Prevalence Of Secondary Infertility Research Articles

Prevalence, regional distribution, and determinants of infertility in Uganda between 2006 and 2016: analysis of three Demographic and Health Surveys

Background Low- and middle-income countries, particularly in the African region in-country distribution and determinants of infertility are understudied. In this study, we aimed to estimate the prevalence, regional distribution, and determinants of infertility in Uganda to inform programming. Methods We estimated the prevalence of primary and secondary infertility among women aged 20-49 years using data from the three rounds of the Uganda Demographic and Health Survey 2006, 2011, and 2016, and compared the differences across geographic regions. We pooled data sets for all three years and conducted logistic regression to identify factors associated with infertility. Results We included 16,537 women aged 20-49 years for analysis of primary infertility and 12,628 for secondary infertility. The overall prevalence of infertility (pooled across the three surveys was 6.4%. The prevalence of primary infertility was 1.4% (95% Confidence interval, CI=1.0-1.8), 0.7% (95% CI=0.5-1.0) and 0.8% (95% CI=0.6-1.0) in 2006, 2011 and 2016, respectively. The prevalence of secondary infertility was 7.4% (95% CI=6.5-8.4), 6.9% (95% CI=5.9-8.0) and 7.1% (95% CI=6.4-7.9) in 2006, 2011, and 2016 respectively. The prevalence of primary infertility was similar across regions. Secondary infertility was highest in the Central (7.9%, 95% CI= 6.1-10.3, in 2016) and Northern regions (7.4%, 95% CI=6.1-8.9, in 2016). In all survey years, women with higher education had lower odds of secondary infertility compared to women with no education (adjusted odds ratio, aOR=0.54, 95% CI=0.35-0.83; P < 0.001). Conclusions Our results suggest that the prevalence of primary infertility is similar across regions, whereas secondary infertility varies by region, with higher prevalence in Central and Northern regions. More research is required to understand the drivers behind the variation of secondary infertility across regions to inform policy and decision making.

Probable clinical and paraclinical factors of the occurrence of gestational hypertensive disorders in pregnant women after the use of assisted reproductive technologies

The objective: to establish probable clinical and paraclinical risk factors for the development of gestational hypertensive disorders (GHD) in pregnant women after the use of assisted reproductive technologies (ART).Materials and methods. A clinical and statistical analysis of the birth histories of 362 women who became pregnant after the use of ART was carried out. Among them, 103 patients with had pre-gestational arterial hypertension (AH) and were included in the 1st group, 51 patients with increased blood pressure for the first time after 20 weeks of pregnancy – GHD, were included in the 2nd group, and 208 women without hypertensive disorders (HD) neither before nor after pregnancy were included in the 3rd group (control one). To determine the prognostic value of probable clinical and paraclinical risk factors for the GHD development in patients after ART, the following factors were analyzed: place of residence, age during pregnancy, obstetric, gynecological and reproductive history, marriage status, body mass index. The assess of commonly known factors was also evaluated for the risk of development for GHD. The influence of method of artificial insemination is also considered.Statistical processing of the results was carried out using standard Microsoft Excel 7.0 and “Statistica 6.0” programs. Results. The research demonstrated that HD is a common complication in pregnant women after the use of ART and accounts for 42.5 %. The frequency of women ≥40 years old was significantly higher in the 1st (42.8 %) and 2nd (25.5 %) groups than in the 3d one (15.5 %), as well as the prevalence of secondary infertility among the examined female patients – 23.3 %, 37.2 % and 6.3 %, respectively. Diabetes was found in women of the 1st (7.8 %) and 2nd (5.9 %) groups statistically more often compared to the control group (1.9 %), multiple pregnancy – in 45.6 %, 52.9 % and 27.0 % cases, respectively; 11.8% of patients in the 2nd group were diagnosed with autoimmune diseases.In patients with pregestational AH and GHD there was the high frequency of secondary infertility which is significantly more compared to the control group (p<0.05). Therefore, it can be assumed that this factor may influence the development of GHD in the future.The use of donor eggs was significantly more frequent in women of the 2nd group (21.5 %) compared to patients of the 1st (4.9 %) and control (5.3 %) groups (p<0.05). Transfer of cryopreserved embryos was used in 54.3 % of pregnant women of the 1st group and in 45.1 % of pregnant women in the 2nd group, which is reliable compared to the indicators of the control group (17.7 %; p<0.05). This makes possible to state that the use of donor eggs and the transfer of cryopreserved embryos can lead to an increase in the risk of GHD development in the future.In the group of pregnant women with pregestational AH, there were significantly more patients with an intergenetic interval of 10 years or more. This suggests that a large intergenetic interval may have an adverse effect on the progression of hypertension during pregnancy. Conclusions. The clinical and paraclinical risk factors for the development of gestational hypertensive disorders in women who became pregnant after the use of ART were determined – pre-gestational arterial hypertension, diabetes, autoimmune diseases, multiple pregnancy after the use of ART, as well as moderate risk factors: the first pregnancy from “this partner” and the patient’s age ≥40 years. Additional risk factors for the development of gestational hypertensive disorders were established – pathological childbirth during previous pregnancies, secondary infertility, use of donor eggs, transfer of cryopreserved embryos, intergenetic interval of 10 years or more.

PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS OF INFERTILITY IN UKRAINE: RESULTS A MULTICENTER STUDY (2019-2021).

The aim: To assess the current prevalence and identify the risk factors for infertility among couples of reproductive age in Ukraine. Materials and methods: We conducted a retrospective multicentre cohort study was based on reproductive health surveillance data among married populations from January 1st, 2019 to December 31st, 2021 in Ukraine. Definitions of infertility were used from the WHO. Results: Among all the 6,885 participants in this study, the prevalence of infertility was 25.4%. The prevalence of primary infertility was 5.8%, and the prevalence of secondary infertility was 19.6%. The levels of infertility in the regions of Ukraine had significant differences. It was found that among those women who had primary infertility, more were from rural than urban, while for secondary infertility women the situation was reversed. Infertility was associated with age, history of gynecological surgery, decreased ovarian reserve, age of marriage, long-term air-conditioning environment, and history of endometriosis. There were differences among factors associated with infertility, primary infertility and secondary infertility. The factors associated with primary infertility were age of marriage, age of first sexual intercourse, long-term air-conditioning environment, decreased ovarian reserve and age. A factors associated with secondary infertility were history of gynecological surgery and decreased ovarian reserve. Conclusions: The results of this study revealed high level the prevalence rate of infertility among couples of reproductive age in Ukraine is high. This applies to both primary and secondary infertility of married women. The most women who had experienced infertility have not sought medical or professional help for the problem.

Secondary Infertility in Port Harcourt: Pattern and Socio-Dermographic Relationship

Background: Secondary Infertility is viewed as a social stigma, especially in Nigeria, due to the high premium placed on procreation. Observation suggests that this condition is on the increase in our environment. Hence, the need to determine the pattern and the relationship between the socio-demographic factors with infective causes of this condition; which will subsequently allow the tailoring of the individual investigation and subsequent treatment.
 Objective: To determine the prevalence and pattern as well as the relationship between the socio-demographic factors with infective causes of secondary infertility among women who attended the gynaecological clinic of the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH) between January 2012 and December 2016
 Methods: This is a retrospective descriptive study design, based on findings from the folders, admission and outpatient registers, of infertile couples presenting at the gynaecology clinic of the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, over a five-year period (January 2012 – December 2016). Data were collected from all documented and laboratory findings. The data extracted from the case records were the socio-demographic characteristics of the patient, the duration of infertility as well as the causes. They were analyzed using SPSS version 20.
 Results: The mean age of women was 33.14±4.93 years. The prevalence of secondary infertility was 12% of all outpatient gynaecological consultation. The mean duration of secondary infertility was 3 years.
 The infective causes of secondary infertility [recurrent pelvic inflammatory disease(PID), sexually transmitted infections(STI), post abortal sepsis, puerperal sepsis, HIV/AIDS, mumps orchitis were commoner among the 31-40 years’ category, (45.8%), the infective causes were also commoner among women with primary level of education, (62.5%, p-value=0.001) as well as women who were self-employed (49%, p-value=0.041). Recurrent pelvic inflammatory disease was identified in majority of cases (37.1%). Abnormal semen analysis, hyper-prolactinaemia and uterine fibroid, also contributed significantly to infertility; 18.5%, 19.7% and 24.3% respectively.
 Conclusion: Infective causes are at the root cause of secondary infertility; the more educated the couple, the higher their socioeconomic status, the lesser the impact of infection on secondary infertility.

