Prevalence Of TB-HIV Co-infection Research Articles

Tuberculosis Treatment Outcome and Associated Factors Among Tuberculosis Patients Linked to Tuberculosis Treatment Clinics in Ethiopia, 2023: A Multi-Center Retrospective Study.

Tuberculosis is a communicable disease, mainly caused by the bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Globally, TB is the ninth leading cause of death, with developing countries bearing most of the burden. The discovery of chemotherapy lead to significant improvements in patient survival. Therefore, this study aimed to assess Tuberculosis treatment outcomes and associated factors in South Gondar Administrative Zone Governmental Hospitals, Northwest Ethiopia, 2023. A hospital-based retrospective study was conducted from July 1 to August 30, 2022, at South Gondar zone public hospitals. The data was entered into Epi-data version 4 and exported to STATA version 14. A binary and multivariable logistic regression was computed at a 95% confidence interval. Variables with a p-value less than 0.25 in the bivariable analysis were chosen for multivariable logistic regression analysis, and variables having a p-value of less than 0.05 in the multivariable analysis, were considered to have significant associations with the dependent variable. The study included 400 tuberculosis patients, and the overall successful treatment outcome was 89.0% (95% Confidence Interval: 85.5-91.7). In this study, study participants who tested positive for HIV were approximately three times more likely to have unsuccessful treatment outcomes (Adjusted odds ratio = 3.07; 95% Confidence Interval = 1.49-6.16.5; P = 0.002) relative to HIV-negative patients. On the other hand, patients with sputum-positive were more likely to have a successful treatment rate (Adjusted odds ratio = 0.08; 95% Confidence Interval = 0.011-0.638, P = 0.002) relative to sputum-negative TB patients. The overall treatment success rate was 89.0%, which was lower than the global milestone target of > 90% set for 2025, and the prevalence of TB-HIV coinfection was 16.5%. In this study, HIV-positive was negatively associated with successful treatment outcomes, and sputum positive was independently associated with successful tuberculosis treatment outcomes.

Tuberculosis and HIV coinfection and rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis among patients living with HIV in Northern part of West Bengal, India

Background: India is one of the top most country among the high tuberculosis (TB) burden countries and ranks the third highest human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) burden country in the world contributing to 23% of the total global load. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and HIV are known to act synergistically and result in higher mortality rates. TB-HIV coinfection and emergence of drug resistant forms of MTB can impact positively on treatment outcomes. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine of the prevalence of TB-HIV co-infection among MTB and to determine the prevalence of rifampicin (RIF) resistant TB among HIV seropositive patients. Materials and Methods: It was a retrospective and observational study carried out in the Department of Microbiology, Malda Medical College, Malda, West Bengal. Records of all patients that tested using CBNAAT during March 2016–December 2019 in the CBNAAT laboratory of Malda Medical College were assessed. Data generated during this period were collected and analyzed. The statistical analysis was done in tabulation form and different charts and tables were used for displaying data. Results: A total of 6503 samples were tested in CBNAAT laboratory during March 2016–December 2019. Out of 6503, 3098 samples were positive for CBNAAT (MTB detected).Of 3098 MTB, 8.91% (276/3098) were RIF resistant. Among 3098 MTB, 91.22% (2826/3098) were pulmonary TB (PTB) and 8.78% (272/3098) were extra PTB. Out of 6503 total samples, 664 were reported patients living with HIV. The prevalence of TB-HIV coinfection was 3.91% (121/3098) among MTB positive cases. Of all TB-HIV coinfected cases, most of the patients (67.77%) were in the age group of 20–39 years and males (77.69%) contributed to more than females. Of 121 TB-HIV coinfected, 88.43% (107/121) were sensitive to RIF and 11.57% (14/121) were resistant to RIF. Conclusion: The present study reported that the prevalence of TB-HIV coinfection was 3.91% and the prevalence of RIF resistant TB in HIV seropositive patients was higher than HIV seronegative patients. Thus, all TB patients should be screened for HIV and all HIV-positive individuals should be screened for TB along with drug resistance for better management.

Tuberculosis in the elderly: Epidemiology and outcomes at JAMOT Hospital of Yaounde

