Prevalence Rate Of Injuries Research Articles

Audit of Genito-Anal Injuries in male and female sexual abuse cases - A retrospective study.

Background: Sexual assault is a global issue wherein timely examination of sexual assault victims by medico-legal officers and an understanding of the characteristics and factors influencing their injuries have a crucial impact on medico-legal evidence collection and its use in the court. Genital injury findings improve the level of justice for victims, but the lack of injury does not negate the possibility of sexual violence incurred on the victim. The following study describes in great detail the different factors associated with injury characteristics and the medico-legal importance of all these factors. Methodology: It was a retrospective descriptive study conducted at the Forensic Medicine Department of King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan. All the cases included that fulfill the predefined inclusion criteria were included. A record chart was designed, and six years’ data was recorded in it from the medical records of the medico-legal clinic. It was entered and edited manually. Methods used to prevent data entry errors included double entry and validation following data entry Difference of proportions between variables, where appropriate, has been calculated by Pearson Chi-Square test and Fischer Exact test at 95% confidence interval. Data were analyzed using SPSS v23. All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were following the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and the Helsinki declaration. Results: Genito anal injury was present in 28.2% cases and was absent in 71.8% cases. Most of the victims were aged 11 to 15 years. The most common injury in the victims was a tear. In females, the most common injury site was the vagina, while the perianal area was the most injured site in males. There was a significant relation (p<0.05) between type and site of injury, gender, site of injury, and prior sexual intercourse experience and prevalence rate of injury. Conclusion: This study concludes that the presence of injuries in the Genito anal area is suggestive of sexual assault and provides useful court evidence.

Trauma-Related Deaths in the Accident and Emergency Department of a Nigerian Teaching Hospital

Background: Trauma is a significant contributor to morbidity, disabilities, loss of man hours and mortality in both the developed and developing world with 90% of global trauma deaths occurring in low and middle income countries. The extent of motor vehicular use, degree of adherence to use of safety gadgets, strength of enforcement of industrial safety regulations, level of civil unrest as well as other socio-demographic indices predict the contribution of various etiologic factors. Deaths from the trauma may perhaps have far more psychologic and physical impact on families that from acute/chronic medical cases Method: A retrospective study of the admission records and in-patient records of all trauma related deaths in the accident and emergency unit of the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital from 1st January 2018 to 31st December 2022 was done. Relevant information was extracted and analyzed. Data obtained was analyzed descriptively. Results were presented in tables and charts where necessary. Means and standard deviations were used to represent certain variables. Results: Total emergencies (medical and surgical) seen within the study period were 42,443, total injuries seen were 10,787 giving a crude injury prevalence rate of 25.4%. There were a total of 766 deaths among injured patients giving a crude mortality rate of 7.1%. Road traffic accidents (RTAs) (46.3%) and Firearm injuries (23.5%) were the most common injury mechanisms seen. Traumatic brain injuries are by far the leading cause of trauma-related deaths in the ER (82.5%) with most deaths (96.1%) occurring within the first 72hours of Admission. Conclusion: Trauma-related deaths occur in 7.1% of all injuries presenting at the study sight. The most common mechanism is RTA while the most affected victim is the young adult male. Traumatic brain injury accounts for more deaths than all others combined with most of the deaths occurring within the first 72hours of presentation. All efforts at reducing these injuries should be encouraged.

Thirty-year trends of triple burden of disease in the adult population of Pakistan.

