Prevalence Of Traumatic Injury Research Articles

TRAUMATIC INJURIES PRESENTING TO THE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT IN A LEVEL-1

Objective: Traumas are a major health concern in Saudi Arabia, and they can result in many injuries burden. Furthermore, it is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in the worldwide. As a result, the awareness of physicians who are the first to see trauma is critical. The study aims to determine the prevalence of traumatic injuries in emergency department. Methods: It is a retrospective study that used the trauma registry of the King Abdulaziz Medical City, Trauma Center to analyze data from January 2015 to January 2020 on trauma patients admitted to the hospital. Demographic features, date and time of admission, type and mechanism of injury, patterns of transportation, and rates of severity were analyzed. p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 6095 patients, the majority were male (79.9%). Blunt trauma was the most prevalent type of injury (85.7%, p<0.001). A motor vehicle accident was the most prevalent mechanism of injury (37.5%). The highest proportion of trauma per age group was in the 21–30 year age group (28.7%). The mean of Injury Severity Score in the current study was found to be 10.7 and the injured patients’ Glasgow coma scale (GCS) mean was 13.4. The ICU stay average was 3.6 days while the hospital stay was 17.2 days. Conclusion: This study revealed trauma injury patterns in a tertiary hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, demonstrating the local variation across genders, age groups, types of injury, and mechanisms of injury. These demographic data would be useful for local resourcing of the healthcare system to full impact.

Epidemiological characteristics of injury in Georgia: A one-year retrospective study

IntroductionInjury is a major health problem worldwide and a leading cause of death and disability. Disability caused by traumatic injury is often severe and long-lasting. Injuries place a large burden on societies and individuals in the community, both in cost and lost quality of life. Progress in developing effective injury prevention programs in developing countries is hindered by the lack of basic epidemiological injury data regarding the prevalence of traumatic injuries. The aim of this research was to describe the epidemiological characteristics of injury in all hospitals in Georgia. MethodsThe database of the National Center for Disease Control and Public Health of Georgia for 2018, which includes all hospital admissions, was used to identify injury cases treated in hospitals. Cases were included based on the S and T diagnosis coded of ICD-10. ResultsA total of 25,103 adult patients were admitted for an injury, of whom 14,798 (59%) were males and 10,305 (41%) were females, between the ages of 18 and 108 years old. The highest prevalence was among the age group 25–44 years old (n = 8654; 34%), followed by 45–64 years old (n = 6852; 27%). The main mechanism of injury was falls (n = 13,932; 55%) and exposure to mechanical forces (n = 2701; 11%). Over 1,50% (n = 379) of injuries resulted in death after hospitalization. The median hospital length of stay (LOS) was 2 days. There was a significant association between age, mechanism of injury, type of injury, performed surgical interventions, and longer LOS. ConclusionInjuries are prevalent throughout the life course and cause substantial hospitalization time. This research can help focus prevention efforts can focus on the demographic and injury causes that are most prevalent.

Epidemiology of Patients with Head Injury at a Tertiary Hospital in Rwanda.

IntroductionTraumatic injuries disproportionately affect populations in low and middle-income countries (LMIC) where head injuries predominate. The Rwandan Ministry of Health (MOH) has dramatically improved access to emergency services by rebuilding its health infrastructure. The MOH has strengthened the nation’s acute emergency response by renovating emergency departments (ED), developing the field of emergency medicine as a specialty, and establishing a prehospital care service: Service d’Aide Medicale Urgente (SAMU). Despite the prevalence of traumatic injury in LMIC and the evolving emergency service in Rwanda, data regarding head trauma epidemiology is lacking.MethodsWe conducted this retrospective cohort study at the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali (UTH-K) and used a linked prehospital database to investigate the demographics, mechanism, and degree of acute medical interventions amongst prehospital patients with head injury.ResultsOf the 2,426 patients transported by SAMU during the study period, 1,669 were found to have traumatic injuries. Data from 945 prehospital patients were accrued, with 534 (56.5%) of these patients diagnosed with a head injury. The median age was 30 years, with most patients being male (80.3%). Motor vehicle collisions accounted for almost 78% of all head injuries. One in six head injuries were due to a pedestrian struck by a vehicle. Emergency department interventions included intubations (6.7%), intravenous fluids (2.4%), and oxygen administration (4.9%). Alcohol use was not evaluated or could not be confirmed in 81.3% of head injury cases. The median length of stay (LOS) in the ED was two days (interquartile range: 1,3). A total of 184 patients were admitted, with 13% requiring craniotomies; their median in-hospital care duration was 13 days.ConclusionIn this cohort of Rwandan trauma patients, head injury was most prevalent amongst males and pedestrians. Alcohol use was not evaluated in the majority of patients. These traumatic patterns were predominantly due to road traffic injury, suggesting that interventions addressing the prevention of this mechanism, and treatment of head injury, may be beneficial in the Rwandan setting.

