0.52, 95% CI [0.39-0.68], p<0.001), age (OR=1.02, 95% CI [1.01-1.03], p<0.001) and body image subscore (OR=1.15, 95% CI [1.10-1.20], p<0.001) (Table 2). Obesity was significantly associated with age (OR=1.03, 95% CI [1.02-1.04], p<0.001), joint pain subscore (OR=1.08, 95% CI [1.02-1.14], p<0.001) and body image subscore (OR=1.25, 95% CI [1.19-1.32], p<0.001) (Table 3). The increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity in patients with IBD is associated with age and poorer body image. A holistic approach to IBD patient care should be encouraged to improve IBD-related disability and to prevent rheumatological and cardiovascular complications.

The prevalence of overweight and obesity: a measurement-based analysis of 6-9-year-old school children from Montenegro.

This study aimed to conduct a measurement-based analysis of overweight and obesity prevalence among 6-9-year-old children in Montenegro. The population of this cross-sectional study included 1993 (1059 boys and 934 girls) primary-school children. The sample of anthropometric variables includes body height, body weight and body mass index, as well as nutrition status that were presented based on BMI standardized categories: underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obesity. The descriptive statistics described the means for each variable, while post hoc tests and ANOVA were applied to explore differences between the proposed means. The results indicate the overweight (including obesity) prevalence was 28% (15% of overweight and 13% of obese children), while boys have a higher overweight prevalence rate than girls. In addition, the tendency of higher prevalence rates to differ by age in both sexes is observed. This study also confirmed that overweight and obesity are affected by geographical regions but not by the level of urbanization in Montenegro. The innovation of this study is reflected in the fact that the overweight and obesity prevalence rates among 6-9-year-old children are within an acceptable range in Montenegro, since it does not deviate from the European average, but further interventions and continuous monitoring are necessary, due to the specific nature of this issue.

Nutrition Profile for Countries of the Eastern Mediterranean Region with Different Income Levels: An Analytical Review.

The World Health Organization's (WHO) Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) is suffering from a double burden of malnutrition in which undernutrition coexists with rising rates of overweight and obesity. Although the countries of the EMR vary greatly in terms of income level, living conditions and health challenges, the nutrition status is often discussed only by using either regional or country-specific estimates. This analytical review studies the nutrition situation of the EMR during the past 20 years by dividing the region into four groups based on their income level-the low-income group (Afghanistan, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen), the lower-middle-income group (Djibouti, Egypt, Iran, Morocco, Pakistan, Palestine, and Tunisia), the upper-middle-income group (Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, and Libya) and the high-income group (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates)-and by comparing and describing the estimates of the most important nutrition indicators, including stunting, wasting, overweight, obesity, anaemia, and early initiation and exclusive breastfeeding. The findings reveal that the trends of stunting and wasting were decreasing in all EMR income groups, while the percentages of overweight and obesity predominantly increased in all age groups across the income groups, with the only exception in the low-income group where a decreasing trend among children under five years existed. The income level was directly associated with the prevalence rates of overweight and obesity among other age groups except children under five, while an inverse association was observed regarding stunting and anaemia. Upper-middle-income country group showed the highest prevalence rate of overweight among children under five. Most countries of the EMR revealed below-desired rates of early initiation and exclusive breastfeeding. Changes in dietary patterns, nutrition transition, global and local crises, and nutrition policies are among the major explanatory factors for the findings. The scarcity of updated data remains a challenge in the region. Countries need support in filling the data gaps and implementing recommended policies and programmes to address the double burden of malnutrition.

