Prevalence Rates Of MetS Research Articles

Differential effect on labor force health initiated by the first wave of the COVID-19 in Taiwan.

The 2019 coronavirus disease pandemic disrupts synchronized lifestyles and influences an individual's health status. However, Taiwan has limited studies on the impact of the epidemic on the health and lifestyle of its citizens. This study aims to investigate the impact on lifestyle and health status during the first wave of 2019 coronavirus disease in Taiwan. The 2008 to 2021 Taiwan Biobank database was adopted in this study, covering 29,572 participants and was designed into 3 time periods, Episodes 1, 2, and 3. The definition of metabolic syndrome (MetS) is based on the strict ministry of health and welfare. Logistic regression model was used to explore related risk factors. Prevalence rates of MetS were 16.5%, 17.0%, and 18.7% during Episodes 1, 2, and 3, respectively. When compared to the pre-pandemic prevalence of MetS, the odds ratios increased by 1.19 [95% confidence intervals (CIs): 1.02-1.38] during the nationwide Level 3 epidemic alert, particularly, in male aged 45 to 64 years old and females aged under 45 years old by 1.56 (95% CI: 1.14-2.13) and 1.89 (95% CI: 1.22-2.92), respectively. During pandemic, sweeping influences on Taiwanese health status, especially in the labor force, may provide a lesson in health promotion policy at a specific age.

Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and its Related Factors in Bangladeshi Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a group of medical conditions that elevate the chances of developing cardiovascular disease, stroke and Type 2 diabetes. This study aimed to determine the frequency and contributing risk factors of MetS in adults from Bangladesh. In this cross-sectional study, 653 individuals (470 males and 183 females) were randomly selected to participate. Fasting blood samples were collected and analysed using standard methods to measure biochemical parameters. MetS was defined on the basis of NCEP-ATP III guidelines, and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify factors associated with MetS. The prevalence of MetS was 19.7% in the healthy control group, 70.2% in the hypertensive group and 46.8% in the diabetic group. Overall, there was no significant difference in the prevalence of MetS between males (45%) and females (45.9%). The participants who had both hypertension and diabetes had the highest prevalence of MetS at 77.3%. Both males and females showed an increased trend in the prevalence of MetS and its components as they aged, except for WC in males (p < 0.01 for all cases). The 46-55 age group in males had a higher prevalence of MetS (68%), whereas the >55 age group in females had a prevalence of 73.9%. The most common component of MetS was low levels of HDL-C, which affected over 80% of the studied sample. According to the logistic regression analyses, age, BMI, hypertension and diabetes were significantly associated with MetS in both genders. This study found a high prevalence of MetS in Bangladeshi adults. Several factors are significantly associated with the risk of MetS. It is crucial to consider the varying prevalence rates of MetS by age and gender as well as its different components while providing health guidance and support.

Analysis of the Difference in the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome According to Sasang Constitution and Cold and Heat Pattern Identification

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the differences in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) according to the Sasang constitution (SC) and cold and heat pattern identification (CHPI).Methods: SC, CHPI, MetS, and component data were obtained from 2,561 participants in 26 Korean medical clinics from 2007 to 2013. SC, diagnosed by Korean medicine doctors, was confirmed by positive responses to herbal medicines administered according to that constitution. The CHPI was verified by a questionnaire about thermal sensitivity and drinking habits. The diagnosis criteria for MetS were: 1) waist circumference (WC) ≥90 cm (male) and ≥80 cm (female); 2) triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL; 3) high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) &lt;40 mg/dL (male) and &lt;50 mg/dL (female); 4) blood pressure ≧130/85 mmHg; and 5) fasting blood glucose ≥100 mg/dL. Odds ratios (ORs) and differences in MetS and its components were compared using logistic regression and ANCOVA.Results: The MetS prevalence rates were 54.1%, 22.0%, and 33.3% for Taeeumin (TE), Soeumin (SE), and Soyangin (SY), respectively, and 30.5% and 44.5% for the cold and heat patterns, respectively. ANCOVA for MetS components showed significantly higher WC in TE than in SE or SY, and all components except HDL were higher in the heat pattern group than in the cold pattern group. Logistic regression for MetS prevalence showed a significant association between TE and the heat pattern group (OR=1.653) but not for non-TE and the cold pattern group.Conclusions: Considering SC and CHPI together may be more effective in managing MetS than considering SC alone.

