Prevalence Of Presbyopia Research Articles

High ambient temperature may induce presbyopia via TRPV1 activation.

The prevalence of presbyopia and nuclear cataracts (NUC) is reported to be higher in tropical areas than that in other regions, suggesting a potential influence of high temperatures on lens health. Transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) channels play a crucial role in detecting ambient temperatures across various species, with TRPV1 and TRPV4 expressed in lens epithelial cells. In this study, we investigated whether ambient temperatures affect TRPV1 and TRPV4 activity in the lens, potentially contributing to the development of presbyopia and NUC. We conducted experiments using cultured human lens epithelial cell lines under different temperature conditions. Our results revealed that the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 pathways, downstream molecules of TRPV1, were activated, while Src family kinase, a downstream molecule of TRPV4, was inhibited at 37.5°C culture compared to 35.0°C. Confocal microscope images demonstrated higher expression of TRPV1 in 3D-structured cells under high-temperature culture conditions. Additionally, in organ culture lenses, higher elasticity was observed at elevated temperatures compared to that at lower temperatures. These results suggest that high ambient temperatures may induce lens sclerosis via TRPV1 activation, potentially contributing to the development of presbyopia and NUC.

Understanding Presbyopia in Asmara: Prevalence, Association with Refractive Error, and Age-Based Addition.

Presbyopia is an age-related progressive decrease of near vision, corrected by near addition glasses. These age-appropriate glasses, however, vary across different geographical locations and populations. But there is no existing information on the age-based addition for Asmara and high number of uncorrected presbyopes, so this study determined the required age-based addition for the presbyopes in Asmara. A cross-sectional study was conducted on patients aged 35-60 years who visited all eye centers in the city. Patients with best-corrected visual acuity in both eyes better than 6/9 were included in the study. Near add was calculated using Monocular Estimation Method (MEM) and amplitude of accommodation results. Data entry and analysis were performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences v. 20. This study included 1310 participants of whom 48.5% were females and 51.5% were males. The prevalence of presbyopia was found to be 74.1% out of which 44% were females. There were 35.6% of the participants with a previous prescription for glasses, though only 24% of the participants presented with glasses on. Among the different occupational categories, laborers were the ones who had the highest number of presbyopes (79.5%), office workers (73%), and housewives (68.7%). The mean age of those with presbyopes was 49.5 ± 5.8 years. Multivariable analysis performed for presbyopia showed that older age and female sex were associated with a higher likelihood of presbyopia (<0.005). An addition table was prepared separately for males and females. On post-hoc tests, no significant association was found between the given and the different refractive status. The study showed that there is a high level of uncorrected presbyopes in the city, so the availability of refraction sites and glasses accessibility needs to increase. The near addition demand for this population varies from the previously stated amount in other countries. Therefore, guidelines specifically prepared for a society are necessary.

Working conditions and the prevalence of chronic non-communicable diseases among workers in the production of polyacrylonitrile fibers

Introduction. Ensuring safe working conditions and preventing health problems in the workplace is a priority measure for maintaining health and extending the working life of the working population.&#x0D; Materials and methods. The working conditions and chronic non-infectious morbidity (primary, accumulated) of workers in the production of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers were studied according to the data of in-depth medical examinations (2017–2021).&#x0D; Results. Workers of modern production of PAN fibers in the course of their work were shown to be exposed to the combined effects of a complex of chemicals of 1–4 hazard classes, industrial noise, severity and labour intensity, which form an occupational health risk, assessed by hygienic criteria in categories from small (class 3.1) to high (class 3.3). The first ranking places in the nosological structure of accumulated chronic non-infectious morbidity of workers were occupied by dorsalgia (24.23%), essential (primary) arterial hypertension (14.67%), obesity (9.9%) and presbyopia (8.87%). Positive associations of weak age strength with arterial hypertension, obesity, and presbyopia were revealed (Rxy=0.280, Rxy=0.121, Rxy=0.133, respectively). Work experience had a weak positive relationship with the prevalence of presbyopia (Rxy=0.239). A causal relationship was established between a moderate degree of diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (dorsalgia, the severity of the labour process (RR=1.893; EF=47.183%; CI=1.192–3.007), a relationship between a small degree of diseases of the eye and its adnexa with exposure acrylonitrile and methyl acrylate (RR=1.46; EF=31.522%; CI=1.970–1.082), which made it possible to attribute these pathologies to work-related diseases.&#x0D; Limitations determined by the study of the subject of research in the production of polyacrylonitrile fibers of one enterprise.&#x0D; Conclusion. Despite the modernization that has taken place in the chemical industry, working conditions in the modern production of PAN fibers continue to be harmful, presenting an occupational risk for the development of chronic non-communicable diseases in workers, which determines the relevance of developing evidence-based measures for their prevention.

