Prevalence Of Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy Research Articles

Prevalence and associated factors of proliferative diabetic retinopathy among adult diabetic patients in Northwest Ethiopia, 2023: A cross-sectional multicenter study.

Proliferative diabetic retinopathy is one of the advanced complications of diabetic retinopathy. If left untreated, almost all eyes could lose a significant portion of their vision within four months. There is limited evidence regarding the magnitude of proliferative diabetic retinopathy and associated factors in the study setting and also in Ethiopia. To determine the magnitude and associated factors of proliferative diabetic retinopathy among adult diabetic patients attending Specialized Comprehensive Hospital-Diabetic Care Clinics in Northwest Ethiopia, 2023. A multicenter, hospital-based, cross-sectional study was conducted on 1219 adult diabetic patients selected by systematic random sampling technique. Data were collected through an in-person interview and physical examination. The Statistical Package for Social Science Version 20 was used to analyze the data. Logistic regression methods were used to test the association between predisposing factors and proliferative diabetic retinopathy. The adjusted odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval was used to determine the strength of association. The prevalence of proliferative diabetic retinopathy was 3.1% (95% CI: 2.10%-4.10%). Hypertension (AOR = 4.35 (95% CI: 1.87-10.12)), peripheral neuropathy (AOR = 3.87 (95% CI: 1.57-9.54)), nephropathy (AOR = 2.58 (95% CI: 1.13-5.87)), ≥10 years duration of diabetes mellitus (AOR = 5.30 (95% CI: 2.32-12.14)), insulin use (AOR = 3.07 (95% CI: 1.08-8.68)), and poor adherence to diabetes mellitus medications (AOR = 3.77 (95% CI: 1.64-8.64)) were confirmed to have statistically significant association with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. The prevalence of proliferative diabetic retinopathy among adult diabetic patients in the diabetes clinic was higher than the global study. Hypertension, peripheral neuropathy, nephropathy, ≥10 year's duration of diabetic mellitus, insulin use and poor adherence to diabetes mellitus medications were among the factors significantly associated with proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

Early increase in HbA1c trajectory predicts development of severe microangiopathy in patients with type 1 diabetes: the VISS study

IntroductionTo study the HbA1c trajectory from the time of diagnosis to examine if patients at the greatest risk for severe microangiopathy can be identified early allowing clinicians to intervene as...

The incidence and prevalence of diabetic macular edema and proliferative diabetic retinopathy, their progression to visual impairment and patterns in their intravitreal treatment in the Finnish population.

The worldwide prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) continues to increase. As DM is linked to various ophthalmological comorbidities, it is crucial to understand the incidence and the treatment patterns of these complications to minimise the treatment burden for the patient and the healthcare system. This study aims to evaluate the incidence and prevalence of diabetic macular oedema (DME) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and to analyse intravitreal (IVT) treatment patterns and responses in the Finnish population with diabetes. A nationwide data register containing details of over 20-year-old individuals with diabetes was used in the analyses. The incidence and prevalence of DME and PDR among the Finnish population with diabetes either declined or remained stable during 2007-2017 (Incidence rate: DME -40.8%, PDR -65.3%; prevalence rate: DME +4.7%, PDR -11.2%). During the same period, number of persons suffering from diabetes increased by +58.3%. The total number of IVT injections increased by 261.7%; the number of patients receiving IVT treatments increased by 133.6% from 2011 to 2017, reflecting changes in patient numbers in the ophthalmology departments. Furthermore, irrespective of the rising number of patients with diabetes, the numbers with visual impairment declined by 75.8% among DME and by 75.7% among PDR patients in 2007-2017. Regardless of the considerable increase in the workload of ophthalmology departments, the healthcare system has been able to reduce both the age and sex standardised incidence of DME and PDR among the diabetic population suffering from a visual impairment associated with this disease.

Assessment of Prevalence and Risk Factors for Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Examined at a Tertiary Care.