Background: Tuberculosis in the elderly (TBES) compared to adult TB (TBA) has been poorly published in developing countries (developing countries).Aim and Objective: The objective of this study is to present the epidemiology of TBES and the outcome of TB patients aged 65 years or older compared to TBA. Methodology: Our study is retrospective and comparative for the period of activity from January 2008 to December 2013 at the Diagnostic and Treatment Center (CDT) at the Jamot Hospital in Yaoundé (HJY). It is compared between subjects aged 65 years and older and subjects aged 15 to 64 who have been diagnosed with tuberculosis (TB) Statiscal analysis: The Khi-2 test and the exact probability of Ficher were used for the comparison of proportions. A difference was considered significant if p <0.05. Results: Of the 10909 TB cases, the proportion of TBES is 2.93%. The sex ratio is 1.7 in case of TBES versus 1.5 in the TBA. The prevalence of TB-HIV co-infection is estimated at 11.3% versus 37.3% for TBA (p˂ 0000). The location is pulmonary in 76.4% of cases in TBES against 78.1% in the subject aged less than 65 years. Elderly patients developed more pulmonary tuberculosis with negative microscopy (TPM-) 12.9% versus 11.3% and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (PET) (23.6% versus 21.9%). The therapeutic success rate in subjects aged 65 and over is 61.6% versus 70.3% in subjects under 65 years of age. The proportion of patients lost to follow-up and the rate of transfer are higher in case of TBES. Elderly patients died more frequently than young adults in the first two months of treatment. Conclusion: Tuberculosis of the elderly is rare with male predominance. The proportion of deaths is greater. The follow-up of elderly patients must integrate the therapeutic management of comorbidities

Prevalence of Human Immune Deficiency among Registered Tuberculosis Patients across Pakistan during 2013-2015<br/>—Prevalence of TB-HIV Co-Infection in Pakistan

The problem of Tuberculosis (TB) and Human Immune Deficiency Virus (HIV) co-infection becomes vital when it is seen in the context of under developed countries like Pakistan. Pakistan ranks 5th high burden countries for drug-susceptible and 6th among drug-resistant TB patients [1]. Objectives of the study were to assess the prevalence of TB-HIV Co-infection at the designated Sentinel Sites across Pakistan. A cross-sectional study is based on retrospective record review of routinely maintained TB program data at all 17 designated sentinel sites of TB Control Program from 2013-15. Among the screened TB patients 145 (0.66%) were found HIV reactive. The prevalence of HIV was higher (1.02%) in extra-pulmonary and male TB patients (1.23 %) as compared to pulmonary (0.55%) and female patients (0.09%). Scale up TB surveillance activities, integrating TB-HIV care services, active case finding among key affected populations will have a positive impact on TB-HIV co-infection and disease control.

Prevalence of tuberculosis, HIV, and TB-HIV co-infection among pulmonary tuberculosis suspects in a predominantly pastoralist area, northeast Ethiopia

BackgroundTB-HIV co-infection is one of the biggest public health challenges in sub-Saharan Africa. Although there is a wealth of information on TB-HIV co-infection among settled populations in Africa and elsewhere, to our knowledge, there are no published reports on TB-HIV co-infection from pastoral communities. In this study, we report the prevalence of TB, HIV and TB-HIV co-infection among pulmonary TB suspects in the Afar Regional State of Ethiopia.DesignIn a cross-sectional study design, 325 pulmonary TB suspects were included from five health facilities. Three sputum samples (spot-morning-spot) were collected from each participant. Sputum samples were examined for the presence of acid fast bacilli using Ziehl–Neelsen staining method, and culture was done on the remaining sputum samples. Participants were interviewed and HIV tested.ResultsOf the 325 pulmonary TB suspects, 44 (13.5%) were smear positive, and 105 (32.3%) were culture positive. Among smear-positive patients, five were culture negative and, therefore, a total of 110 (33.8%) suspects were bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary TB patients. Out of 287 pulmonary TB suspects who were tested for HIV infection, 82 (28.6%) were HIV positive. A significantly higher proportion of bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary TB patients [40 (40.4%)] were HIV co-infected compared with patients without bacteriological evidence for pulmonary TB [42 (22.3%)]. However, among ethnic Afar pastoralists, HIV infections in smear- and/or culture-negative pulmonary TB suspects [7 (7.6%)] and bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary TB patients [4 (11.8%)] were comparable. On multivariable logistic regression analysis, Afar ethnicity was independently associated with low HIV infection [OR=0.16 (95% CI: 0.07–0.37)], whereas literacy was independently associated with higher HIV infection [OR=2.21 (95% CI: 1.05–4.64)].ConclusionsAlthough the overall prevalence of TB-HIV co-infection in the current study is high, ethnic Afars had significantly lower HIV infection both in suspects as well as TB patients. The data suggest that the prevalence of HIV infection among Afar pastoralists is probably low. However, population-based prevalence studies are needed to substantiate our findings.

Factors associated with tuberculosis by HIV status in the Brazilian national surveillance system: a cross sectional study.