Traumatic Injuries Detected during Post-Mortem Slaughterhouse Inspection as Welfare Indicators in Poultry and Rabbits.

Simple SummaryAn analysis of the slaughterhouse post-mortem examination records over a decade showed that for animals transported to slaughter in containers, the risk of traumatic injury was highest in laying hens (2.80%) and rabbits (1.52%), while the overall incidence of trauma was below 0.5% in other species. The results show that the current rearing conditions and/or pre-slaughter handling of poultry and rabbits have comparatively negative welfare consequences, with significantly more traumatic injuries to the limbs than on the trunk in all species studied. In poultry, traumatic findings on the trunk were orders of magnitude lower to negligible, so the focus should be on preventing injuries to the limbs. In rabbits, the difference was less pronounced with a high number of injuries found on both limbs and trunk.The findings of traumatic injuries during post-mortem inspection in slaughterhouses reflect the level of pre-slaughter handling of animals at the farm and during transport to the slaughterhouse. The prevalence of traumatic injuries was monitored in poultry (1,089,406,687 broiler chickens, 20,030,744 laying hens, 1,181,598 turkeys, 37,690 geese, 28,579,765 ducks) and rabbits (1,876,929) originating from farms in the Czech Republic and slaughtered in slaughterhouses in the Czech Republic between 2010 and 2019. The greatest incidence of traumatic injuries was found in laying hens (2.80%) and rabbits (1.52%); while the overall incidence of trauma was less than 0.5% in other species and categories. The results show that the current rearing conditions and/or pre-slaughter handling of poultry and rabbits particularly affect the limbs; traumatic findings were significantly (p < 0.01) more frequent on the limbs than on the trunk in all species studied. In poultry, traumatic findings on the trunk were orders of magnitude lower to negligible, so the focus should be on preventing injuries to the limbs. In rabbits, the difference was less pronounced, and many injuries were found on both limbs (0.83%) and trunk (0.69%). Our results emphasize the need to reconsider both housing and pre-slaughter handling methods to determine minimum standards for the protection of rabbits, which are still lacking in European legislation.

Characteristics and Injury Patterns of Road Traffic Injuries in Urban and Rural Uganda—A Retrospective Medical Record Review Study in Two Hospitals

In the ongoing Second Decade of Action for Road Safety, road traffic crashes pose a considerable threat especially in low-income countries. Uganda shows a vast burden of non-fatal injuries and resides at the top range of countries with the highest death rates due to unsafe roads. However, little is known about the differences in road traffic associated injuries between urban and rural areas and potential influence factors. Here, we used a cross-sectional study conducted by a retrospective medical record review from trauma cases admitted in 2016 to hospitals in rural and urban areas in Uganda. Injury severity scores were calculated and descriptive analysis was carried out while multivariate logistic regression was applied to assess significant covariates. According to the 1683 medical records reviewed, the mean age of trauma patients in the dataset under investigation was 30.8 years with 74% male. The trauma in-hospital mortality was 4% while prevalence of traumatic injuries is 56.4%. Motorcycle users (49.6%) and pedestrians (33.7%) were identified as the most vulnerable groups in both urban and rural setting while mild injuries of extremities (61.6%) and the head/neck-region (42.0%) were registered most. The frequency of road traffic injuries was homogenous in the urban and rural hospitals investigated in this study; interventions should therefore be intensified ubiquitously. The identification of significant differences in road traffic crash and injury characteristics provides the opportunity for specific programmes to decrease the socio-economic and health burden of unsafe roads. In addition to law enforcement and introduction of a Systems Thinking approach to road safety including infrastructural and educational concepts, the strengthening of trauma care and health resources is recommended.

Prevalence of traumatic injuries in deciduous dentition and associated risk factors in a Spanish children population.