Chord mu and chord alpha as postoperative predictors in multifocal intraocular lens implantation.

With the aging population, the prevalence of presbyopia and the popularity of multifocal intraocular lenses is also growing worldwide. Unfortunately, in some cases, they are still associated with postoperative visual disturbances. Recent literature started to evaluate angle kappa- and angle alpha-derived metrics of chord mu and chord alpha as possible predictive values for visual outcomes after multifocal intraocular lens implantation but the published results are inconsistent between studies. Thus, this article aims to review the role of chord mu and chord alpha as postoperative predictors after multifocal intraocular lens implantation and lay the foundation for further research. Relevant articles were identified using the following keywords: "presbyopia," "multifocal intraocular lens," "angle kappa," "angle alpha," "Chord mu," and "Chord alpha" up to June 2022. An attempt was made to present the majority of publications that addressed the topic. Chord mu and chord alpha have a predictive role on the outcomes after multifocal intraocular lens implantation but to a different extent. Cataract surgeons should take them into consideration and avoid implanting a multifocal intraocular lens for patients with speculated critical values of chord mu and alpha above 0.5-0.6mm, depending on the device used for measurement and the multifocal intraocular lens implanted. Currently, chord alpha seems to be a more stable, more widely applicable, and reliable determinant in predicting postoperative outcomes and in patient selection prior to multifocal intraocular lens implantation when compared to chord mu. To draw conclusions on the topic, a controlled study is needed.

Refractive error, eye care needs and attitude towards spectacle wearing among older Zanzibari craftswomen and implications for developing women-targeted services: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundAged Zanzibari women are in a disadvantaged position, having high demand for near-vision spectacles. Currently, there is no information on the eye health status of craftswomen, which makes planning a...

Potential productivity loss from uncorrected and under-corrected presbyopia in low- and middle-income countries: A life table modeling study.

ObjectiveTo estimate the burden of potential productivity losses due to uncorrected and under-corrected presbyopia in LMICs among the working-age population in both the cross-sectional and longitudinal manner.MethodsWe extracted data for the prevalence of presbyopia from the Global Burden of Diseases (GBD), Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019. Data for the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita were extracted from the World Bank database and Central Intelligence Agency's World Factbook. We introduced life table models to construct age cohorts (in 5-year age groups) of the working-age population (aged from 40 to 64 years old) in LMICs, with simulated follow-up until 65 years old in people with and without uncorrected presbyopia. The differences in productivity-adjusted life years (PALYs) lived and productivity between these two cohorts were calculated. The potential productivity loss was estimated based on GDP per capita. The WHO standard 3% annual discount rate was applied to all years of life and PALYs lived.ResultsIn 2019, there were 238.40 million (95% confidence interval [CI]: 150.92–346.78 million) uncorrected and under-corrected presbyopia cases in LMICs, resulting in 54.13 billion (current US dollars) (95% confidence interval [CI]: 34.34–79.02 billion) potential productivity losses. With simulated follow-up until retirement, those with uncorrected and under-corrected presbyopia were predicted to experience an additional loss of 155 million PALYs (an average loss of 0.7 PALYs per case), which was equivalent to a total loss of US$ 315 billion (an average loss of US$ 1453.72 per person).ConclusionsOur findings highlight the considerable productivity losses due to uncorrected and under-corrected presbyopia in LMICs, especially in a longitudinal manner. There is a great need for the development of enabling eye care policies and programs to create access to eye care services, and more healthcare investment in the correction of presbyopia in the working-age population in LMICs. This study could provide evidences for some potential health-related strategies for socio-economic development.