Study of metabolic syndrome indicators in newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus type 2 patients in Pakistani population.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) being a biological abnormality confers the highest risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). To assess MetS indicators in the newly diagnosed T2DM Pakistani population. A cross-sectional study (N = 123) with newly diagnosed T2DM patients (gender: both, MeanAge: 49.24 ± 6.84 years) was selected from Medical OPD, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad. Basic profile, family history, and physical activity were recorded through a predesigned questionnaire, dietary intake through seven days Food Diary and Food Frequency Questionnaire. Blood pressure and selected clinical signs and symptoms were recorded. Anthropometric measurements included mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-and-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), and conicity index. Lab parameters included fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, insulin levels, and lipid profile. Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was computed to assess insulin resistance. Almost all parameters related to MetS were higher than normal. The prevalence of MetS was 59.7%. BMI, MUAC, and WHtR were independently associated with HOMA-IR, but WC, WHR, and the conicity index had no relationship MetS indicators. The prevalence rate of MetS was found to be 59.7% in newly diagnosed T2DM patients. MUAC was found to be a better parameter for the diagnosis of central obesity and insulin resistance in the selected population.

Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome among Early Adolescents in Khartoum State, Sudan.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is rapidly increasing in prevalence with rising childhood obesity and sedentary lifestyles worldwide. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of MetS and its components among Sudanese early adolescents in Khartoum State. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at primary schools in Khartoum State. A questionnaire was administered to assess the sociodemographic characteristics of the participants. Anthropometric, blood pressure, and biochemical measurements were taken. In total, 921 students, boys and girls aged 10-15 years old, participated in the study. The mean age of the participants was 12.59 ± 1.21 years. The overall prevalence rate of MetS was 2.3% using International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria. MetS was significantly more prevalent among boys than girls (3.4% vs. 1.5%). Obese adolescents had higher MetS prevalence than those who were overweight (14.9 vs. 2.8, p &lt; 0.001). Boys had a significantly higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome than girls. Early adolescents from Sudan who are obese had more risk factors for MetS than those who are normal weight or overweight. It is important to address the causes of increased risk for MetS early in life to prevent the development of the disease in adult life.

Metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk between clozapine and non-clozapine antipsychotic users with schizophrenia.

Clozapine use is associated with higher risks of metabolic side effects and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Thus, this study aims to establish and compare the cardiometabolic profiles between non-clozapine antipsychotic and clozapine users with schizophrenia. Data from 88 non-clozapine and 166 clozapine users were extracted from existing databases - demographics, medications, smoking and medical histories, anthropometric parameters, serum lipid and fasting glucose levels. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) was established using the AHA/NHLBI criteria. Cardiovascular risk profiles were established using the Framingham risk score (FRS). The clozapine group had significantly higher proportions of diagnosed hypertension (10.8% vs. 3.4%, p=0.041), diabetes mellitus (15.7% vs. 3.4%, p=0.003) and dyslipidemia (36.7% vs. 12.5%, p<0.001). However, the non-clozapine antipsychotic group had poorer anthropometric, serum lipids and glucose levels. The prevalence rates of MetS in the clozapine and non-clozapine antipsychotic groups were not statistically significant at 42.8% and 43.2%, respectively. As for CVD risk, the non-clozapine antipsychotic group had significantly higher FRS (6.59% vs. 6.12%, p=0.001). Although clozapine users had higher rates of diagnosed metabolic conditions, other cardiometabolic parameters appeared better compared to non-clozapine antipsychotic users, which could be due to greater awareness, earlier detection and treatment. Regardless of the type of antipsychotic used, metabolic abnormalities are prevalent in individuals with schizophrenia; physical healthcare should be prioritised alongside mental healthcare in this group.