Introduction: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus and the leading cause of visual impairment and blindness. The aim of the study was to estimate and compare the prevalence of DR and to determine an association between DR and systemic risk factors in hospitalized type 1 (DMT1) and type 2 (DMT2) diabetic patients. Material and methods: We analyzed 260 patients with diabetes, 43 with DMT1 and 217 with DMT2. The following data were collected: age, gender, type and duration of diabetes, glycemic control, blood pressure, estimated glomerular filtration rate, ophthalmologic examinations and routine biochemical parameters. Results: Out of the total number of 260 patients, 77 (29.6%) had non-proliferative DR (NPDR), 21 (8.1%) had proliferative DR (PDR), 29 (11.1%) had diabetic macular edema (DME), and 69 (23.5%) had diabetic cataracts. Forty-three (16.5%) patients were previously diagnosed with DMT1 and 217 (83.5%) with DMT2. The duration of diabetes was not significantly longer in DMT1 (12.8±11.2 years) in comparison to DMT2 (11.07±8.1 years). The prevalence of NPDR and PDR did not differ statistically in either groups. DME was more prevalent in DMT2 than in DMT1 (P<0.05). Diabetic cataract was found in 26.7% vs. 6.7% of patients with DMT2 and DMT1, respectively (p<0.01). The duration of diabetes significantly correlated with NPDR and PDR in DMT1 (r=o.31, p<0.05; r=0.55, p<0.001, respectively). In DMT2, significant correlations were found between the duration of diabetes and cataract, NPDR, PDR and DME (r=0.31, p<0.001; r=0.43 p<0.01, r=0.16 p<0.05 and r=0.20 p<0.01, respectively). Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) significantly correlated with PDR (r=0.258, p<0.05), while HbA1c with DME (r= 0.15 p<0.05). Conclusion: The duration of diabetes and hyperglycemia were associated with DR in both types of diabetes.

The non-linear link between remnant cholesterol and diabetic retinopathy: a cross-sectional study in patients with type 2 diabetic mellitus

ObjectiveResearch on residual cholesterol (RC) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) remains limited. As a result, the current study was designed to investigate the relationship between RC and DR in patients with type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM).MethodsThis cross-sectional study consecutively and non-selectively collected a total of 1964 type 2 diabetic mellitus patients in two hospitals in Taiwan from April 2002 to November 2004. A binary logistic regression model was then used to assess the independent relationship between RC level and DR and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). A generalized additive model (GAM) and smooth curve fitting were used to investigate the actual shape of the curve between them. It was stated that the data had been uploaded to the website:https://journals.plos.org/plosone.ResultsThe average age of the participants was 64.10+/− 11.32 years old, with 42.92% being male. The prevalence of DR and PDR was 35.13 and 18.13%, respectively. The mean RC level was 30.57 ± 14.60 mg/dL. We found no significant association between RC and DR (OR = 1.001; 95% CI 0.991, 1.011) or PDR (OR = 1.008; 95% CI 0.995, 1.021) based on a fully adjusted logistic regression model. Results remained robust across a series of sensitivity analyses. However, a non-linear relationship was detected between RC and DR. Using a two-piece logistic regression model and a recursive algorithm, we found an inflection point of RC was 13.0 mg/dL. A 1-unit increase in the RC level was associated with 19.4% greater adjusted odds of DR (OR = 1.194; 95% CI 1.070, 1.333) when RC < 13.0 mg/dL. There was also a non-linear relationship between RC and PDR, and the inflection point of the RC was 39.0 mg/dL. When RC < 39.0 mg/dL, a 1-unit increase in the RC level was associated with 2.1% greater adjusted odds of PDR (OR = 1.021; 95% CI 1.004, 1.038).ConclusionThis study demonstrates a non-linear relationship between RC and DR or PDR in type 2 diabetic mellitus patients. Our findings provide new insights into advancing research on the link between RC and DR or PDR.