The triple burden of disease, i.e. communicable diseases, non-communicable diseases and injuries, has significantly affected the healthcare system of Pakistan during the last three decades. Therefore, this study aims to determine and analyse the 30-year disease burden trends through prevalence, death rates and percentages. The data for the last three decades, i.e. 1990 to 2019, was extracted from the Global Burden of Disease for Pakistan. Percentage change in prevalence and deaths over 30years was calculated. Poisson regression analysis was performed to evaluate the triple disease burden trends and the incidence rate ratio. A relative decrease of 23.4% was noted in the prevalence rate of communicable diseases except for human immunodeficiency virus and dengue fever. A relative increase of 1.4% was noted in the prevalence rate of non-communicable diseases. A relative increase of 56.1% was recorded in the prevalence rate of injuries. The prevalence rate ratios of communicable diseases significantly decreased to 0.9796 [95% CI: 0.9887-0.9905], but the prevalence rate of injury increased to 1.0094 [95% CI: 1.0073-1.01145], respectively. Pakistan must take the next steps and develop strategies to decrease this burden and mortality rates in the population to create better outcomes and therefore help the healthcare system overall.

An analysis of mental health service usage and injuries among NCAA Division I collegiate athletes

ABSTRACT Each year, significant resources and effort are devoted to protecting the health of the player and ameliorating the time and financial costs associated with injuries and rehabilitation. However, few studies have investigated the use of mental health services with injuries among the same collegiate athletes over time. This study aimed to investigate injury prevalence rates and injuries incidences in collegiate athletes as a function of mental health service utilization. Results suggest that psychological stress may be one of the key vulnerabilities for injury or reinjury in athlete populations. Athletes visiting a mental health professional were twice as likely to have also sustained a sport-related or non-sport-related injury and approximately 1.5 times as likely to sustain multiple injuries compared to their peers. Injury risk and recovery outcomes can likely be bolstered by making mental health professionals more available to student athletes and integrating psychological services into normal athletic training activities.

Enhancing first aid knowledge for students at SDN Mojorejo 2 Sragen

Elementary education is a time when children actively interact with their friends. Play interactions sometimes carry a risk of injury for elementary school children. The national incidence of injuries at school is 5.4%. The highest prevalence rate of injury occurs in school children, namely 13%, and in the age range of 5-14 years. Inappropriate first aid can have detrimental effects on the victim. The aim of this community service activity is to increase students' knowledge of first aid for minor injuries. The method of implementing the service is through counseling using video media and training in treating minor injuries. After providing counseling and training on treating minor injuries to students at SDN Mojorejo II Sragen, they showed an increase in "good" knowledge of 74.0%, then the level of "sufficient" knowledge was 20.8%, and the level of "poor" knowledge was 5.2%. It can be concluded that the community service activities are going well, and it is hoped that students will be able to apply the knowledge about treating minor injuries obtained in the family and community environment.

Efficient Body-Transfer Wheelchair for Assisting Functionally Impaired燩eople

Functionally impaired people always have difficulty accomplishing activities of daily living. In this regard, tasks including toileting and bathing have a higher prevalence rate of injuries and greater risk of falling. In this study, a body-transfer wheelchair was developed to assist people in transferring from bed to wheelchair for bathing, and toileting. The body-transfer wheelchair is a semi-automatic wheelchair that has features such as a controlled leg and backrest, linkage commode slot, and height adjustment. The wheelchair consists of a seat and a main frame that can be detached to enable bathtub transfer. This mechanism lets the user stay on the seat while being transferred into the bathtub without any risk of falling. A linkage mechanism was developed as a part of the seat for ease of toileting. Kinematic and force analysis was conducted to calculate the force required for each actuator. It has been proved by the experimental results that the wheelchair can securely and comfortably transfer a patient from the bed to the toilet or bathtub. A survey has been conducted to evaluate the wheelchair prototype design idea. Two focus groups were chosen: one comprised of functionally impaired people, and the other comprised of caregivers. The results of the survey show that 60% of both functionally impaired people and caregivers would like to use the body-transfer wheelchair for toileting and bathing purpose. Additionally, on average 65% of both focus groups find it convenient to operate the body-transfer wheelchair independently.

Extended Knee Control programme lowers weekly hamstring, knee and ankle injury prevalence compared with an adductor strength programme or self-selected injury prevention exercises in adolescent and adult amateur football players: a two-armed cluster-randomised trial with an additional comparison arm

ObjectiveTo evaluate the preventive efficacy of an extended version of the Knee Control injury prevention exercise programme (IPEP) compared with an adductor strength programme and to a comparison group using...