The beneficial cutoffs of vitamin D for metabolic syndrome varies by sex among the elderly Chinese population: A cross-sectional study

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a risk factor for various diseases with a high prevalence globally. We aimed to investigate the association of serum vitamin D levels with MetS, and we hypothesized that the beneficial cutoffs of vitamin D for MetS might vary by sex among urban people aged ≥60 years in Tianjin, China. This community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in 2 community health centers. We collected lifestyle and anthropometric information and measured serum 25(OH)D3 concentrations by high-performance liquid chromatography. MetS was diagnosed based on the 2009 International Diabetes Federation/American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute criterion. Binary logistic regression and stratification analysis were performed to determine the association between MetS and 25(OH)D3 levels. Among 840 eligible participants (347 males and 493 females), 439 (52.3%) were diagnosed with MetS. The prevalence rates of MetS in men and women were 52.7% and 51.9%, respectively (P = .82). In the whole population, no significant association was found between 25(OH)D3 and MetS, regardless of which 25(OH)D3 cutoff was used. After stratification by sex, men with serum 25(OH)D3 ≥40 ng/mL had a significantly lower risk of MetS before and after adjustment, with odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of 0.55 (0.31-0.98) and 0.53 (0.29-0.96), respectively. For women, serum 25(OH)D3 ≥20 ng/mL was associated with a lower MetS risk, with unadjusted and adjusted ORs (95% CI) of 0.64 (0.43-0.95) and 0.61 (0.41-0.91), respectively. This association was more significant among females with respect to diastolic pressure and triglycerides. The beneficial cutoffs of serum 25(OH)D3 levels for MetS among men and women might be different.

Trends and Risk Factors of Metabolic Syndrome among Korean Adolescents, 2007 to 2018.

BackgroundThere is a lack of recent research on the changes in risk factors for metabolic syndrome (MetS) in the Asian pediatric population. We aimed to determine the 12-year trends in the prevalence of MetS and relevant lifestyle factors such as smoking, exercise, and calorie intake among Korean adolescents.MethodsWe investigated trends in MetS and lifestyle factors among 6,308 adolescents aged 12 to 18 years from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007 to 2018.ResultsThe prevalence of MetS was stable from 2007 to 2018 (1.7% to 2.2%). There were significant increases in the prevalence of central obesity (from 8.1% to 11.2%, P=0.012) and hyperglycemia (from 5.3% to 10.4%, P<0.001) and decreases in hypo-high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterolemia (from 22.4% to 14.8%, P<0.001). Total calorie intake and calorie intake from fat significantly increased (P<0.001), whereas calorie intP<reased (P<0.001) during the study period. The proportions of tobacco smokers and regular walkers significantly decreased from 2007 to 2018. After controlling for all covariates, total calorie intake was positively correlated with waist circumference (P<0.05). HDL-cholesterol was negatively associated with carbohydrate consumption (P<0.01) and positively associated with fat consumption (P<0.001). Regular walking and regular strength training were associated with lower waist circumference (P<0.05). Smoking was associated with lower fasting glucose levels (P<0.01).ConclusionAlthough the prevalence rate of MetS is stable among Korean adolescents, the prevalence of central obesity and hyperglycemia has increased greatly in the recent decade. Public education on proper dietary intake and lifestyle modification is required.

Gender difference in metabolic syndrome and incident colorectal adenoma: A prospective observational study (KCIS No.42).

This community-based study aimed to elucidate whether there is a gender difference in the effect of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its individual components on an elevated risk for incident colorectal adenoma.A prospective cohort study was conducted by enrolling 59,767 subjects aged 40 years or older between 2001 and 2009 in Keelung, Taiwan, to test this hypothesis, excluding those with a prior history of colorectal cancer and those with colorectal cancer diagnosed at the first screening. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to assess the effect of MetS in terms of a dichotomous classification, each individual component and the number of components for males and females.Colorectal adenoma was present in 2.7% (n = 652) of male participants and 1.1% (n = 403) of female participants. The prevalence rate of MetS was 26.7% and 23.3% for males and females, respectively. The effect of MetS on colorectal adenoma was statistically significant and similar for the 2 genders, with an adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of 1.33 (95% CI: 1.13–1.58) in males and 1.33 (95% CI: 1.06–1.66) in females after adjustment for confounders. However, MetS led to higher risk of advanced colorectal adenoma in men than in women. Regarding the effect of each component of MetS on colorectal adenoma, abnormal waist circumference and hypertriglyceridemia led to an elevated risk of colorectal adenoma in both genders. A rising risk of colorectal adenoma among females was noted in those with a moderately higher level of glycemia (100–125 mg/dL, aHR = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.12–1.85). Hypertriglyceridemia and high blood pressure were associated with an increased risk of advance colorectal adenoma in males.Both male and female subjects with MetS had a higher risk of colorectal adenoma. The contributions from individual components of MetS varied by gender. These findings suggest that the possible risk reduction of colorectal adenoma through metabolic syndrome-based lifestyle modifications may differ between genders.