Prevalence of Presbyopia, Spectacle Correction Coverage and Unmet Need, among Adults in Cross River State, Nigeria.

Purpose: To determine the prevalence of presbyopia, spectacle correction coverage and its unmet needs among adults 35 years and above in the study area.Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study design used multistage cluster random sampling procedure to select the 616 adults. Data was collected using an interviewer administered semi-structured questionnaire. Visual acuity at distance and near was tested with Snellen’s chart at 6m and 40cm respectively. This was followed by eye examination. Presbyopia was defined as near visual acuity of N8 or worse. Relationship between variables were determined using chi square and multivariate analysis at 5% significant level.Results: The average age of participants was 48.1 years ± 10.4 (range, 35-88 years) and 330 (53.6 %) were males. The prevalence of presbyopia was 73.2% (95% Confidence interval [CI]: 69.5, 76.7). Multiple regression analysis showed that, female sex (Adjusted odds ratio [AOR] =1.58 (95% CI: 1.02, 2.38), older age (AOR =3.29 (95% CI: 1.02, 13.6), unemployment (β = 0.47, p = 0.016, AOR =1.59 (95% CI: 1.26, 4.55), lack of formal education (β = -3.67, p &lt; 0.001, AOR =0.03 (95% CI: 0.007, 0.09) were significantly associated with presbyopia. The spectacle correction coverage and unmet presbyopic need were 40.8%, and 59.2% respectively.Conclusion: The Prevalence of presbyopia and unmet presbyopic correction were high among the participants. This can be addressed through awareness creation and provision of accessible and affordable primary eye care services in the communities.

Prevalence of Presbyopia, Near-spectacle Use and Near Vision Spectacle Coverage among Cosmetologists in Mushin Local Government Area of Lagos State, Nigeria.

To determine the prevalence of presbyopia, near vision spectacle use, and near vision spectacle coverage among cosmetologists in Mushin Local Government Area of Lagos State with the view of creating awareness, improving productivity and quality of life. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study, conducted among 251 cosmetologists aged ≥ 30 years. All participants had a standardized protocol including visual acuity assessment (distance and near), anterior and posterior segment examinations, and refraction. Spectacle usage, work, productivity impact, and near vision-related quality of life (NVQoL) information were obtained with the 12-item Near Vision-Related Quality of Life Questionnaire, the Spectacle Usage section of the World Health Organisation (WHO) Spectacle and Work Productivity Questionnaire. Data obtained was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 23 (IBM Corp. Armonk, NY). Two hundred and fifty-one cosmetologists were studied with a male to female ratio of 1:6.4 and overall mean age of 43.9 ± 6.5 years. The prevalence of presbyopia was 67.3% and the unmet need was 51.3%. Eighty-four percent of presbyopic participants reported severe difficulty with their NVQoL compared to 16% of non-presbyopes. There was a statistically significant association between uncorrected presbyopia and reduced NVQoL (P < 0.001). This study demonstrated a relatively high prevalence of presbyopia, high unmet need, and a significant reduction in the near vision-related quality of life. This indicates the need for improved access to refractive services and spectacles among this group of artisans in whom near vision plays an indispensable role.

Prevalence of presbyopia, spectacles coverage and barriers for unmet need among adult population of rural Jhajjar, Haryana.