BackgroundThe frequency of traumatic dental injuries (TDI) in primary dentition and those agents that favor them present a great variability. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of TDI in a population of Spanish preschoolers in temporary dentition and identify the factors associated with these injuries. Material and MethodsAn epidemiological observational prevalence study was carried out. A total of 343 children aged between 3 and 5 years were selected. A questionnaire was completed in relation to socioeconomic factors, cultural level, dietary habits and oral parafunction. Through an intraoral examination, information was collected on the occlusal characteristics and the presence of TDI. Data analysis was performed using the SPSS Statistics 25.0 program for Windows, using the descriptive and frequencies procedure, contingency tables, Chi-square test, and logistic regression analysis. ResultsThe prevalence of TDI in the total sample was 12.2%. The most frequent lesion was crown discoloration (0.4%) followed by crown fracture (0.1%) and avulsion (0.1%). The most affected tooth was the deciduous upper central incisor. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis the presence of dental trauma did correlate significantly with the age (5 years in reference to 3 years: OR = 4.209; 95% C.I. = 1.591-11.134; p = 0.004) and overjet (OR = 2.609; 95% C.I. = 1.306-5.214; p = 0.007). ConclusionsThe prevalence of these lesions in a Spanish infant population with temporary dentition is low. Only age and overjet are risk factors. Key words:Dental trauma, deciduous dentition, risk factors.

Prevalence of traumatic injuries visiting the emergency department of a regional university teaching hospital in Nigeria

Background: Traumatic injuries are important causes of death and disability among adults and children. Trauma is one of the most common causes of emergency department visits in most part of the world. Objectives: The objective of the study is to evaluate the prevalence of the traumatic injuries in the accident and emergency department of our institution, to establish the burden of traumatic injuries. Patients and Methods: The study spans over 2 years, January 2013–December 2014. Patient's biodata, type of injuries sustained, etiology of injuries, and rate of patient transfer to the wards were extracted from the emergency department attendance and transfer registers and entered into a designed questionnaire. Statistical analysis was with SPSS version 20. Results: Of the 11,393 patients who visited the emergency department during the study, 2381 (20.90%) were traumatic injury patients. The mean age was 29.25 years ± 1.57 STD. Road traffic accidents (RTA) constituted 1200 (50.40%) of all traumatic cases, followed by assaults and falls which constituted 449 (18.86%) and 174 (11.17%) respectively. The part of the body mostly affected by injury was the head 478 (20.1%) patients. A total of 757 (31.8%) cases of traumatic injury were transferred to the hospital ward after being stabilized in the emergency department. Conclusion: This study had highlighted the burden which traumatic injuries and especially RTA imposed on the health facility and the need to provide adequate resources and increase the staff strength for smooth running of the emergency department.

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF CLINICAL DISEASES AND CONDITIONS OF PET ANIMALS AT CHITTAGONG CITY AREA, BANGLADESH

This study was conducted to estimate the proportional prevalence of clinical diseases and conditions in pet animals (dog, cat, and rabbit) attended at S. A. Quaderi Teaching Veterinary Hospital, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU), Chittagong, Bangladesh. A total of 388 cases of different clinical diseases and conditions were recorded during the study period from October 2016 toJanuary 2017. Among them the overall proportional prevalence of clinical diseases and conditions in dog, cat and rabbit were 44.32%, 34.28% and 21.39% respectively. The medicinal case comprises the highest percentage of diseases as 79.07% and 66.92% in dog and cat, respectively. Among the medicinal cases parasitic diseases were most frequently encountered both in dog (24.42%) and cat (23.31%). Whereas, prevalence of surgical cases were 16.28% in dog and 31.58% in cat and gynecological cases were 4.65% in dog and 1.50% in cat. In rabbit, prevalence of traumatic injuries and fractures were 16.87% followed by mange 12.06%. The parasitic cases were highest in all of the clinical diseases and conditions. So, proper prevention and therapeutic management should be taken to reduce the prevalence of parasitic diseases of pet animals. Immunoprophylaxis or vaccination and hygienic management should be performed to curb the infectious diseases. Further extensive epidemiologic, laboratory or molecular studies are also needed for the appropriate prevention and control measures of diseases and conditions of pet animals in study area.

The Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Lesions in Badminton Players – a Study Regarding the Primary and Secondary Prevention Strategies

The practice of badminton predisposes to certain injuries, in addition to the many benefits it brings to the body. Our purpose was to identify those specific prevention means which can improve physical training and recovery sessions in order to obtain a more effective prevention of the specific injuries. A questionnaire designed in order to assess the particularities of warming, post-exercise recovery and prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries was applied to 35 players. From the musculoskeletal declared injuries, 77.35% were joint damages, 18.87% - muscle damages and 3.78% - bone lesions. The prevalence of traumatic injuries was not correlated with the particularities of age, sex, body mass index, the level of hydration, the presence of stretching as part of the physical training or warming duration. We concluded that the training must include some primary and secondary prevention methods and techniques and the main elements should be the stretching, proprioceptive coordination and plyometric exercises associated with an appropriate post-exercise recovery.