Omega-3 index and AA/EPA ratio as biomarkers of running-related injuries: An observational study in recreational runners

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to examine the association between biomarkers of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), such as omega-3 (ω-3) index and arachidonic acid (AA; 20:4 ω-6)/eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5ω-3) ratio (AA/EPA), and the prevalence of running-related injuries (RRI) in a cohort of recreational runners. We performed a retrospective, observational study of 275 non-elite runners (mean age: 41.20 ± 12.47 years) who were not supplemented with ω-3 fatty acids. The training characteristics and RRI were recorded over a period of 12 months through a self-reported questionnaire. Using whole blood samples collected by finger prick, PUFA were quantified by gas chromatography and ω-3 index and AA/EPA ratio measured. A total of 191 RRI cases were reported, with an injury prevalence rate of 50.9% in the overall population. The injured runners ran a significantly greater weekly distance than uninjured subjects (53.54 ± 25.27 km/week; p = 0.007). In a multivariate regression analysis, the lowest number of RRI was associated with higher values of ω-3 index (β = − 0.237; 95% CI – 0.308 to – 0.164; R 2 = 0.172; p < 0.0001), while a higher AA/EPA ratio was correlated with higher number of RRI (β = 0.019; 95% CI 0.007–0.031; R 2 = 0.038; p = 0.003). This study identifies ω-3 index and AA/EPA ratio as potential parameters associated with the risk of RRI. Future research is needed to confirm these results and apply specific nutritional strategies to successfully modify these biochemical variables. Trial registration: ISRCTN.org identifier: ISRCTN12847156..

Injury incidence within male elite New Zealand cricket from the early T20 era: 2009–2015

ObjectivesThis study aimed to describe the injury epidemiology of domestic and international level male New Zealand cricketers from seasons 2009–2010 to 2014–2015 across all match formats given the increasing popularity...

Burn injuries in primary care in the Netherlands: Risk factors and trends

BackgroundResearch to date has mainly focused on burn injuries treated in secondary care. This study aims to provide knowledge on the epidemiology of burn injuries in primary care, to give directions for burn prevention. MethodsData were derived from routine electronic health records of general practices and their out-of-hours service organisations in the Netherlands that participated in the Nivel Primary Care Database 2010–2015. We studied risk factors and trends. ResultsThe average burn injury prevalence rate was 4.40 (95% CI 4.27–4.53) per 1000 person-years in daytime general practice care and 1.47 (95% CI 1.46–1.49) per 1000 inhabitants in out-of-hours care. Children of 0−4 years old, especially boys, and young adult women had a higher risk. Burn injury risk was higher during the summer months and around New Year’s Eve. Living in low socioeconomic and strongly urbanised neighbourhoods was associated with a higher risk of burn injury than living in other neighbourhoods. ConclusionDutch general practitioners have a large share in burn care and therefore can play a significant role in burn prevention. Prevention may be most effective in the summer and around New Year’s Eve, and specific attention seems to be warranted for low socioeconomic groups and strongly urbanised neighbourhoods.

Prevention of skin damage caused by the protective equipment used to mitigate COVID-19.

Prevention of skin damage caused by the protective equipment used to mitigate COVID-19.

Intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of six musculoskeletal preparticipatory screening tests.