Background:Presbyopia is a major cause for near visual impairment among adults. Presbyopia induced visual impairment can be corrected easily by spectacles. We aimed to study the prevalence of presbyopia among adults aged ≥35 years and spectacles coverage among them. We also studied the unmet need for presbyopia along with the barriers to uptake of services.Methods:This is a population-based cross-sectional study conducted among adults aged ≥35 years in a rural district of Haryana. Near vision assessment and semistructured interview schedule were administered by a team of trained ophthalmic assistant, social worker and health assistant.Results:A total of 3832 adults aged ≥35 years were enumerated, from which 3246 (84.7%) were examined. Prevalence of presbyopia was found to be 42.9% (95% confidence interval 41.2–44.6). Participants with increasing age, literacy and women had higher prevalence, and those that were employed and belonged to below poverty line economic status had lower prevalence of presbyopia. Spectacles coverage among presbyopes was found to be 25.8%. There was an inverse association between unmet need for presbyopia and women, increasing education status and office work. Lack of felt need and personal reasons were the most common barriers for unmet need due to presbyopia.Conclusions:There is high prevalence of presbyopia among adult population, with spectacles coverage being low. Awareness activities along with affordable, accessible and socially acceptable services for those affected with presbyopia would be one of the key components of management.

Prevalence, risk factors and association with glycemic levels of presbyopia in South Indian population.

Purpose:To determine the prevalence of presbyopia and its association with elevated glycemic levels in subjects ≥40 years of age in the South Indian population of Chennai.Methods:This was a retrospective study. Subjects were included from the Sankara Nethralaya Diabetic Retinopathy Epidemiology And Molecular genetics Study (SN-DREAMS 1). Demographic data, detailed medical and ocular history, comprehensive eye examination, and biochemical investigations were performed. Glycosylated hemoglobin results were categorized as controls (4%–5.6%), prediabetic (5.7%–6.4%), and diabetic (≥6.5%) groups. The given presbyopic correction was divided into two groups as within and outside donders limit. Prevalence rates and mean values were determined and compared among the three glycemic groups. The Student t test, the Chi-square test, and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed.Results:The overall prevalence of presbyopia from our previously conducted SN-DREAMS 1 population of 1414 patients was 79.77% (95% CI: 0.775–0.818). In total, 1128 participants were included for our current secondary analysis with a mean age of 54.40 years (range: 40–83). The number of subjects within and outside donders limit was 1044 (92.55%) and 84 (7.44%), respectively. In each age group (40–49, 50–59, ≥60) regardless of being within or outside donders limits, an increasing trend in the prevalence of presbyopia was noted based on increasing glycemic levels.Conclusion:Our study demonstrated a high prevalence of presbyopia in the South Indian population of Chennai. Findings show that the prevalence of presbyopia in different age groups increases with worsening diabetes status.

Refractive errors and spectacle compliance among truckers in India

Introduction: Reliable data on eye health among Indian truckers are scanty. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of refractive errors and the subsequent long-term spectacle compliance and suggest appropriate strategies to improve these in this population.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between October 2017 and March 2018 among truckers. Gross ophthalmologic examination was performed, including visual acuity and refraction. Six months to one-year post provision of spectacles, follow-up with truckers was undertaken to understand the spectacle usage patterns and its compliance. Descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests were conducted to assess the association between the type of refractive errors, spectacle compliance, and select sociodemographic and clinical variables.Results: A total of 709 (78.8%) truckers completed interviews and gross eye examination. The prevalence of any refractive errors in the worst eye was 45.8% (95% CI 42.1%–49.6%). The prevalence of presbyopia with or without distance vision was 33% (95% CI 29.6%–36.6%) and myopia with or without astigmatism was 10% (95% CI 7.9%–12.5%). Among those who were prescribed spectacles, 27.1% needed distance correction, 33.8% needed near correction, and 39.1% needed both, at least in one eye. Long-term spectacle compliance was at 54.7%. The predominant barriers for spectacle compliance were “did not collect” (63.9%), followed by “discomfort” (20.8%).Conclusion: The prevalence of uncorrected refractive errors was high among truckers. Long-term spectacles compliance was moderate. There is an urgent need for tailor-made targeted interventions to address the eye health needs of truckers in India.