Development of Metabolic Syndrome Decreases Bone Mineral Density T-Score of Calcaneus in Foot in a Large Taiwanese Population Follow-Up Study.

Studies have suggested that there may be common pathogenic pathways linking osteoporosis and metabolic syndrome (MetS) due to the multiple risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease caused by MetS. However, results on the association between MetS and bone health are inconsistent and sometimes contradictory. In this study, we aimed to investigate the associations between the effects of MetS risk factors and bone mineral density (BMD) T-score in a longitudinal study of 27,033 participants from the Taiwan Biobank with a follow-up period of 4 years. BMD of the calcaneus was measured in the non-dominant foot using ultrasound in the Taiwanese population. The overall prevalence rates of MetS were 16.7% (baseline) and 21.2% (follow-up). The participants were stratified into four groups according to the status of MetS (no/yes at baseline and follow-up). We investigated associations between MetS and its five components (baseline, follow-up) with BMD ΔT-score and found that the (no, yes) MetS group, (no, yes) abdominal obesity group, (no, yes) hypertriglyceridemia group, and (no, yes) low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol group had the lowest ΔT-score. Furthermore, in the (no, yes) MetS group, high Δwaist circumference (p = 0.009), high Δtriglycerides (p = 0.004), low ΔHDL cholesterol (p = 0.034), and low Δsystolic blood pressure (p = 0.020) were significantly associated with low ΔT-score, but Δfasting glucose was not. In conclusion, in this large population-based cohort study, our data provide evidence that the development of MetS is strongly associated with increased rates of BMD loss in the Taiwanese population. This suggests that the prevention of MetS should be taken into consideration in the prevention of osteoporosis in the Taiwanese population.

Impact of metabolic syndrome on short-term outcome of carotid revascularization: a large sample size study in Chinese population.

BackgroundMetabolic syndrome (MetS) is relatively common worldwide and an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. It is closely linked to arterial stiffness of the carotid artery. However, the association of MetS with the safety of carotid revascularization has been rarely studied. The aim of this study was to observe the current status of MetS and its components in Chinese carotid revascularized patients, and investigate the impact on major adverse clinical events (MACEs) after carotid endarterectomy (CEA) or carotid artery stenting (CAS).MethodsFrom January 2013 to December 2017, patients undergoing CEA or CAS in the Neurosurgery Department of Xuanwu Hospital were retrospectively recruited. The changes in prevalence of MetS and each component with time were investigated. The primary outcome was 30-day post-operative MACEs. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed to identify the impact of MetS on CEA or CAS.ResultsA total of 2068 patients who underwent CEA (766 cases) or CAS (1302 cases) were included. The rate of MetS was 17.9%; the prevalence rate of MetS increased with time. The occurrence rate of MACEs in CEA was 3.4% (26 cases) and in CAS, 3.1% (40 cases). There was no statistical difference between the two groups (3.4% vs. 3.1%, P = 0.600). For CEA patients, univariate analysis showed that the MACE (+) group had increased diabetes history (53.8% vs. 30.9%, P = 0.014) and MetS (34.6% vs. 15.8%, P = 0.023). For CAS patients, univariate analysis showed that the MACE (+) group had increased coronary artery disease history (40.0% vs. 21.6%, P = 0.006) and internal carotid artery tortuosity (67.5%% vs. 37.6%, P < 0.001). Furthermore, the MACE (+) group had higher systolic blood pressure (143.38 ± 22.74 vs. 135.42 ± 17.17 mmHg, P = 0.004). Multivariable analysis showed that the influencing factors for MACEs in CEA included history of diabetes (odds ratio [OR] = 2.345; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.057–5.205; P = 0.036) and MetS (OR = 2.476; 95% CI = 1.065–5.757; P = 0.035). The influencing factors for MACEs in CAS included systolic blood pressure (OR = 1.023; 95% CI = 1.005–1.040; P = 0.010), coronary artery disease (OR = 2.382; 95% CI = 1.237–4.587; P = 0.009) and internal carotid artery tortuosity (OR = 3.221; 95% CI = 1.637–6.337; P = 0.001).ConclusionsThe prevalence rate of MetS increased with time in carotid revascularized patients. MetS is a risk for short-term MACEs after CEA, but not CAS.