BackgroundHigh injury prevalence rates call for effective sports injury prevention strategies, which include the development and application of practical and reliable pre-participatory screening tools.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate the intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of the one-legged hyperextension test (1LHET), the empty can (EC) and full can (FC) tests, the standing stork test (SST), the bridge-hold test (BHT) and the 747 balance test (747BT).MethodThirty-five healthy, injury-free male athletes (cricket and soccer players), aged 16–24 years, were evaluated by two physiotherapists. For each of the tests, the participants were evaluated twice (on two consecutive days) by each physiotherapist. Both the intra- and inter-rater reliability were determined. Cohen’s kappa (k) was calculated for the 1LHET, the EC and FC tests and the SST. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used for the BHT and the 747BT. A confidence level of 95% (p ≤ 0.05) was applied as the criterion for determining the statistical significance of the results.ResultsThe SST presented with the lowest level of intra-rater agreement (ICC = –0.20 to 0.10). On the other hand, the EC test was the only test where one rater achieved an excellent intersessional agreement (k = 0.80; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.40–1.20). Substantial to excellent results for the inter-rater agreement for both sessions were recorded for the 1LHET (k = 0.70–0.90) and the BHT (ICC = 0.70–0.90).ConclusionReliability values need to be considered when making clinical decisions based on screening tests. A more refined description of the testing procedures and criteria for interpretation might be necessary before including the six screening tests investigated in this study in formal screening protocols.Clinical implicationConfirmed reliability of screening tests would enable sports professionals to make informed decisions when designing preparticipatory musculoskeletal screening tools and when dealing with the management of injury risks in athletes.Keywordsmusculoskeletal screening; injury risk management; intra-rater reliability; inter-rater reliability; soccer; cricket.

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders in home care nurses: Study of the main risk factors

BackgroundNurses are a risk group for work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs). Several studies reveal that nurses have high prevalence rates of injuries and symptoms related to WMSDs. However, many of these studies focus mostly on hospital nurses. Worldwide, few studies include home care nurses. ObjectiveThis work aimed to identify the body region most affected by musculoskeletal complaints in home care nursing, and subsequently develop a statistical model, that includes the main risk factors, to predict the risk of having musculoskeletal complaints in the identified region. MethodsThe research method was based on the Standardised Nordic Questionnaire applied to home care nurses working at Health Centres of northern Portugal. Univariate and multivariate models of logistic regression were used to meet the goals of this work. ResultsHome care nurses have a three times greater chance of having lumbar complaints than their counterparts working only at Health Centres (OR = 3.19 (p < 0.05), with a 95% confidence interval [1.256; 8.076]). A statistical model with seven variables (forearm posture; static postures; arm posture; arm supported; bed height; job satisfaction; assistive devices) was obtained to predict lumbar complaints. ConclusionsThe lumbar region was identified as the most affected by musculoskeletal complaints. These complaints were associated with seven factors.

Reducing Pressure Injury Incidence Using a Turn Team Assignment: Analysis of a Quality Improvement Project.

The purpose of this study was to analyze outcomes of a quality improvement project that evaluated a turning intervention for prevention of facility-acquired pressure injuries. A descriptive correlational study design examined the effectiveness of using a "turn team assignment" on pressure injury incidence and staff perceptions. The study sample comprised RNs and patient care associates assigned to provide care for patients admitted on the first or any subsequent day of hospitalization to a surgical intensive care unit at a Midwest inner-city teaching hospital. Direct observation by expert clinicians occurred in 2-hour increments over a 14-day period using an 11-item, unit-designed process improvement tool. We collected information regarding cueing, concurrent turning, independent turning in lieu of the cue, staff support, and possible barriers to turning and repositioning. Staff perceptions were collected using an online tool via survey. The survey utilized a 14-item questionnaire, and a 5-point Likert Scale to identify staff perceptions and beliefs about the turn team intervention. Pressure injury occurrences were measured using data from our monthly prevalence study. Pressure injury occurrences declined from 24.9% to 16.8% over the data collection period. There was a strong positive correlation between verbal cueing and turning (r = 0.815; P < .05). Staff perceptions supported preintervention education (64.3%) and cueing (93%; 78%) as effective interventions in completing patient turning. Findings suggest that turn team assignments using verbal cueing are an effective intervention that decreases pressure injury occurrence. This intervention required no increase in staffing personnel, making this type of intervention reasonable and effective in improving frequency of repositioning and decreasing pressure injury prevalence rates.