The impact of presbyopia on quality of life in rural Nigeria

Purpose: To determine the impact of presbyopia on quality of life in individuals aged 35years and above in a rural community in Kwara State, Nigeria.Methods: A cross sectional descriptive survey of people aged 35years and above in Esie was carried out between May and June, 2013. A total of 404 subjects were enrolled into the study by a multistage sampling procedure. Presbyopia was determined as presenting near vision &lt;N8 at 40cm. Interviewer administered structured questionnaires were used to collect subjects' information. A validated instrument was used to assess near visual function and quality of life.Results : Three hundred and thirty five(335) subjects aged 35-100 were included with 24 subjects not being available for examination and 45 subjects excluded based on the visual acuity cut off point. The prevalence of presbyopia was 59.7%. Being presbyopic was associated with more difficulty with reading (p value &lt; 0.0001), writing (p 0.005), sorting stones from rice (p 0.033), threading needles (p&lt; 0.0001) and seeing mobile phone numbers (p 0.006). Presbyopes were less satisfied with their near vision and required help from others more than non presbyopes (p&lt;0.0001). There was no difference in social functioning between the two groups.Conclusion: Presbyopia contributes significantly to reduction in visual function and quality of life in this study. This reduction was significant in activities impacting family care and economy irrespective of educational status and far beyond difficulties with reading. Presbyopic correction should be offered to every presbyope in order to reverse the reduction in quality of life associated with presbyopia even in rural communities.Keywords: presbyopia, rural community, visual function, quality of lifeSavannah Journal of Medical Research and Practice 2017;6(2):09-15

Presbyopia and Other Eye Conditions in Teachers in Ghana.

The aim of this paper is to assess the eye health needs of school teachers in the Asutifi districts of Ghana. Presenting distance visual acuity was measured in each eye. Those with visual acuity of <6/12 in one or both eyes had subjective refraction. All underwent basic eye examination and near functional vision was assessed for teachers aged ≥35 years using the Near Activity Visual Questionnaire (NVAQ). Teachers with uncorrected presbyopia were given a near correction and NVAQ was assessed again at two weeks. Three hundred teachers were examined with mean (SD) age of 36.5 (9.7) years, 54.3% were male and 6.3% (95% CI: 3.8 to 9.8%) had a presenting acuity of <6/12 in one or both eyes. The estimated prevalence of moderate visual impairment was 0.7% (95% CI: 0.08 to 2.4%). Lens opacities (50%) and refractive error (18%) were the main causes of visual loss. Seventy-five out of 136 (55.1%, 95% CI: 46.6 to 63.4%) of teachers aged ≥35 years were presbyopic, 45.3% (95% CI: 36.9 to 53.7%) of whom had presbyopic correction. Lack of awareness was the major barrier to presbyopic correction. Median Rasch score for teachers given presbyopic correction (n = 39) decreased by 60.6% from 46.0 (IQR: 10.7 to 72.8) to 18.1 (IQR: 0 to 58.9) and overall satisfaction with near vision improved at follow up. Prevalence of presbyopia was high, and spectacles improved satisfaction with near vision.

Prevalence of Refractive Error, Presbyopia, and Spectacle Coverage in Bogotá, Colombia: A Rapid Assessment of Refractive Error.

Uncorrected refractive error is the leading cause of visual impairment; therefore, reducing its prevalence is important worldwide. For two decades, there has not been a comprehensive assessment of refractive error in Latin America. The purpose of this study was to determine the current prevalence of refractive error, presbyopia, spectacle coverage, barriers to uptake refractive services, and spectacle correction in people 15 years and older in Bogotá, Colombia. A cross-sectional community-based survey was conducted using 50 randomly selected clusters from 10 districts of Bogotá reflecting the socioeconomic status of the city. Respondents 15 years and older were interviewed and underwent standardized clinical eye examinations. Prevalence of uncorrected refractive error, spectacle coverage, and visual impairment were standardized to 2015 age-sex population distribution of Bogotá and further analyzed. A total of 2886 subjects (90% of 3206 eligible subjects) participated in the study; 39.1% were male and 60.9% were female in the age range of 15 to 96 years, with a median age of 46 years (interquartile range, 45 to 54 years). Age- and sex-standardized prevalence of visual impairment was 19.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 17.8 to 20.8%). Prevalence of uncorrected refractive error was 12.5% (95% CI, 11.3 to 13.7%). Prevalence of presbyopia among participants 35 years and older was 55.2% (95% CI, 52.9 to 57.4%). Spectacle coverage was 50.9% for distance vision, and it was 33.9% for presbyopia. Main barrier to spectacle uptake was a limitation in affording spectacles because of economic factors (29.5%). This study provides a current estimate of refractive error using the Rapid Assessment of Refractive Error for Colombia and the Latin American region. The prevalence of uncorrected refractive error and presbyopia was high, and the barriers to spectacle uptake were higher in the lowest socioeconomic strata. The results obtained in the present study will help in making evidence-based decisions related to eye care service delivery in Colombia.