Prevalence and associated factors of infertility among 20\u201349\xa0year old women in Henan Province, China

BackgroundInfertility is a reproductive health problem which affects not only individuals, families and social populations. Recently, the infertility rate in China has a trend of increase year by year, and few studies have reported the infertility rate in Henan Province, China. The aim of this study was to investigate the current prevalence and associated factors of infertility among women of childbearing age in Henan Province, China.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted from March 2019 to October 2019. We sampled 765 women who were 20–49 years old in eight hospitals of four cities in Henan Province, China. This survey included a questionnaire, physical examination, vaginal ultrasound examinations, and serum anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) assessment, all of which were conducted under uniform standards by trained personnel. According to the data collected from questionnaire, participants were divided into infertile and fertile groups and analyzed associated factors.ResultsAmong all the 765 participants in this study, the prevalence of infertility was 24.58%. The prevalence of primary infertility was 6.54%, and the prevalence of secondary infertility was 18.04%. In logistic multivariate regression analyses, infertility was associated with age (p < 0.001), history of gynecological surgery (p < 0.001), sweet food (p = 0.003) and decreased ovarian reserve (DOR) (p < 0.001). After further analyses, factors associated with primary infertility were age of marriage (p = 0.006), age of first sexual intercourse (p = 0.003), long-term air-conditioning environment (p < 0.001), decreased ovarian reserve (p = 0.005) and age (p = 0.002). And factors associated with secondary infertility were history of gynecological surgery (p < 0.001), decreased ovarian reserve (p = 0.002), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) above 0.85 (p = 0.043), delivery times (p = 0.001) and ages (p < 0.001).ConclusionThe prevalence of infertility among women aged 20–49 was 24.58% and only 61.17% infertile women sought medical help in Henan Province, China. Age, history of gynecological surgeries and DOR may increase the risk of infertility. Local public health departments and medical professionals need to discharge their duty of reducing the high incidence of infertility and protecting women’s reproductive health.

Pattern of Semen Parameters and Factors Associated with Infertility in Male Partners of Infertile Couples in Nigeria

Background: Infertility is a urological and common gynecological problem. Male factor contributes significantly to the aetiology of infertility. Semen analysis has remained a useful investigation in the search for male factor infertility. Most studies on semen pattern were done based on the World Health Organization (WHO) 1999 criteria for human values for semen characteristics. Objective: To determine the prevalence of infertility, pattern of semen parameters and factors associated with infertility in Nigerian male partners of infertile couples. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study of infertile couples presenting at the infertility clinic between January 2014 and December 2015 was carried out at Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, South-western Nigeria. Seminal fluid from the male partners was analysed in the laboratory using the World Health Organization (WHO) 2010 criteria for human semen characteristics. Results: A total of 443 men participated in the study and 38.2% had abnormal semen parameters. Oligozoospermia (34.8%) and asthenozoospermia (26.9%) were the leading abnormal factors. Smoking habit and previous groin surgery significantly predicted abnormal semen parameters, p<0.05. Staphylococcus aureus was the commonest organism for infection. Infertility and abnormal semen parameters were most prevalent at age group 31-35 years.Age range of male partners was 30-60 years with a mean age of 36.36 + 5.07. Duration of infertility was 1-11 years. The prevalence of secondary infertility was 83.7%. Conclusion: There is a growing trend in the prevalence of secondary infertility in Nigeria. Oligozoospermia coupled with smoking habit and previous pelvic operations are the significant predictive factors for infertility. Men should be encouraged to participate early in the investigation of infertility.

