Prevalence Of Postnatal Depression Research Articles

The prevalence of postnatal depression and associated factors among clinic attendees in Maseru, Lesotho

The purpose of the study was to screen for postnatal depression (PND) symptoms among women attending primary health care (PHC) facilities within Maseru City Council in Lesotho. The Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale (EPNDS) was used to screen for PND symptoms in a sample of 393 postnatal mothers, and a quantitative questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic data. The Pearson chi-test of association was used to explore associations between socio-demographic variables and EPND scores (p<0.05). The ages of the participants ranged from 17 to 40, with a mean of 27 years. Most were married (n = 310, 78.88%) and unemployed (n = 254, 64.63%), with high school as their highest level of education (n = 272, 69.21%). The majority (n = 312, 79.6%) had between 1 and 2 children. A third of the sample were HIV positive (n = 117, 29.77%). The prevalence of PND symptoms was 43%. Social support, financial support from the partner, relationships with the partner, knowledge of HIV status, and having experienced a severe financial crisis were significantly associated with PND symptoms. On multivariate logistic regression, only financial support from a partner and having experienced a severe financial crisis remained significantly associated with the development of PND (p = 0.05). Risk factors for PND are mostly socio-economic. The high prevalence of PND highlighted the need to integrate routine screening of mothers for PND, which will enable early diagnosis and treatment and thus contribute to the improvement of maternal and child well-being in the country.

Prevalence of Postnatal Depression in Fathers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract Background and Aim Postnatal depression (PND) can affect both genders, but the common misconception is that it only affects mothers. Increasing literature reports that 10% of the fathers experience PND after childbirth. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to determine the pooled estimated prevalence of PND among fathers in the postnatal period and identify its risk factors. Materials and Methods The electronic databases PubMed, ProQuest, BASE, DOAJ, ResearchGate, Semantic Scholar, and BioMed Central were searched for related open-access articles published between January 2010 and March 2021. Finally, 15 articles met inclusion criteria. A random-effects model was used to calculate pooled estimates and 95% confidence intervals. Results The pooled prevalence of PND in fathers was 24.06%. Partner's depression, lack of social support, poor marital relationship, low income, and low education were all shown to raise the risk of PND in fathers. Conclusion PND in fathers is a serious concern. Early identification and treatment decrease the detrimental impact on mother and child while further improving quality of life.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the prevalence of postnatal depression in Singapore

Postnatal depression is a critical public health issue with substantial impact on child development outcomes and family functioning. With the additional stressors that arose during the COVID-19 pandemic, the impact on global mental health has been marked. This study aims to examine the change in the prevalence of postnatal depression (PND) in Singaporean women before the onset of the pandemic and during the pandemic period. A single-center observational cross-sectional study was conducted at Kandang Kerbau Women’s and Children’s Hospital (KKH) where women were screened for postnatal depression using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). High scorers on EPDS (EPDS≥13) were considered probable cases of postnatal depression. The prevalence of high EPDS scorers increased from 4.9% in 2019 to 6.5% in 2021, which was statistically significant ( p = .028). The total number of women who received screening for postnatal depression at KKH increased by 42.6% in 2021 compared to 2019, whilst the numbers identified as probable cases increased by 91% over the same period. The prevalence of PND in Singapore significantly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Postpartum health of working mothers: A prospective study.

Most working women experience poor physical and mental health during their postpartum period. This prospective study aimed to describe the physical and mental health issues faced by working mothers during their postpartum period. Respondents were recruited using the proportional sampling method among mothers who attended the Maternal and Child Health Clinic in the Kuching division in Sarawak, Malaysia. Face-to-face interview was conducted using a questionnaire that consisted of items on socio-demographic data as well as perinatal, prenatal and postpartum factors, and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and a checklist of 28 specific postpartum symptoms were used during the first 6 weeks and after 12 weeks of childbirth. A total of 281 respondents participated in this study. Fatigue (42.7%), back or neck pain (36.3%), breast discomfort (16.4%), dizziness (13.5%) and nipple irritation (11.0%) were among the most common symptoms experienced by the mothers during the first 6 weeks after childbirth. There was a significant decrease in the physical symptom scores of the respondents from the first 6 weeks to after 12 weeks of childbirth (1.73±1.96 vs 0.16±0.42; P<0.0005). A significant decrease was also found in the depression scores (6.26±4.26 vs 1.35±1.85, P<0.0005). The prevalence of postnatal depression was higher during the first 6 weeks of postpartum than after 12 weeks of postpartum. Screening and treatment of poor postpartum mental health among working women are essential owing to the impacts on occupational outcomes.

Postnatal depression and its social-cultural influences among adolescent mothers: A cross sectional study.