Presbyopia and Vision-related Quality of Life in Calabar South, Nigeria

Aim: To determine the magnitude of presbyopia and the effect of uncorrected presbyopia on vision-related quality of life in Calabar South, Nigeria.&#x0D; Study Design: A community-based, descriptive cross-sectional study.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Calabar South Local Government Area, Nigeria, between November 2016 and February 2017.&#x0D; Methods: We included 422 adults (198 men, 224 women) aged 35 years and above, selected by cluster random sampling. Subjective distance refraction was done on all participants with distant visual acuity less than 6/6. Near visual acuity was assessed at 40 centimetres with a Times Roman near vision (British N system) chart, with distant correction in place if required. Presbyopia was defined as inability to read N8 at 40 centimetres unaided or with habitually worn distance refractive correction, with improvement of near vision by at least one line on a Times Roman near vision chart with use of a plus lens. An adapted and validated quality of life questionnaires were administered to the participants.&#x0D; Results: A total of 422 participants were examined and interviewed. The prevalence of presbyopia was 55.5%. There was no significant association between gender and prevalence of presbyopia. The presbyopia correction coverage in the study population was 38.0% with a strong positive correlation between age and the required near vision spectacle lens power (r = 0.88, p &lt; .001). Another key finding was a significant association between uncorrected presbyopia and reduced quality of life.&#x0D; Conclusion: This study has demonstrated that the burden of presbyopia in the study population is enormous in spite of the fact that it has a cost effective intervention. The key findings in this study underscore the need to scale up presbyopic correction services in the study area.

Ambient PM2.5 and O3 and their combined effects on prevalence of presbyopia among the elderly: A cross-sectional study in six low- and middle-income countries

BackgroundAmbient air pollutant directly contacts with the eyes, however, the effect of ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) on vision impairment, such as presbyopia, has been kept largely unknown. MethodsWe surveyed a total of 36,620 participants aged 50 years and above in six low- and middle-income countries. Ambient annual concentrations of PM2.5 and O3 for the residential community were estimated using satellite data and chemical transport model. A mixed effects model was utilized to assess the effects of ambient PM2.5 and O3 on presbyopia, as well as their combined effects. ResultsA total of 13,841 presbyopia cases were identified among the participants with a prevalence rate of 41.17%. For both PM2.5 and O3, we found a J-shaped exposure-response relationship with the threshold being identified at 15 μg/m3 for PM2.5 and 55 μg/m3 for O3. The odds ratio (OR) of presbyopia was 1.15 (95% CI: 1.09, 1.21) for each 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 above 15 μg/m3 and 1.37 (95% CI: 1.23, 1.54) for O3 above 55 μg/m3 after adjusting for various potential confounding factors. There appeared to be a synergistic interaction between ambient PM2.5 and O3 on presbyopia in the additive model, the combined effect was significantly larger than the sum of their individual effects, with a synergistic index of 2.39. ConclusionThis study supports that exposures to ambient PM2.5 and O3 might be important risk factors of presbyopia among old adults, and simultaneously exposure to high level of the two pollutants could intensify their individual effects.