Verification of the effects of three percent weight loss at 6 months and application possibility of assessment at 3 months after the specific health guidance for male workers

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of ≥ 3% body weight loss at 6 months in male workers and verify the application possibility of assessment at 3 months after specific health guidance. We recruited 5,031 Japanese male workers (aged 40-64 years) who had undergone health checkups and completed specific health guidance from 2008 to 2017. Participants were divided into three groups according to the percentage of weight reduction (≥ 3%, 0%-3%, ≤ 0%) after 6 months of health guidance. We compared the body weight, waist circumference, and blood pressure at 3- and 6-months with baseline data within and between groups. Similarly, in the medical examination of the next fiscal year (n = 2,889), body weight, waist circumference, blood pressure, triglyceride levels, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels, plasma glucose levels, and the prevalence and improvement rates of metabolic syndrome (MetS) of specific health checkups were also compared. Furthermore, we calculated the weight reduction target after 3 months to arrive at a ≥ 3% weight reduction for 6 months. Based on the target, we investigated the prevalence and improvement rates of MetS in the next fiscal year. A total of 1,349 (26.8%) participants had a ≥ 3% weight reduction, 2,059 (40.9%) had a < 3% weight reduction, and 1,623 (32.3%) had no weight reduction. At the 6-month follow-up, waist circumference and blood pressure levels had increasingly improved with greater reductions in weight. The following year, body weight, waist circumference, blood pressure, triglyceride levels, HDL-C levels, and plasma glucose levels had improved in the ≥ 3% weight loss group, whereas plasma glucose levels had not improved in the 0-3% weight loss group. Additionally, only triglyceride levels and diastolic blood pressure had improved in the no weight reduction group. In the ≥ 3% weight loss group, the prevalence rate of MetS was the lowest (7.6%), and the improvement rate of MetS was the highest (70.7%). Furthermore, the weight reduction target after 3 months to arrive at a ≥ 3% body weight reduction at 6 months was 2.0% weight reduction. Those who reduced weight ≥ 2.0% had better prevalence and improvement rates of MetS than those who reduced weight < 2.0%. Our findings indicated that the objective of losing ≥ 3% of body weight at 6 months in male workers after completing specific health guidance was effective and that assessment after 3 months based on setting a 2.0% weight reduction target was applicable.

Pediatric metabolic syndrome definitions impact prevalence and socioeconomic gradients

Abstract Background The choice of pediatric metabolic syndrome (MetS) definition influences prevalence estimates, but further implications, especially on the association with socioeconomic status (SES), are not well-known. This hampers a synthesis of the evidence to help guide the relevant stakeholders. For this reason, we aim to assess the impact of alternative definitions on the prevalence of MetS, the children that are identified, and the association between SES and MetS. Methods Data were used from the Lifelines Cohort Study, a prospective multigenerational cohort in the Netherlands. At baseline 9,754 children participated, of which 5,085 (52.1%) were included in the longitudinal analyses. We computed the prevalence of MetS according to five published definitions and measured the observed positive agreement between pairs of definitions, indicating the proportion of agreement across the average number of MetS cases. Logistic regression was used to assess the association between SES and MetS. All models were adjusted for age and sex; the longitudinal models were also adjusted for baseline MetS status. Results The prevalence rates of MetS varied between definitions (0.7-3.0% at baseline), but positive agreement between MetS definitions was generally fair to good ranging from 0.34 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.28; 0.41) to 0.66 (95%CI 0.58; 0.75) at baseline. At both assessments, we found an inverse association between baseline SES and MetS, which ranged from 0.81 (95%CI 0.70; 0.93) to 0.92 (95%CI 0.86; 0.98) per definition in the longitudinal analyses with a mean follow-up (SD) of 3.0 (0.75) years. Conclusions Alternative definitions of MetS lead to differing prevalence estimates, and they agreed on 50% of the average number of cases of MetS. The alternative definitions also lead to similar socioeconomic gradients; regardless of which definition was used we concluded low SES was a risk factor for developing MetS. Key messages Evidence regarding different definitions of metabolic syndrome in children can be combined because the agreement among definitions is generally fair to good. As low socioeconomic status is a consistent risk factor for developing metabolic syndrome, preventive interventions should preferentially target children from low socioeconomic backgrounds.