Pressure injury prevention strategies in acute medical inpatients: an observational study

Background: Pressure injuries are a patient safety issue. Despite the suite of prevention strategies, sustained reductions in pressure injury prevalence rates have not been achieved. Generally, nurses are usually responsible for assessing patients’ pressure injury risk, and then implementing appropriate prevention strategies. The study aim was to describe five planned and implemented pressure injury prevention strategies (risk assessment, management plan, support surface, repositioning, and education), and determine if a relationship existed between the planning and implementation of support surfaces and regular repositioning. Method: An observational study collecting data using chart audits and semi-structured observations. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. This study was set in four medical units across two Australian metropolitan hospitals. The sample comprised adult medical inpatients with reduced mobility. A subsample of participants assessed at pressure injury risk on admission was drawn from this sample. Participants were aged ≥18 years, had a hospital length of stay of ≥3 days prior to recruitment, provided an informed consent, and had reduced mobility. Results: There was suboptimal planning and implementation of pressure injury prevention strategies for the sample and subsample. There was a significant relationship between planned and implemented support surfaces at both hospitals; however, no relationship existed between the planned and implemented of regular repositioning at either site. Conclusion: The planning and implementation of pressure injury strategies is haphazard. Patients received support surfaces; however, gaps exist in pressure injury risk assessment, management planning, regular repositioning, and patient education.

Obesity, Acute Kidney Injury, and Mortality in Critical Illness.

Although obesity is associated with risk for chronic kidney disease and improved survival, less is known about the associations of obesity with risk of acute kidney injury and post acute kidney injury mortality. In a single-center inception cohort of almost 15,000 critically ill patients, we evaluated the association of obesity with acute kidney injury and acute kidney injury severity, as well as in-hospital and 1-year survival. Acute kidney injury was defined using the Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative criteria. The acute kidney injury prevalence rates for normal, overweight, class I, II, and III obesity were 18.6%, 20.6%, 22.5%, 24.3%, and 24.0%, respectively, and the adjusted odds ratios of acute kidney injury were 1.18 (95% CI, 1.06-1.31), 1.35 (1.19-1.53), 1.47 (1.25-1.73), and 1.59 (1.31-1.87) when compared with normal weight, respectively. Each 5-kg/m² increase in body mass index was associated with a 10% risk (95% CI, 1.06-1.24; p < 0.001) of more severe acute kidney injury. Within-hospital and 1-year survival rates associated with the acute kidney injury episodes were similar across body mass index categories. Obesity is a risk factor for acute kidney injury, which is associated with increased short- and long-term mortality.

Hair cell alteration prevalence rates in students of a school in Distrito Federal

Exposure to loud music is increasing among young people, and so could be the number of hearing impairment cases in this population. Otoacoustic emission tests are sensitive in capturing the effects of exposure to noise, and allow the detection of early cochlear disorders.Objective: This study aims to look into the prevalence rates of injuries to outer hair cells in a population of students through otoacoustic emission testing.Materials and Method: One-hundred and thirty-four subjects were submitted to transient evoked and distortion product otoacoustic emission tests. Subjects were assessed on a “pass/fail” scale. This is a cross-sectional descriptive study on prevalence rates.Results: More than four fifths (80.6%) of the 134 subjects had altered transient otoacoustic emissions, most of whom were males; 97.8% had altered distortion product otoacoustic emissions and 79.9% had altered test results in both transient evoked and distortion product OAEs; most were males; 94.0% reported they used earphones; and 82.8% stated they frequented places where loud music was played.Conclusion: The high prevalence rates of altered test results seem to indicate the presence of early cochlear disorders in the studied subjects. A significant number of subjects reported exposure to loud music, a habit that may be conducive to the onset of cochlear disorders.

Musculoskeletal disorder risk assessment in home care nurses.