Clinical and Molecular Characteristics of Diabetic Retinopathy and Its Severity Complications among Diabetic Patients: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a complication associated with uncontrolled DM. It is a leading preventable cause of visual impairment in the world and a cause of blindness in those under 75 years old in developing countries. We aimed to explore the prevalence and associated risk factors of DR among diabetic patients in the West Bank. Materials and Methods:A quantitative multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted in all West Bank cities. Nearly, 385 patients underwent a comprehensive eye examination in addition to blood and urine tests. A previously validated questionnaire for ocular examination classification was used together with a socio-demographic and past medical history information sheet. Results: The prevalence of all DR in the West Bank was 41.8%. The prevalence of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) was 50.3% (38.5% for mild NPDR, 10.6% for moderate NPDR and 1.2% for severe NPDR). The prevalence of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) was 9.9% and 39.7% for diabetic macular edema (DME) (17.4% for mild, 15.5% for moderate and 6.8% for severe DME). The prevalence of vision-threatening PDR and DME was 49.7% for both. In a univariate analysis, DR was significantly associated with body mass index; BMI (p = 0.035), DM duration (p = 0.002), Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (p = 0.034), glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) level (p = 0.016) andblood urea (BU) (p = 0.044). A multivariate analysis showed a strong significant association between DR andpatients who had DM for 10-19years (adjusted odds ratio; AOR (95%CI); 1.843 (1.05–3.22)), abnormal levels of LDL (AOR (95%CI); 0.50 (0.30–0.83)), abnormal levels of GOT (AOR (95%CI); 0.49 (0.27–0.89)), and overweight (AOR (95%CI); 0.39 (0.19–0.80)). Conclusions: We found that the prevalence of DR in Palestine was higher than the global prevalence. Referral coordination between ophthalmologists and internal physicians is necessary to better follow up with DR patients. An interventional educational program by clinicians and public health professionals is recommended.

Trends in diabetic eye disorders and associated comorbidities in Taiwan: a 10-year nationwide population-based cohort study

Background/aimsIn-depth analysis is needed to investigate trends in diabetic retinopathy (DR), diabetic macular oedema (DME) and associated comorbidities in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) so that we can...

Relationship Between Muscle Cramps and Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.

AimPatients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) often suffer from muscle cramps of varying severity. Studies have shown that muscle cramp is closely related to local microcirculation perfusion disorders. Diabetic retinopathy can not only reflect the microcirculation perfusion in the eye but also the systemic microcirculation in patients with diabetes. The aims of this study were to investigate the relationship between muscle cramps and diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes.MethodsA total of 150 adult patients with type 2 diabetes were enrolled and administered a questionnaire on muscle cramping, along with a visual analogue scale for pain. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) was determined by using fundus photography and graded as non-proliferative DR (NPDR) and proliferative DR (PDR). To assess whether there was an association between the muscle cramps and diabetic retinopathy, we conducted binomial logistic regression analysis.ResultsOur study revealed that 48% of patients with T2DM experienced muscle cramps in the past three months. Patients self-reported suffering from muscle cramps exhibited a higher prevalence of DR (61% vs 38%, P < 0.05) and PDR (22% vs 4%, P < 0.05) compared with patients without muscle cramps. Serum 25-(OH) vitamin D, calcium, and magnesium levels were not significantly different between patients with and without muscle cramps. After adjusting for age, duration of diabetes, HbA1c, vitamin D, potassium, calcium, and magnesium, we demonstrated that diabetic retinopathy (OR, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.01–4.69; P< 0.05) and albumin (OR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.82–1.00; P< 0.05) were highly associated with muscle cramps. Binomial logistic regression analysis also indicated that severity of DR is associated with muscle cramps. In addition, DR and PDR were found to be associated with muscle cramp frequency (P for trend < 0.05), duration (P for trend < 0.05), and pain severity (P for trend < 0.05).ConclusionMuscle cramps occur frequently in diabetes and are correlated with diabetic retinopathy and albumin. Patients with PDR exhibited a higher frequency, severity, and longer duration relative to those with NPDR or without DR. Our findings suggested that muscle cramps in individuals with T2DM might be a result of microvascular dysfunction. Modulation of microvascular perfusion might thus provide a therapeutic target for alleviating muscle cramps.

A meta-analysis of prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in Asia.

Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is a common microvascular complication of diabetes. This review reports the prevalence of DR in Asia and guides healthcare provision in screening and treatment. Medline was searched for articles describing the prevalence of DR in Asia. Statistical analysis was performed using freeman turkey double arcsine transformation and the DerSimonian and Laird model. The prevalence of DR was estimated according to the following subgroups: Economic status (High Income, Middle Income, Low Income), Country, and Ethnicity. The risk of bias of the articles was also assessed. A total of 66 studies were included, and out of 2,599,857 patients with diabetes, 201,646 were diagnosed with DR. The overall prevalence of DR, nonproliferative DR (NPDR), proliferative DR (PDR) and maculopathy were recorded at 21.7% (CI:19.1% - 24.6%), 19.9% (CI:17.3% - 22.8%), 2.3% (CI:1.6% - 3.4%) and 4.8% (CI:3.5% - 6.7%) respectively. Low-income countries had the lowest prevalence of DR, NPDR, PDR and maculopathy compared to the middle- and high-income countries. Middle-income countries had the highest prevalence of DR (23.9%; CI:19.4% - 29.2%), NPDR (21.1%; CI:17.0% - 25.9%), moderate NPDR (7.9%; CI: 5.7% - 11.0%), PDR (3.0%; CI: 1.8% - 4.9%) and maculopathy (4.7%; CI:3.0% - 7.4%), while high-income countries had the highest prevalence of mild (10.3%; CI:4.2% - 23.2%) and severe NPDR (3.0%; CI:1.0% - 8.4%). One in five people with diabetes have diabetic retinopathy. It is imperative that public healthcare take heeds to heighten the screening program to provide all patients with diabetes equitable access to DR screening and ophthalmology services.

Prevalence of undiagnosed diabetic retinopathy among inpatients with diabetes at a tertiary care hospital in Jammu Region (Jammu and Kashmir), India

Background: One of the most devastating consequences of diabetes is diabetic retinopathy (DR), a condition that poses significant financial and health-care burdens on individuals, health-care systems, and the global economy. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of DR in the inpatient diabetic population in the tertiary care hospital of the Jammu region (Jammu and Kashmir). Methods: This cross-sectional study had men and women over 18 years admitted to Government Medical College, Jammu with type 1 or type 2 diabetes based on a previous physician diagnosis or hemoglobin A1C ≥6.5% (48 mmol/mol) and were eligible to participate. The exclusion criteria included type 1 diabetes diagnosed within the past 5 years. In addition, data on secondary risk factors for retinopathy were collected, such as duration, hemoglobin A1C, and associated comorbidities. Results: Seventy-eight patients with a known diagnosis of diabetes mellitus were included in this study. The majority of the study participants, 56.4% (44/78) were male and were in the age group of 40–60 years. The majority, 57.7% (45/78) participants, were unaware that DR could affect their vision. The prevalence of proliferative DR and clinically significant macular edema was 3.8% (3/78 each). Conclusion: Our study suggests an increased prevalence of DR in the study population, which seems to be a concern.

Cerebral small-vessel disease is associated with the severity of diabetic retinopathy in type 1 diabetes

IntroductionCerebral small-vessel disease is common in neurologically asymptomatic individuals with type 1 diabetes. The retinal vasculature is thought to mirror the brain’s vasculature, but data on this association are limited...

Prevalence and incidence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in the UK population of Gloucestershire.

PurposeTo estimate prevalence and incidence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in a UK region by severity between 2012 and 2016 and risk factors for progression to proliferative DR (PDR).MethodsElectronic medical records from people with diabetes (PWD) ≥18 years seen at the Gloucestershire Diabetic Eye Screening Programme (GDESP) and the hospital eye clinic were analysed (HEC). Prevalence and incidence of DR per 100 PWD (%) by calendar year, grade and diabetes type were estimated using log‐linear regression. Progression to PDR and associated risk factors were estimated using parametric survival analyses.ResultsAcross the study period, 35 873 PWD had at least one DR assessment. They were aged 66 (56–75) years (median (interquartile range)), 57% male, 5 (1–10) years since diabetes diagnosis, 93% Type 2 diabetes. Prevalence of DR decreased from 38.9% (95% CI: 38.1%, 39.8%) in 2012 to 36.6% (95% CI: 35.9%, 37.3%) in 2016 (p < 0.001). Incidence of any DR decreased from 10.9% (95% CI: 10.4%, 11.5%) in 2013 to 8.5% (95% CI: 8.1%, 9.0%) in 2016 (p < 0.001). Prevalence of PDR decreased from 3.5% (95% CI: 3.3%, 3.8%) in 2012 to 3.1% (95% CI 2.9%, 3.3%) in 2016 (p = 0.008). Incidence of PDR did not change over time. HbA1c and bilateral moderate–severe NPDR were statistically significant risk factors associated with progression to PDR.ConclusionsIncidence and prevalence of DR decreased between 2012 and 2016 in this well‐characterized population of the UK.

Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy in Oman: A Two Decade National Study.

ObjectivesDiabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the major chronic diseases with a world prevalence of 8.5%. Oman has shown a consistent rise in the prevalence of DM, reaching 14.5% in 2017. A major complication of DM is diabetic retinopathy (DR). There is limited information available about the prevalence of DR and its subtypes in Oman. This is the largest national study conducted to determine the prevalence of DR and its subtypes in Oman.MethodsWe extracted the records of 2000 Omani patients with DM and retrospectively screened for DR, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) reported between 2000 and 2017. The sample included patients from 79 medical centers from all governorates of Oman. A total of 616 patients were included in the study. We investigated the prevalence of DR among both genders and different age groups. We studied the association between the progression of DM into DR.ResultsThe prevalence of DR, NPDR, and PDR within patients diagnosed with DM was 19.2% (95% confidence interval (CI): 16.2–22.5), 8.6% (95% CI: 6.6–11.1), and 1.3% (95% CI: 0.7–2.5), respectively. Moreover, females have shown a higher prevalence of any DR, compromising 60.2% of all patients diagnosed with DR, 62.3% of all NPDR patients, and 75.0% of all PDR patients. However, there was no significant association between sex and DR (p = 0.840). There was a significant association between having DM for 10 years and DR (p = 0.010).ConclusionsThe prevalence of DR increased from 14.3% in 2003 to 19.3% in 2017. Effective health policies and screening programs should be employed to control the increased prevalence of DM and DR.

Relation of Maximum Lifetime Body Mass Index with Age at Hemodialysis Initiation and Vascular Complications in Japan

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the association of the maximum lifetime body mass index (max BMI) with hemodialysis initiation and comorbidities in Japanese hemodialysis patients. Methods: In a retrospective cross-sectional study on 724 hemodialysis patients, max BMI, age at hemodialysis initiation, and comorbidities including sleep apnea syndrome, cerebro-cardiovascular diseases, and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) were analyzed. Early hemodialysis initiation was defined as age <50 years. Result: Diabetes patients showed a higher max BMI and prevalence of atherosclerotic diseases than nondiabetes patients, despite almost the same age at hemodialysis initiation. Patients with early hemodialysis initiation showed higher male ratio, prevalence of PDR, and max BMI than those with later initiation, despite almost equal prevalence of diabetes. Receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis determined a max BMI of 28.4 kg/m² as a reliable cutoff value for predicting early hemodialysis initiation, and this parameter was identified as an independent predictor of early hemodialysis initiation using bivariate logistic regression analysis. Vitrectomy for PDR also tended to contribute independently to early hemodialysis initiation. Conclusion: A high max BMI contributed to early hemodialysis initiation independent of diabetes. Furthermore, PDR was associated with a high max BMI and early hemodialysis initiation. These results suggest that weight reduction in young chronic kidney disease patients with obesity may prevent hemodialysis and blindness.

Severity of diabetic retinopathy and its relationship with age at onset of diabetes mellitus in India: A multicentric study.