BackgroundOver the last decade tuberculosis (TB) incidence and mortality in Brazil have been steadily declining. However, this downward trend has not been observed among HIV-infected patients. We describe the epidemiological and clinical profile of TB patients by HIV status using the Brazilian National Surveillance System.MethodsAll TB diagnoses with HIV status information between January 1, 2007 and December 31, 2011 were categorized as either HIV or non-HIV at time of TB diagnosis. Co-infected patients (TB-HIV) were compared to TB patients with no HIV-infection using a hierarchical logistic regression model using Stata 13.0.ResultsThe prevalence of TB-HIV co-infection was 19% among adults ≥ 15 years of age. We analyzed data from 243,676 individuals, of whom 46,466 were TB-HIV and 197,210 were only TB cases. The following factors increased risk of co-infection: male sex (OR: 1.06, 95% CI 1.03-1.10), 20 to 39 years of age (OR = 4.82, 95% CI 4.34-5.36), black (OR = 1.08, 95% CI 1.04-1.13), 4–7 years of education (OR = 1.13, 95% CI 1.19-1.28), diagnosed following default (OR = 2.65, 95% CI 1.13-6.25), presenting with pulmonary and extra-pulmonary forms of TB simultaneously (OR = 2.80, 95% CI 1.56-5.02), presenting with histopathologic examination suggestive of TB (OR = 2.15, 95% CI 1.13-4.07). Co-infected patients were less likely to live in rural areas (OR = 0.45, 95% CI 0.42-0.48), have diabetes (OR = 0.45, 95% CI 0.40-0.50) and be smear positive (OR = 0.55, 95% CI 0.32-0.95), and co-infected patients had higher risk of default (OR = 2.96, 95% CI 2.36-3.71) and death from TB (OR = 5.16, 95% CI 43.04-5.77).ConclusionsThe prevalence of co-infection with HIV among TB patients is 19% in Brazil. By identifying predictors of co-infection targeted interventions can be developed to prevent both TB and HIV, and to diagnose each disease earlier and ultimately decrease poor treatment outcomes and death.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2334-14-415) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Tuberculosis and Human Immune Deficiency Virus Co-infection in Debre Markos Referral Hospital in Northwest Ethiopia: A Five Years Retrospective Study

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) are major public health problems, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa including Ethiopia. So, updated information on TB-HIV co-infection might be important for the planning, resource allocation, prevention and control activities. Objective: To determine the TB-HIV co-infection and possible associated factors among patients attended TB clinic in five years (2008-2013) at a referral Hospital in Northwest Ethiopia. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted among 717 TB patients who are registered at DOTs clinic of Debre Markos referral hospital. Socio-demographic and clinical data of the study participants were collected from the TB log from the DOTS clinic. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 16 software. Results: The prevalence of TB-HIV co-infection was 44% (321/717). The trend of co-infection was decreased from 2008/9 179 (49.2%) to 2012/13 29 (44.6%). Types of TB and age group were significantly associated with TB-HIV co-infection. Conclusion: The prevalence of TB-HIV co-infection was high. Therefore, actions targeting (health education and early case detection) on those predictors are necessary to effectively reduce TB-HIV co-infection and strengthen the collaborative activities.

Tuberculosis-HIV co-infection among patients admitted at Muhimbili National Hospital in Dar es salaam, Tanzania

Data on the clinical presentations and magnitude of tuberculosis (TB)-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection is limited. The objective of this study was to describe the clinical presentation and prevalence of TB-HIV co-infection among patients admitted at Muhimbili National Hospital between August 2008 and July 2009 in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Of 387 TB patients included, 117 (30.2%) were in the age group 30-39 years. The overall mean age of patients was 38.1 years (range 8 to 86 years) and 216 (55.8%) were male. Two hundred and five (53%) had pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), 58 (15%) had extra pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) and 124 (32%) had both PTB and EPTB. Common sites of EPTB were pleural cavity 80 (44%), lymph node 31 (17%) and 30 (16.5%) abdomen. Of the 300 TB patients tested for HIV, 175 (58.3%) were HIV-infected and 97 (55.4%) of these were already on antiretroviral therapy (ART) at time of admission. Overall, 104 (26.9%) of the TB patients admitted died. About two thirds of patients who died had PTB. About three quarters (73.1%; N=283) of the patients were discharged home to continue with anti-TB treatment. There was significantly higher proportion of deaths among HIV-infected TB patients (29.1% versus 15.2%) than in the HIV uninfected TB patients (P=0.005). Age was a significant predictor for PTB (OR 0.946, 95% CI 0.917-0.976) while age (OR 1.019, 95% CI 1.002-1.036) and HIV serostatus (OR 2.143, 95% CI 1.313-3.497) were significant risk factors for EPTB. It is concluded that more than half of the patients had PTB and pleural cavity was the most common site of EPTB. TB-HIV co-infected patients had significantly higher mortality than the TB-HIV- uninfected patients. It is recommended to emphasize on the provision of HIV counselling and testing to all TB patients to ensure proper management and timely initiation of ART in TB-HIV co-infected patients in order to improve the outcome and reduce mortality.