Nurses constitute a professional group associated with a high risk of work related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDs). Several studies concerning to nurses reveal that they have high prevalence rates of injuries and also of symptoms associated to WRMSDs, mainly in the back. Tasks involving patient handling are those which most often arise associated to back pain. There is a scarcity of studies on WRMSDs in home care nurses. Based on these concerns, the main goals of the present study were to identify the main risk factors of WRMSDs for home care nurses and to perform an objective assessment of the risk for these professionals. Two methods to quantify the risk of WRMSDs associated with nursing activities were applied: REBA - Rapid Entire Body Assessment and MAC - Manual Handling Assessment Charts. REBA and MAC methods were applied to patient handling activities and to tasks involving manual material handling, respectively. The results indicate the presence of multiple risk factors and their important contribution to the risk level obtained: generally moderate but considered high for some activities. Home care nursing has specific characteristics, which clearly influence the adoption of risk behaviors by the nurses.

Effect of drugs on the risk of injuries in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a prospective cohort study

Injuries represent the largest disease burden and most common cause of death in children. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with increased mortality, with accidents being the most common cause of death in ADHD. However, it is not known whether pharmacological treatment has any modifying effect on the risk of injuries in children and adolescents with ADHD. Using Danish national registers, we followed a cohort of 710 120 individuals, including 4557 individuals diagnosed with ADHD before age 10 years. Using a quasi-experimental, difference-in-difference design, we estimated the odds ratios (ORs) for injuries and the mean change in prevalence rates of injuries and emergency ward visits before and after treatment, with matched untreated children with ADHD at the same age serving as controls. Children with ADHD were more likely to sustain injuries, compared with children without ADHD, at age 10 years (adjusted OR=1·29, 95% CI 1·22-1·37) and at age 12 years (adjusted OR=1·30, 1·23-1·37). From age 5 to 10 years, the prevalence of injuries in children with ADHD who were treated with ADHD drugs decreased from 19% to 14%, compared with a prevalence of about 17% in non-treated children with ADHD. This corresponded to an adjusted difference-in-difference reduction in prevalence of injuries at age 10 years of 31·5% (8·2-54·8) and 43·5% (18·1-69·0) at age 12 years due to treatment. Pharmacological treatment also reduced the prevalence of emergency ward visits at age 10 years (28·2%, 6·3-50·1) and age 12 years (45·7%, 25·8-65·7). Children with ADHD had an increased risk of injuries compared with other children. Treatment with ADHD drugs reduced the risk of injuries by up to 43% and emergency ward visits by up to 45% in children with ADHD. Taken together with previous findings of accidents being the most common cause of death in individuals with ADHD, these results are of major public health importance. The Lundbeck Foundation, the Danish Council for Independent Research, Centre For Integrated Register-based Research at Aarhus University, the Region of Southern Denmark Research Foundation, and Wørzner's Foundation.

Effects of Injury Experiences on North American Taekwondo Practitioners' Motivation and Leisure Satisfaction

The purpose of present study was to investigate effects of injury experiences on taekwondo(TKD) practitioners’ motivation and leisure satisfaction. A total of 128 practitioners, who are 18 years of age or over with a black-belt level and Alberta resident in Canada, participated in this study(F=51, M=77). The Motivation for Physical Activity Measure-revised(MPAM-R) and Leisure Satisfaction Scale(LSS) were used. To analyse data, descriptive analysis, χ²-test, Cronbach-?, exploratory factor analysis, t-test, and regression were performed via SPSS. In results, total prevalence rate of injury was 81% and chronic overuse injury(COI) was 32.8%. There were no significant differences in these injury rates between gender. In addition, motivation and leisure satisfaction in the recent injury group, there were significant differences among personal motivation skill, social motivation, physical education satisfaction, and social satisfaction(p<.05). However, no significant differences were found in each variable for the chronic overuse injury group. Furthermore, motivation had a positive influence on leisure satisfaction. No difference was found between the recent injury and no injury group, and between COI and no injury group. In conclusion, regardless of experiencing athletic injuries, Canadian TKD practitioners seem to enjoy participating in TKD itself.