Prevalence rates of overweight and obesity and their associations with cardiometabolic and renal factors. SIMETAP-OB study

IntroductionExcess weight is a major health problem. Aims of this study were to determine the prevalence rates of overweight and obesity, and to compare their associations with cardiometabolic and renal risk factors between obese and non-obese populations, and between overweight and non-overweight populations. MethodsCross-sectional observational study conducted in Primary Care. Population-based random sample: 6588 study subjects between 18 and 102 years of age (response rate: 66%). Crude and sex- and age-adjusted prevalence rates of overweight and obesity were calculated, and their associations with cardiometabolic and renal variables were assessed by bivariate and multivariate analysis. ResultsThe age- and sex-adjusted prevalence rates of overweight and obesity were 36.0% (42.1% in men; 33.1% in women) and 25.0% (26.2% in men; 24.5% in women), respectively. These prevalences increased with age, and were higher in men than in women. Fifty-two percent (95%CI: 50.0–53.9) of the overweight population and 62.3% (95%CI: 60.1–64.5) of the obese population had a high or very high cardiovascular risk. Abdominal obesity, physical inactivity, prediabetes, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, and low HDL-C were independently associated with both entities. Furthermore, diabetes was independently associated with overweight and hypercholesterolemia with obesity. ConclusionsThe prevalence of overweight and obesity was 61.0% (68.4% in men and 59.0% in women). More than half of the overweight population and nearly two-thirds of the obese population had a high cardiovascular risk. Hyperglycemia, physical inactivity, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, low HDL-C, and hypertriglyceridemia were independently associated with overweight and obesity.

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Pregnant Women Regarding the Possible Effects of Obesity on Maternal and Fetal Health

Background: Obesity is a common health problem among females in reproductive age. Obesity is associated with fetal and maternal complications. The aim of this study is to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of pregnant women regarding obesity and its negative impact on maternal and fetal health. Methods: This study was conducted among 218 pregnant women who attended one primary care center in Abha City, KSA during 2018. The participants were interviewed during their visit to the antenatal clinic using a valid questionnaire which included many questions exploring the knowledge, attitude and practice regarding obesity during pregnancy. Data were entered and analyzed through SPSS. Relevant statistical tests were used accordingly, p-values were considered significant if less than 5%. Results: The prevalence rates of overweight and obesity were 37.6% and 24% respectively; more than half of the participants did not know the expected average weight increase during pregnancy and more than half were unable to classify their actual weight correctly. Knowledge regarding harmful effect of obesity on maternal and fetal health during pregnancy was poor. Pregnant women also have false beliefs about dietary habits and physical activities which may lead to gaining of extra weight during pregnancy and worsen the outcomes. Conclusion: The prevalence rates of overweight and obesity among many pregnant women were high. Knowledge related to obesity and its maternal and fetal risk were inadequate. False beliefs regarding lifestyle during pregnancy were evident. A preconception structured health education program to upgrade knowledge, change attitude, improve practice and to correct misbeliefs regarding obesity during pregnancy, is mandatory. Keywords: obesity, overweight, Knowledge, Attitude, Practice, Pregnancy.

An improved algorithm to harmonize child overweight and obesity prevalence rates.

Prevalence rates of child overweight and obesity for a group of children vary depending on the BMI reference and cut-off used. Previously we developed an algorithm to convert prevalence rates based on one reference to those based on another. To improve the algorithm by combining information on overweight and obesity prevalence. The original algorithm assumed that prevalence according to two different cut-offs A and B differed by a constant amount on the z-score scale. However the results showed that the z-score difference tended to be greater in the upper tail of the distribution and was better represented by , where was a constant that varied by group. The improved algorithm uses paired prevalence rates of overweight and obesity to estimate for each group. Prevalence based on cut-off A is then transformed to a z-score, adjusted up or down according to and back-transformed, and this predicts prevalence based on cut-off B. The algorithm's performance was tested on 228 groups of children aged 6-17 years from 20 countries. The revised algorithm performed much better than the original. The standard deviation (SD) of residuals, the difference between observed and predicted prevalence, was 0.8% (n=2320 comparisons), while the SD of the difference between pairs of the original prevalence rates was 4.3%, meaning that the algorithm explained 96.7% of the baseline variance (88.2% with original algorithm). The improved algorithm appears to be effective at harmonizing prevalence rates of child overweight and obesity based on different references.