Purpose:To present clinical profile and risk factors of sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy (STDR) among people with age of onset of diabetes (AOD) <25 versus ≥25 years.Methods:A retrospective chart analysis of consecutive patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR) n = 654) treated at 14 eye care centers across India between 2018 and 2019 was performed. Patients were divided into two groups, Group 1: AOD <25 years and Group 2: AOD ≥25 years. DR and diabetic macular edema (DME) were classified using the International Clinical Classification of DR severity scale. STDR included severe nonproliferative DR (NPDR), proliferative DR (PDR), and moderate to severe DME. A multilevel mixed-effects model was used for comparison between two groups: 1) Patients with DR and AOD <25 years and 2) Patients with DR and AOD ≥25 years. Bivariate and multivariate regression analyses were used to evaluate risk factors between the two groups.Results:A total of 654 patients were included, 161 (307 eyes) in AOD <25 and 493 (927 eyes) in AOD >25 group. There was a higher prevalence of PDR with high-risk characteristics in AOD <25 group (24% vs. 12%) at baseline and 12-month follow-up (25% vs. 6%); P < 0.001. Systolic hypertension and poor glycemic control were risk factors in both groups, with no difference in these modifiable risk factors between groups.Conclusion:People with youth-onset DM are likely to present with severer form of STDR despite similar modifiable risk factors. Therefore, strict control of systolic blood pressure, glycemic status, and regular screening for DR are recommended to reduce the risk of STDR irrespective of the age of onset of diabetes.

Can nasal septum deviation be one of the factors affecting diabetic retinopathy?

Aim: Information on the extraocular causes of diabetic retinopathy is limited. Therefore, when researching etiology in a patient with diabetic retinopathy, if glucose, blood pressure and cholesterol are normal, other reasons must be investigated. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of nasal septum deviation (NSD) on the presence and severity of diabetic retinopathy in patients with diabetes mellitus. Methods: This prospective case-control study included 100 eyes of 50 patients with only diabetes mellitus (DM+ NSD-, control group) and 120 eyes of 60 patients with DM and nasal septum deviation (DM+NSD+, NSD group). After evaluation of NSD patients using a nasal obstruction symptom evaluation scale (NOSE scale), 22 patients were classified as mild, 21 as moderate, and 17 as severe. Anterior segment and dilated fundus examinations were performed in all patients. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) was classified as mild, moderate, and severe non-proliferative DR and proliferative DR (PDR). Results: The mean age of patients in the NSD and control groups was 58.7 (15.2) years (range: 41–69) and 59.6 (8.1) years (range: 44–67), respectively. The prevalence of DR and PDR were 70% (n=14) and 30% (n=6), respectively, in the severe NSD group (P=0.045 and P=0.035, respectively). The relationship between PDR and other factors in patients with NSD were evaluated, and a correlation was detected with DM duration (P=0.024, OR=1.272), HbA1c (P=0.032, OR=3.085), and NOSE scale severity (P=0.040, OR=2.566). Conclusion: The results of the present study show an increased risk of DR and PDR in patients with severe NSD. In addition to other risk factors in PDR etiology, NSD should also be considered.

Gender Specific Distribution Of different patterns of Diabetic Retinopathy In Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. A Cross-Sectional Study From a tertiary care specialized center in Lahore, Pakistan

BACKGROUND:The patients of diabetic retinopathy are not aware of early retinal vascular dysfunction, which is a feature of diabetic retinopathy.&#x0D; AIM:This study aimed to detect the different patterns of diabetic retinopathy and distribution in different genders, at a tertiary care specialized center.&#x0D; MATERIALS AND METHODS:Consecutive patients attending the Diabetes Endocrine and Metabolic Center (DEMC) were consented and examined for a period of six months. Direct and indirect ophthalmoscopes were used by an ophthalmologist for fundus examination .Grading of the retinopathy patterns was done by  International Clinical Diabetic Retinopathy Disease Severity Scale (ICDRDSS). The data was analyzed using SPSS version 23.&#x0D; RESULTS: A total number of 250 patients were examined during the six months period of study. The frequency of diabetic retinopathy was more in females as compared to males. The incidence of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy was more in males as compared to females, and the prevalence of proliferative diabetic retinopathy was same in both genders. Greater number of females had clinically significant macular edema and advance diabetic retinopathy was observed in only males.&#x0D; CONCLUSION: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is common in our setup, with different genders having different prevalence of eye problems. A screening strategy system is needed to develop for the early detection and treatment of preventable cause of blindness in patients with type2 diabetes mellitus.