Prevalence of traumatic injuries among female workers in garment industry in Dickwella Divisional Secretariat area

Introduction: Work related injuries are a major public health problem in Sri Lanka today. Garment industry is the major foreign exchange earner in Sri Lanka and work related traumatic injuries are more common among workers of garment industry, the majority of which are women. Objectives: This study was conducted to identify the prevalence and associated factors of traumatic injuries among female workers in garment industry. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among female garment workers working in two garment factories in Dickwella Divisional Secretariat area. Three hundred and twelve workers were randomly selected according to the proportion of total workers in each factory. Data was collected by a self-administered questionnaire. All data was analyzed by using Statistical Package of Social Sciences. Results: The population consisted of 312 female workers. The mean age range was 26-35 years. Most of the participants (63.8%) had educated up to G.C.E. Ordinary Level. One hundred and seventy four (55.8%) were sewing machine operators. Of the participants 73.1% worked 8-9 hours per day and 53.5% worked 6-10 hours per week as over time. Prevalence of traumatic injuries was 35.3% among workers during the previous 12 months. Rushing at work (46.4%) was the most common cause followed by carelessness (25.5%). Puncture injuries (48.2%) were the commonest type of injuries while contusions and abrasion (19.1%) were the second commonest type and fingers (57.8%) were the commonest injured body part. Large majority (91.3%) of participants were satisfied about the safety of the working environment. Conclusions There was a high prevalence of traumatic injuries among female workers in garment industry in Dickwella Divisional Secretariat area. Although the garment factories have a good working environment according to the workers, worker related causes such as rushing at work and carelessness were the major reasons for these injuries.

Study on prevalence of traumatic injuries in deciduous teeth of children aged from 6 to 60 months in the city of João Pessoa – Paraíba

Traumatic injuries in anterior teeth are common in children and can cause serious consequences in subsequent permanent teeth, requiring professional intervention to minimize complications. Objective: To evaluate the traumatic injuries in anterior deciduous teeth of children enrolled in kindergartens and schools at the city of João Pessoa, Paraíba. Material and methods:The sample comprised 46 children, both genders, aged from 6 to 60 months. Data collection was based on X-rays, intraoral clinical analysis and the application of questionnaire with open and structured questions to obtain information on previous injuries, obtained by a calibrated examiner. Data was subjected to descriptive statistics by calculating absolute and relative frequencies, and to inferential statistics by Chi-square test (p &lt; 0.05). Results: The results showed that 71.73% of children affected were male, 60.9% aged from two to three years, 63% of injuries occurred at home, 56.5 % had enamel fractures and 53.3% had injuries in the maxillary right central incisor. Conclusion: Trauma in deciduous teeth is common, especially in young children. Thus, preventive and corrective measures should be taken, both at private and public dental care.

Descriptive epidemiology of traumatic injuries in 18890 adults: a 5-year-study in a tertiary trauma center in iran.

Background:Basic epidemiological data can provide estimates when discussing disease burden and in the planning and provision of healthcare strategies. There is little quantitative information in the literature regarding prevalence of traumatic injuries from developing countries.Objectives:The aim of the current preliminary study was to reveal the prevalence and age and gender distribution of various traumatic injuries in a tertiary referral orthopedic hospital in Iran.Patients and Methods:In a prospective descriptive study, all traumatic injured patients attending the Orthopedic Trauma Unit of our center in a five year period were included. Demographic details, the cause of injury, injury classification and treatment were recorded. For each of the five-year age groups and each gender we calculated the numbers with fractures, dislocations, soft tissue injuries, ligamentous injuries and lacerations and derived average age and gender-specific prevalence as well as seasonal variations.Results:A total of 18890 adults were admitted, 13870 (73.4%) males and 5020 (26.6%) females. There were 8204 (43.4%) fractures. The male fracture age distribution curve was unimodal and there was a detectable bimodal pattern in females. Under 65 years males are 3 times more likely to sustain a fracture than females which decreases to equal risk over the age of 65. The most common fracture site was distal radius/ulna (13.8%), followed by tibial diaphysis (8.8%), proximal femur (7.8%), finger phalanges (6.4%), metacarpals (6%) and metatarsals (5.9%). There were seasonal variations in fracture incidence with peaks in February, March and October. The least number of fractures occurred in June.Conclusions:The risk of traumatic injuries is higher among specific age groups with different patterns emerging for men and women. Thus, the descriptive epidemiology will provide useful information for treatment or injury prevention strategies, resource allocation, and training priorities.