Global Prevalence of Presbyopia and Vision Impairment from Uncorrected Presbyopia: Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Modelling

Presbyopia prevalence and spectacle-correction coverage were estimated by systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiologic evidence, then modeled to expand to country, region, and global estimates. Understanding presbyopia epidemiologic factors and correction coverage is critical to overcoming the burden of vision impairment (VI) from uncorrected presbyopia. We performed systematic reviews of presbyopia prevalence and spectacle-correction coverage. Accepted presbyopia prevalence data were gathered into 5-year age groups from 0 to 90 years or older and meta-analyzed within World Health Organization global burden of disease regions. We developed a model based on amplitude of accommodation adjusted for myopia rates to match the regionally meta-analyzed presbyopia prevalence. Presbyopia spectacle-correction coverage was analyzed against country-level variables from the year of data collection; variation in correction coverage was described best by a model based on the Human Development Index, Gini coefficient, and health expenditure, with adjustments for age and urbanization. We used the models to estimate presbyopia prevalence and spectacle-correction coverage in each age group in urban and rural areas of every country in the world, and combined with population data to estimate the number of people with near VI. We estimate there were 1.8 billion people (prevalence, 25%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.7-2.0 billion [23%-27%]) globally with presbyopia in 2015, 826 million (95% CI, 686-960 million) of whom had near VI because they had no, or inadequate, vision correction. Global unmet need for presbyopia correction in 2015 is estimated to be 45% (95% CI, 41%-49%). People with presbyopia are more likely to have adequate optical correction if they live in an urban area of a more developed country with higher health expenditure and lower inequality. There is a significant burden of VI from uncorrected presbyopia, with the greatest burden in rural areas of low-resource countries.

The Prevalence of Presbyopia in optometry clinic for one year

Presbyopia is a natural part of the aging process of the eye in which the loss of flexibility of the crystalline lens takes place over a number of years. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of presbyopia for all cases in the clinic of optometry in Erbil Technical Medical Institute for one year. During the study period optometric and ophthalmologic examinations were performed on all participants. Near vision was tested and corrected to the nearest 0.5 diopters. Presbyopia was defined as at least 1 line of improvement on a near visual acuity chart with an addition of a plus lens. presbyopic correction coverage was calculated and the results were analyzed using SPSS Program. A total of 750 participants' records were evaluated. Of those, 450 cases were females and 300 cases were males. Two hundred-twenty –five (30 %) of patients were presbyopia. Fifty-one patients of presbyopic patients (22.66%) were with ages between 39-45 year, seventy-five patients (33.33%) were with ages between 46-50 year, forty patients (17.77%) were with ages between 51-55 year, seventeen patients (7.55%) were with ages between 56-60, thirteen patients (5.77%) were with ages between 61-65 year, twenty patients (8.88%) were with ages between 66-70 year, six patients (2.66%) were with ages between 71-76 year, three patients (1.33%) were with ages between 76-80 year. Our study is the first population-based investigation of presbyopia in Erbil Clinics, with the aim of determining the prevalence of presbyopia in the clinic of Optometry that it is a sample of Kurdistan Region population. The results of this study indicate that the presbyopia was a common problem of the vision in Erbil.

Prevalence of Presbyopia, Presbyopia Correction Coverage and Barriers to Uptake Eye-Care Services for Near-Vision Impairments among Indigenous Population in Northern part of Bangladesh

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A Review of Presbyopia Treatment with Corneal Inlays.

The prevalence of presbyopia continues to increase every year. The therapeutic approaches to presbyopia cover the spectrum of non-surgical to surgical techniques. With recent advances in biocompatible materials, corneal inlays make a strong case for their place within the treatment spectrum. This article takes a closer look at three of the current corneal inlay models: KAMRA, Raindrop, and Presbia Flexivue Microlens. Each design approach and mode of action is described with data from key clinical trials. Furthermore, the ability to choose the most suitable corneal inlay is presented by comparing each model and identifying their similarities and differences. The article then concludes by touching on the future of corneal inlays, looking at associated conditions and complications and how to manage them, as well as an expert’s personal point of view of enhanced ideas for continuing the growth and success of corneal inlays in the market.