2242-PUB: Gender-Specific Factors Associated with Metabolic Syndrome among Children and Adolescents in Korea

Purpose: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a strong risk factor for type 2 diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, and its pathological process starts from childhood and adolescence. Childhood and adolescence is an important developmental stage where gender-specific body image, self-identity, and health habits are formed. This study examined gender-specific factors associated with MetS among Korean children and adolescents. Method: Using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 5th and 6th waves (2010-2015), a total of 4,149 respondents (representing 4.6 million children and adolescents aged 10 to 18) were evaluated. MetS was defined based on the guidelines of the modified NCEP ATP III. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, independent t-test, χ2 -test and univariate logistic regression analysis (p &amp;lt; .05). Results: The prevalence rate of MetS in Korean children and adolescents was 4.17% (4.88% in boys and 3.42% in girls). The prevalence of abdominal obesity was significantly higher in girls (8.96% vs. 11.17%), and the prevalence of low HDL-C and elevated BP were significantly higher in boys (14.13% vs. 9.65%; 29.15% vs. 25.65%). For boys, increasing age, BMI, Waist-to-Height ratio (WHtR), one meal per day, weight loss effort, and perceived body shape as “fat” were significantly associated with MetS. For girls, BMI, WHtR, familial medical history of low HDL-C, weight loss effort, and perceived body shape as “average” and “fat” were significantly associated with MetS. Risk factors unique to boys were age and frequency of meal per day, whereas familial medical history of low HDL-C and perceived body shape as “average” were specific to girls. Conclusion: We found gender differences in the prevalence of MetS and its associated risk factors in Korean children and adolescents. Gender-difference should be considered in an effort to address MetS and risk factors in this population. Disclosure J. Choi: None. T. Yoon: None. M. Yu: None. D. Kang: None. S.E. Choi: None. Funding National Research Foundation of Korea (2017R1C1B5076837)

A Structural Model of Social Determinants of the Metabolic Syndrome.

The metabolic syndrome (MetS) refers to a cluster of interrelated physiological characteristics that are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. While the clinical usefulness of the MetS has been the subject of controversy for years, increasingly sophisticated methods are being used to measure the concept. Study of community health center patients who were not diabetic; study group was evenly divided between Black and White adults. Latent MetS score and MetS status based on the five-point scale developed by the National Cholesterol Education Panel (NCEP). Structural equation modeling of MetS incorporating the effects of race/ethnicity, racial discrimination, socioeconomic position (SEP), and selected mediating variables. The largest influences on latent MetS scores were SEP (negative relationship) and male gender (higher scores for men). Two mediating variables, physical activity and stress-related eating, had smaller impacts. Self-reported racial discrimination was associated with cynical hostility but did not influence the MetS level among nondiabetics. Despite higher NCEP scores and MetS prevalence rates for Blacks compared with Whites, race did not have direct effect on MetS levels when adjusted for the other characteristics in our model. Neither race nor self-reported racial discrimination had direct effects on MetS level in our structural model. The large effects of socioeconomic position and male gender were not mediated by the other variables in the model.