Early-onset type 2 diabetes: A high-risk factor for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) in patients with microalbuminuria.

We aim to explore the relationship between early-onset diabetes and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with microalbuminuria.A total of 461 T2DM patients with microalbuminuria were enrolled. Subjects were defined as early-onset or late-onset based on the age at which they were diagnosed with diabetes (<40 and ≥40 years, respectively). Medical history, anthropometry, and laboratory indicators were documented. PDR was defined as the presence of any of the following changes on fundus photography: neovascularization, vitreous hemorrhage, or preretinal hemorrhage.The prevalence of PDR was 6-fold higher in patients with early-onset than late-onset T2DM [(6.1% vs 1.0%), P = .004]. Univariate correlation analysis showed that early-onset diabetes, use of oral hypoglycemic drugs, and insulin therapy were risk factors for PDR. In multivariate logistic analysis, patients with early-onset diabetes exhibited a 7.00-fold [(95% confidence interval 1.40–38.26), P = .019] higher risk of PDR than subjects with late-onset diabetes after adjusting for sex; T2DM duration; systolic blood pressure; total triglyceride; glycated hemoglobin; insulin therapy; and the use of oral hypoglycemic drugs, antihypertensive drugs, and lipid-lowering drugs.In T2DM patients with microalbuminuria, early-onset diabetes is an independent risk factor for the development of PDR.

Serum uric acid is independently associated with diabetic nephropathy but not diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

This study aims to investigate the relationship between serum uric acid (SUA) and the severity of diabetic nephropathy (DN) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A total of 2961 patients were enrolled in the present cross-sectional study. The severity of DN was determined by 24-hour urinary albumin excretion (UAE), which was classified as normal (UAE <30 mg/24 h), microalbuminuria (UAE: 30-299 mg/24 h), and macroalbuminuria (≥300 mg/24 h). The severity of DR was determined by non-mydriatic retinal photography and was classified as non-diabetic retinopathy (NDR), non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), and proliferative DR (PDR). Patients with high SUA levels (≥420 μmol/L for males and ≥360 μmol/L for females) had a significantly higher prevalence of DN (UAE ≥30 mg/24 h, 39.3% vs 26.3%; p < 0.001), higher UAE levels (140 ± 297 vs 63 ± 175 mg/24 h; p < 0.001), and lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR; 79.3 ± 26.8 vs 96.8 ± 19.6 mL/min/1.73 m; p < 0.001), when compared with patients with normal SUA levels. However, the prevalence of DR, NPDR, or PDR did not differ. Furthermore, the concentration of SUA was higher in patients with higher severity of DN (all, p < 0.001) and patients with PDR (compared with NDR or NPDR, p < 0.05). SUA levels were positively associated with male gender, body mass index, the use of diuretics, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein, and UAE levels, whereas they were negatively correlated with high-density lipoprotein, fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, and eGFR. After adjustment, SUA remained significantly associated with UAE (r = 0.069, p < 0.001). For patients with T2DM, higher SUA levels are associated with higher UAE, lower eGFR, and higher prevalence of DN, but not DR.

High Glycosylated Haemoglobin Increase Prevalence of Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the microvascular complication in diabetes mellitus (DM). Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is an indicator that reflects the percentage of blood glucose tied to hemoglobin for the past three months. This study aims to determine if a high level of HbA1c increases the prevalence of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Cross-sectional study. The participants were DM patients who were diagnosed with PDR and NPDR for the first time and HbA1c level was checked in the laboratory. Of the 74 participants, 37 participants were PDR, and 37 participants were NPDR. The ratio of prevalence (PR) was 3.87, with Confident of Interval (CI 95%): 1.96-7.67 and p &lt; 0.001. Multivariate analysis shows Odd Ratio (OR) of HbA1c is 18.319 (5.334-62.919) and p &lt; 0.001. High level of HbA1c as a risk factor of high prevalence of PDR.