Treatment seeking pattern among infertile couples in a rural area

Background: According to DLHS survey Karnataka, women who had primary and secondary infertility constitute 5.9 and 1.7 percent respectively of ever married women between 15-49 years. Main objectives of the study were to describe the socio demographic characteristics prevailing among infertile subjects of the study population and to describe the treatment seeking pattern among the infertile couples of the study population Methods: Cross- sectional descriptive study was conducted at rural field practice area of tertiary hospital, Bangalore, India. Complete enumeration of entire Primary Health center area covering 26,190 populations. In depth interview using a pretested pre-structured questionnaire was conducted enumerating all couples with infertility in the entire Primary Health Centre area and their treatment seeking behaviour. Results: Total population covered under the study is 26,190. Among them number of couples were 5210. Among 5210 couples, total number of eligible couples was 4120. Eligible couples are currently married couples where the women are in the reproductive age group between 15-49 years. Among the eligible couples only 1379 were exposed the risk of pregnancy. Couples who are exposed to risk of pregnancy include those who are cohabitating and not using any approved methods of contraception, where women is not pregnant and not in lactational amenorrhoea. Prevalence of primary infertility is 4.5%.Prevalence of secondary infertility is 3.6%.So the prevalence of infertility is 8.1%. Conclusions: Most common treatment seeking pattern was allopathy followed by traditional healers. Most common reason for not taking treatment was economic hardship among those with primary infertility and in those with secondary infertility was that they wanted to wait for spontaneous conception.

A cross-sectional study of infertility prevalence and influencing factors in Uygur and Kazak women, Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region

To investigate the prevalence of infertility and related factors in Uygur and Kazak women in Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region (Xinjiang). Questionnaire survey and pelvic examination were conducted among 535 Uygur women and 322 Kazak women at reproductive age who were selected through stratified cluster random sampling in Sansan and Fuhai counties in Xinjiang. The data were analyzed with software SPSS 17.0. The prevalence of infertility among the Uygur and Kazak women were 26.5% and 21.7% respectively, the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The prevalence of primary infertility among the Uygur and Kazak women were 14.7%, and 8.7%, respectively, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The prevalence of secondary infertility among the Uygur and Kazak women were 11.8% and 13.0%, respectively, the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The prevalence of infertility in the Uygur women was correlated with household income, pelvic inflammation, endometriosis and BMI, while the prevalence of infertility in the Kazak women was correlated with age of marriage, endometriosis and the history of ectopic pregnancy. The prevalence of infertility was high among the Uygur and Kazak women at reproductive age in Xinjiang. The influencing factors varied with ethnic group. It is necessary to conduct targeted health education and provide early diagnosis and effective treatment.

The Relationship Among Infertility, Self-Compassion, and Well-Being for Women With Primary or Secondary Infertility

The experience of infertility can cause distress in many women, and there is a dearth of research that addresses infertility type (i.e., primary or secondary) and strengths-based constructs, such as self-compassion. Although the prevalence of secondary infertility (i.e., experiencing infertility after having a child) is significantly greater than primary infertility (i.e., experiencing infertility without having prior children), the majority of infertility studies utilize samples of only women with primary infertility so that the voices of women with secondary infertility are largely uncaptured. The current study of 119 women experiencing primary infertility and 53 women experiencing secondary infertility explored the well-being of women with primary or secondary infertility, finding that both samples report similar levels of self-compassion, subjective well-being, and global fertility-related stress and that women with primary infertility report greater levels of fertility-related social concern. Self-compassion mediated the relation between the need for parenthood and subjective well-being for women with primary or secondary infertility. Further, self-compassion mediated the relation between social concern and subjective well-being for both groups of women, which may be especially important, given the stigmatized social identity and social isolation of those experiencing infertility. Self-compassion might serve as an emotional regulation strategy and a form of resiliency against feelings of self-blame or blame by society for infertility.