Metabolic Syndrome in South Korean Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Focus on Gender Differences

PurposeThis study investigated the relationship between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and metabolic syndrome (MetS), focusing on gender differences and using large-scale data on the Korean general population. MethodsThe total sample included 9,079 eligible participants aged ≥ 40 years who participated in the fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, conducted between 2010 and 2012. Complex sampling methods, including strata sampling, clustering, and sample weighting were used to allow generalization of the findings to the Korean population. For the bivariate analysis, chi-square tests were conducted to compare differences in general/behavioral characteristics, individual MetS components, the prevalence of COPD, and the number of MetS components according to the presence or absence of COPD and gender. Finally, a multiple logistic regression analysis adjusted for variables was conducted. ResultsThe prevalence rates of COPD and MetS were 13.6% and 26.0%, respectively. The prevalence rate of MetS in the COPD group was 23.0% for the total sample, 18.5% for men, and 38.5% for women. After sample weighting and adjusting for covariates, there were no significant relationships among COPD, MetS, and the individual MetS components. ConclusionAlthough MetS components were not significantly associated with COPD, the results indicate that health care professionals should recognize that two conditions, respiratory symptoms and MetS, may coexist in patients, women in particular, or healthy general populations encountered even if a patient has a normal body mass index and does not drink or smoke at all.

Relationships Between Various Components of Metabolic Syndrome and Chronic Kidney Disease in Shiraz, Iran

BackgroundChronic kidney disease (CKD) can potentially be associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS). ObjectivesWe aimed to determine the association of MetS and the number of metabolic syndrome components with the risk of CKD in the Iranian population in southern Iran.MethodsA total of 819 subjects aged 18 - 88 years were enrolled using weight-based random cluster sampling. We constructed a logistic regression model to determine the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of the association of MetS individual components and the number of these components with CKD.ResultsThe prevalence rate of MetS was 25.9% (30.9% in women and 18.8% in men). CKD was present in 16.6% of the participants (men: 14% and women: 19.4%). The most prevalent component was abdominal obesity (63.6%), followed by low HDL cholesterol (36.7%), high triglyceride level (31.7%), hypertension (25.6%) and high fasting blood sugar (21.9%). Central obesity and low HDL level were observed to be more prevalent among women (P < 0.001). The presence of MetS was associated with CKD with an increased OR for CKD (OR: 3.07, 95% CI 2.09 - 4.50; P < 0.001). The adjusted ORs (95% CI) were 1.189 (0.554 - 2.555), 2.025 (0.990 - 4.141) and 4.769 (2.413 - 9.424) as the number of risk factors increased from 1 to ≥ 3. Individuals with hypertension and abdominal obesity had a higher OR of increased susceptibility to CKD in multivariate analysis.ConclusionsOur study indicated a strong association between CKD and MetS in the Iranian population. It is also suggested that individuals with metabolic risk factors should be detected earlier; they should also undergo multidisciplinary interventions to hinder worsening of the individual components of MetS and development of CKD.

What is the impact of metabolic syndrome and its components on reflux esophagitis? A cross-sectional study

BackgroundThe prevalence rate of reflux esophagitis (RE) in Asia, including Taiwan, has increased dramatically in recent years. However, few studies have discussed on its relationship with metabolic syndrome (MetS). This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between RE and MetS and its components.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study during 2013 to 2014 in Taiwan. A total of 4895 subjects who completed upper gastrointestinal endoscopy at the Health Examination Center of Changhua Christian Hospital were enrolled. RE was defined according to the upper gastrointestinal endoscopic findings and MetS was defined according to the Taiwanese criteria. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were applied to calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for each variable to assess the associated features for RE. We analyzed the relationship between the number of MetS components and the severity of RE using the chi-square test for trend.ResultsThe prevalence rates of MetS and RE were respectively 28.5 and 59.6%. According to univariate logistic regression analysis, MetS was significantly associated with RE and remained a positive association in multivariate logistic regression analysis (adjusted ORß = 1.251; 95% CI = 1.071–1.462; p = 0.005). Furthermore, among the five MetS components, elevated blood pressure (adjusted ORγ = 1.163; 95% CI = 1.023–1.323; p = 0.021), abdominal obesity (adjusted ORγ = 1.173; 95% CI = 1.020–1.349; p = 0.026) and hyperglycemia (adjusted ORγ = 1.306; 95% CI = 1.142–1.495; p < 0.001) were positively associated with the presence of RE. A weak association was also found between elevated triglycerides and RE after adjusting for age and gender (adjusted ORα = 1.171; 95% CI = 1.022–1.343; p = 0.023). Reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol showed no significant difference between groups with and without RE. Older age (≥65 years), male gender, higher body mass index, higher uric acid, smoking, alcohol drinking, and hiatal hernia were found to be significant associated factors for RE. In addition, a dose-response relation between the number of MetS components and the presence of RE was demonstrated in the multivariate analysis. Furthermore, we performed a trend analysis and found the severity of RE got worse as the number of MetS components increased (p < 0.001).ConclusionThis study suggests that MetS is significantly related to the presence and the severity of RE.