Prevalence of anterior teeth fracture among institutionalized visually impaired individuals in Himachal Pradesh, India - A cross-sectional study

Background: Trauma is the major cause of the injury to the anterior teeth superimposed by many local factors, such as anatomy of the teeth, proclination, and lip coverage. Because of their impaired vision, blind children are at greater risk for anterior tooth trauma. Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of anterior tooth fracture among visually impaired individuals and to know the probable cause and risk factors of anterior teeth trauma. Settings and Designs: This cross-sectional study was conducted among visually impaired children in two special needs schools at Dhalli, district Shimla and at Sunder Nagar, district Mandi, in Himachal Pradesh. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out on a conveniently sampled group of 99 blind individuals (64 males and 35 females) aged 9-22 years in December 2011. The study was carried out by a single examiner according to World Health Organization (WHO) criteria and using the WHO classification for teeth fracture. Statistical Analysis: Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS version 15 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Chi-square test was used for comparison. P P Results: An overall prevalence of 33.3% of traumatic injuries to anterior teeth was found in the study population. Females experienced significantly more trauma than males and indoor fall injuries were the most common cause. The permanent maxillary central incisors were most commonly injured, involving enamel and dentin. Increased overjet and inadequate lip coverage were significantly associated with the occurrence of trauma. Conclusion: The present study revealed a higher prevalence of traumatic injuries to anterior teeth among blind individuals. Hence, there is a distinct need for strengthening the provision of oral health-care facilities to these disabled children, such as preventive orthodontic treatment and the use of mouthguards.

Prevalence of traumatic dental injuries in primary teeth: A retrospective study

Introduction: Trauma to the oral region occurs frequently and comprises 5% of all injuries, which is more prevalent among preschoolers. Aim: The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine the prevalence of traumatic injuries to primary teeth reported to Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, SRM Dental College, Chennai, during the years 2003-2013. Materials and Methods: The data was retrieved from records of patients according to sex, age, cause, number of injured teeth and type of tooth. A total number of 65,870 children reported, out of which 34,942 were boys and 30,928 were girls below the age of 6 years. All recorded data was analyzed with the SPSS software (15.0 version).The statistical analysis of the sample was performed using the Chi-square test. Results: The gender difference in the prevalence of traumatic dental injuries was statistically significant (males 66% vs. females 34% of which the maxillary central incisors are most affected (77.21%). Conclusion: Education to parents and caregivers regarding the epidemiology of traumatic injuries and emphasis on an early dental visit may play a major role in reducing the prevalence of dental injury and minimize their detrimental effects on children's quality of life.

Dental trauma and its relation with problem behavior amongst 12-15-year old children

Aim : The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between problem behavior and traumatic dental injury amongst children aged 12-15 years. Further, it also aimed to analyze by age and sex, a) the prevalence of traumatic injuries to permanent incisors and canines, and b) their distribution according to type of fracture. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 children aged 12-15 years in Panchkula, India. Data was collected through clinical examinations and interviews. A hospital based matched (age and sex) case-control design was adopted. A questionnaire was answered by either the children themselves through interview or by any one of their parents. Results: In case study, it was revealed that 16.4% subjects had more than 5 mm overjet and 20.4% subjects had inadequate lip coverage. The largest number of injuries were presented by 15 year old children (43.90%) followed by 14 and 13 years old children. In specification, boys had more injured teeth compared to girls. Conclusion: Problem behavior plays an important role in the occurrence of traumatic dental injury.