Infertility among couples in a population‐based study in Iran: prevalence and associated risk factors

To explore the prevalence and risk factors of infertility in Iran, a total of 12 285 ever-married women aged 15-50 years old and their husbands (if available) were interviewed by 82 female general practitioners and answered a self-administered questionnaire on several aspects of infertility. They were identified from the national population in 30 counties, and invited to a confidential interview. Data were obtained about their age, education, marital status, toxic habits, medical history, disabilities and illnesses, help-seeking, economy, ethnicity, geographic location, contraceptive use and age at which they had first intercourse. This study used the definition of childlessness proposed by World Health Organization: 'the woman has never conceived despite cohabitation and exposure to pregnancy for a period of 2 years'. The overall prevalence of infertility was 8% (95% CI: 3.2-15.0). The weighted national estimate of primary infertility was 4.6% (95% CI: 3.6-5.2). There was a pronounced regional pattern in the levels of primary infertility. The primary infertility increased significantly from 2.6 to 4.3 to 5.5% for the 1985-1989, 1990-1994 and 1995-2000 marriage cohorts. The prevalence of secondary infertility was 3.4% (95% CI: 2.4-5.1). Overall the prevalence of infertility falls within a relatively wide range being high in the Southern counties, and low in the Northern counties. The probability of first pregnancy at the end of 2 years of marriage was 0.78 for all ever-married women. The prevalence of infertility increased with age (linear chi-square 198.012, 1 d.f., p = 0.01). The age pattern of infertility also varies quite markedly across the counties analysed. No effect of race was detected; neither the intercept (analysis of covariance p = 0.36) nor the slope of the age relationship was influenced by race (analysis of covariance p = 0.41). Infertility were observed as significantly higher in the presence of history of tubo-ovarian surgery [odds ratio (OR): 1.43; 95% CI: 1.28-2.23; p = 0.01], salpingitis (OR: 2.34; 95% CI: 1.31-4.3; p = 0.016), ectopic pregnancy (OR: 2.45; 95% CI: 1.90-3.44; p = 0.04), varicocele (OR: 2.85; 95% CI: 1.61-5.20; p = 0.01) and cryptorchidism (OR: 3.81; 95% CI: 2.51-4.28; p = 0.031). This study provides a quantitative estimate of the prevalence and main risk factors for infertility in Iranian couples. Yet, further studies on the cause of primary and secondary infertility and geographical variations in the incidence and prevalence of infertility in Iran are needed.

Prevalence of infertility in Tabriz in 2004.

Our aim was to determine the prevalence of primary and secondary infertility in Tabriz population and to compare the marriage age between infertile and fertile groups. We also evaluated the rate of seeking help for treatment of infertility among the patients. In a survey, we evaluated the prevalence of infertility in Tabriz in 2004 using cluster random sampling. Tabriz was divided into 360 zones and from each zone, 10 couples were selected. Six interviewers filled out the questionnaires by direct reference to interviewees' homes. Overall, 3600 couples were evaluated for infertility. Of 3600 couples, 3183 were married for more than a year and answered the questions appropriately. Prevalence of infertility was 3.27% (2.04% as primary and 1.23% as secondary infertility). Among couples whose wives were in their reproductive age (15 to 49 years), the overall prevalence of infertility was 3.35% (2.05% as primary and 1.30% as secondary). Mean age of women at marriage was significantly higher in couples with primary infertility (20.87 +/- 5.4 versus 18.75 +/- 4.04; P < .001). Treatment seeking was 79.6% and 67.6% among patients with primary and secondary infertility, respectively. In general, 75% of the patients had referred to medical centers. The prevalence of primary infertility was almost the same as other Asian countries, but the prevalence of secondary infertility was lower than other countries. A higher marriage age was accompanied with a significant decrease in fertility of the couple. Primary infertile patients had referred to medical center slightly more often than secondary infertile patients.