Optimal waist circumference cutoff values for predicting metabolic syndrome among older adults in Ecuador

AimsTo determine optimal waist circumference cutoff values for predicting metabolic syndrome (MetS) among adults aged 60 years and older in Ecuador. Material and methodsThe National Survey of Health, Wellbeing, and Aging survey was used to describe the prevalence of MetS according to standard definitions. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analyses and the Younden index J (YI) were performed to examine optimal waist circumference cutoff values for predicting MetS. Moreover, the prevalence of MetS according to country-specific waist circumference cutoff values was compared with those using standard definitions. ResultsAmong 2306 participants with a mean age of 70.6 years, the optimal waist circumference cutoff value for predicting MetS was 90.7 cm in women with a sensitivity of 66.1%, specificity of 65.6% and YI of 0.31. In men, a waist circumference of 91.2 cm with a sensitivity of 73.2%, specificity of 62.8%, and YI of 0.36 was the optimal cutoff point for predicting MetS. In general, applying country-specific cutoff values decreased the prevalence of MetS among older Ecuadorian women. In men, except with the ATP III definition, similar MetS prevalence rates were seen whether the country-specific or standard waist circumference cutoff values were applied. ConclusionsThe optimal waist circumference cutoff values for predicting metabolic syndrome among older Ecuadorians adults were 90.7 cm for women and 91.2 cm for men. Moreover, current standard definitions of abdominal obesity may overestimate the prevalence of MetS, particularly in Latin American women.

PP78 Analysis Of Resource Utilization In Psoriasis Care In The Brazilian Health System

IntroductionPsoriasis is associated with metabolic disorders and has a significant negative impact on patients’ quality of life. There is little information about treatment patterns and the resources used to treat psoriasis and its associated comorbidities. This study aimed to evaluate the frequency of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and estimate the costs associated with psoriasis care in the Brazilian health system.MethodsA cross-sectional observational study was conducted of 293 Brazilian patients with psoriasis who attended selected dermatology outpatient centers in Brazil during a one-year period. Patients underwent detailed skin and rheumatologic assessments and a series of laboratory tests. The annual costs were estimated by multiplying the amount of each resource consumed by its unit cost.ResultsThe prevalence rate of MetS was high in this cohort (50%). Other metabolic disorders were more common in this group than in the general population, including hypertension (62%), diabetes (31%), dyslipidemia (75%), and obesity (53%). The disease duration was, on average, 17.2 years. There were 2,713 consultations reported by 288 patients (average of nine per patient per year). The most common specialists consulted were: dermatologists (93%); general practitioners (41%); cardiologists (27%); rheumatologists (18%); and endocrinologists (13%). There were 110 non-physician visits (average of 11 per patient per year), of which the most frequently consulted specialists were nutritionists (26%), psychologists (24%), and nurses (22%). A total of 279 patients (95%) had at least one medical test (average of 18 per patient per year). Among the treatments required for other conditions, 65% (n = 149) of prescribed medicines were for the cardiovascular system and 24% (n = 5/21) of hospitalizations were due to diseases of the circulatory system; myocardial revascularization was the costliest procedure (USD 2,298).ConclusionsMetS is frequently associated with psoriasis and directly affects health resource utilization in the Brazilian health system by increasing consultation costs. Further research is needed to evaluate the impact of a multidisciplinary treatment approach for psoriasis patients with MetS.