The prevalence of traumatic dental injuries to permanent anterior teeth and its relation with predisposing risk factors among 8-13 years school children of Vadodara city: An epidemiological study

dental trauma is an irreversible pathology that after occurrence is characterized by life-long debilitating effects. The objectives of this study were to measure the prevalence of anterior teeth fracture and their association with predisposing factors such as lip coverage, molar relationship, overjet, and variables such as age, sex, cause, and place of trauma. an epidemiological cross-sectional study was carried out among 3708 school children aged 8-13 years in the Vadodara city. All children completed a questionnaire related to history of trauma to their anterior teeth after which they were examined for lip competence, Angle's molar relationship amount of overjet and nature of trauma sustained. The results were statistically analyzed using the prevalence test, Chi-square test, and Mantel-Haenszel Common Odds Ratio. the prevalence of traumatic injuries was 8.79% and the ratio of boys: girl's was 1.28:1. Inadequate lip coverage group sustained about five times more injuries than the adequate lip coverage group (P = 0.000, OR= 5.407). The maximum traumatic injuries were seen in children having Angle Class II Div 1 molar relationship and/or overjet greater than 5.5 mm and was statistically significant (P<0.05). Maximum number of injuries occurred at 9 years of age. The most predominant injuries were enamel fractures, the most common place for occurrence was home and fall against object, the most frequent cause. the prevalence of dental injuries in the Vadodara city is high and it has a great potential to be considered as an emerging public health problem.

Correlation between Dental Traumatic Injuries and Overjet among 11 to 17 years Indian Girls with Angle's Class I Molar Relation

The present study was conducted to assess the correlation of traumatic dental injuries and overjet among school going girls of age 11 to 17 years in Pune, India. A cross-sectional survey was carried out with 2045 school girls aged 11 to 17 years, attending public elementary schools in Pune, India. The traumatic dental injuries were assessed according to Ellis and Davey’s criteria. Occlusion was recorded according to Angle´s classification and overjet was measured using a WHO 621 probe. The data obtained was subjected to statistical analysis using Mann-Whitney test. There was a significant (Z -2.785) association between increase in overjet and occurrence of trauma. Children with increased overjet were 3.09 times more likely to have dental injuries. It can be concluded from the present study that a significant correlation exists between amount of overjet and prevalence of traumatic injuries among children. The percentage of trauma prevalence increases with the increase of overjet. Traumatic dental injury is not a result of disease but a consequence of several factors that will accumulate throughout life if not properly treated. One of the most important factors significantly contributing to traumatic dental injuries is the anterior overjet. Hence, correction of increased anterior overjet may help in prevention of traumatic injuries.

Injury rates and risk-factors associated with eventing: a total cohort study of injury events among adult Swedish eventing athletes

The aim of this study was to examine injury events and risk-factors among Swedish adult eventing athletes. A cross-sectional study design with retrospective recording of 1-year sports-specific exposure and injury data was used. The invited study population consisted of all members of the Swedish Equestrian Federation with eventing as their primary discipline (n = 513). The participation rate was 70.0%. The total 1-year injury prevalence was 26.6%; the specific 1-year prevalence of traumatic injury was 19.3% and of overuse injury 10.9%. The incidence of traumatic injury events was 0.54 injury events/1000 eventing hours (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.35–0.73 injury events/1000 eventing hours) for novices and 0.35 injury events/1000 eventing hours for qualified riders (95% CI, 0.21–0.49 injury events/1000 eventing hours). A total of 27.9% of the traumatic injury events led to severe injuries (causing more than 3 weeks absence from riding). Attitude to risk-taking was the only factor predicting an athlete becoming injured (p = 0.023), and qualification level was the only risk factor for additional injuries among injured riders (p = 0.003). Our results suggest that injury prevention programs in eventing should also give attention to overuse injuries and that care should be taken when eventing athletes are licensed into higher qualification groups.

Prevalence of Traumatic Dental Injuries to Permanent Incisors among 12 years Old School Children in Tandoor, Andhra Pradesh

Objective: To assess the prevalence of traumatic dental injuries to permanent incisors among 12 years old school children in Tandoor, Andhra-Pradesh. Materials and method: A cross-sectional survey using the WHO classification of tooth fracture (1978) was conducted on randomly selected 1020 school children to assess the dental trauma to permanent incisors. Results: The prevalence of traumatic injuries was 15.1%, which was more among boys than girls. The main reason that resulted in dental traumatic injury was fall, followed by collision, children with excessive overjet etc. Conclusion: The prevalence of traumatic dental injuries in Tandoor is significantly more and summons the public health attention.

Sex Hormones and Gender Effects following Trauma-Hemorrhage

Trauma is the leading cause of death in the industrialized world between the ages of one and 40.&nbsp;A number of risk factors including age and gender have been implicated in this regard.&nbsp;It is therefore not surprising that the majority of trauma vic-tims are young males.&nbsp;Their mortality rate following trauma is not only higher compared to females, but they are also more prone to subsequent sepsis.&nbsp;Age and gender are therefore important factors in the prevalence of traumatic injury as well as in susceptibility to subsequent septic complications.