In rural Malawi, adolescent mothers represent 31% of pregnancies. While some adolescent mothers experience motherhood as an exciting, positive, and affirming experience, for others, it may increase their risk of postnatal depression (PND). Social norms and culture contribute to adolescent mothers' experiences and may influence their mental health. However, there is limited research around the prevalence of PND and its cultural influences among adolescent mothers. A cross-sectional survey was administered from 7th September 2021 to 31st March 2022. Three hundred and ninety-five adolescent postnatal mothers aged ≤19 were conveniently recruited at Mitundu hospital in Lilongwe, Malawi. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale was used to assess depression. A cutoff point of ≥ 10 was employed to categorize probable PND. Binary logistic regression was used to determine the predictors of depression. The mean age of participants was 17 (SD 1.157). and 43.6% (n = 172) presented with PND (EPDS scores ≥10). When all factors were considered in a binary logistic model, adolescents who had ever experienced intimate partner violence (IPV) were 13.6 times more likely to report PND after controlling for age and other predictors compared to those without an experience of IPV (aOR 13.6, p = 0.01, 95% CI 2.10-88.9). Participants whose families did not decide for them (regarding their care) were 2.3 times more likely to present with PND than those whose families decided for them (aOR 2.3 p = 0.03, 95% CI 1.04-5.2). Adolescent mothers who had interacted with their health worker were less likely to report PND than those who had no interaction with the health worker (aOR 0.4 P0.02, CI 0.17-0.67). Social and cultural factors can impact mental health of adolescent mothers. It is recommended that targeted and integrated interventions are developed, implemented. and evaluated. There is a need to improve policy and practice to better support adolescent mothers postnatally.

Postnatal maternal mental health and postnatal attachment.

Maternal mental illness has a significant influence on negative maternal and childhood outcomes. Few studies have focused on both maternal depression and anxiety, or explored the interplay of maternal mental illness and the mother-infant bond. We aimed to examine the relationship between early postnatal attachment and mental illness at 4 and 18 months postpartum. This was a secondary analysis of 168 mothers recruited from the BabySmart Study. All women delivered healthy term infants. Depression and anxiety symptoms were measured via the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and Beck's Depression and Anxiety Inventory at 4 and 18 months respectively. Maternal Postnatal Attachment Scale (MPAS) was completed at 4 months. Negative binomial regression analysis investigated associated risk factors at both time points. The prevalence of postpartum depression fell from 12.5% at 4 months to 10.7% at 18 months. Anxiety rates increased from 13.1% to 17.9% at similar time points. At 18 months, both symptoms were new in almost two-thirds of women, 61.1% and 73.3% respectively. There was a strong correlation between the anxiety scale of the EPDS and the total EPDS p-score (R=0.887, p<0.001). Early postpartum anxiety was an independent risk factor for later anxiety and depression. High attachment scores were an independent protective factor for depression at 4 months (RR=0.943, 95%CI: 0.924-0.962, p<0.001) and 18 months (RR=0.971, 95%CI: 0.949-0.997, p=0.026), and protected against early postpartum anxiety (RR=0.952, 95%CI: 0.933-0.97, p<0.001). The prevalence of postnatal depression at 4 months was similar to national and international rates, although clinical anxiety increased over time with almost 1 in 5 women scoring in the clinical anxiety range at 18 months. Strong maternal attachment was associated with decreased reported symptoms of both depression and anxiety. The effect of persistent maternal anxiety on maternal and infant health needs to be determined.

Maternal mental health and caregiver competence of HIV-positive and negative women caring for their singleton newborns in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Background. Maternal mental health during the perinatal period has been of interest to many researchers, with antenatal depression and postnatal depression (PND) being a leading cause of morbidity. The adverse effects of maternal depression on the offspring throughout infancy, childhood and adolescence are well documented. Studies on the mental health of persons living with HIV have also reported a high prevalence of depression.&#x0D; Objectives. To describe the prevalence of PND in a sample of HIV-positive and HIV-negative mothers delivering healthy singleton infants at one obstetric unit in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) Province, South Africa, and the subsequent factors influencing neonatal behaviour and perceptions of caregiver competence. Correlations between the presence of PND and perceptions of caregiver competence (with the mother as caregiver), and between infant behaviour, the mother’s confidence in her competence as caregiver, and demographic and medical variables, were also examined.&#x0D; Methods. Demographic and clinical data were collected from 132 mothers at initial contact and from 32 mothers at the 6-week follow-up appointment. Mothers independently completed the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale at each time point, and the Mother and Baby Scales (MABS) at the 6-week follow-up appointment.Results. The prevalence of depression among all mothers at initial contact was 72.0%, remaining high (68.8%) among the mothers who returned for follow-up. There was a statistically significant correlation between depression and employment at follow-up (p=0.013), and between depression and delivery method (p=0.030). The majority of mothers reported being ‘able to laugh and see the funny side of things’ and ‘looking forward with enjoyment to things’ at initial contact and follow-up. Thoughts of self-harm were reported by 44.7% of mothers at baseline, and by 53.1% at follow-up. Although most infants scored in the average clinical band for neonatal behavioural factors in the MABS, mothers reported lack of confidence, globally and in caring for their infant.&#x0D; Conclusion. This study of maternal mental health of a sample of HIV-positive and HIV-negative mothers of infants in KZN revealed a higher prevalence of PND than reported in other studies. This population of mothers and infants is at risk of adverse outcomes of maternal depression, in addition to other possible risk factors.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Acceptance Mindfulness-Trait as a Protective Factor for Post-Natal Depression: A Preliminary Research.

(1) Background: the prevalence of postnatal depression (PND) reaches up to 20%. PND could be based on the interaction between a psychological vulnerability and chronic stress that pregnancy would activate. Vulnerability factors reflect a psychological profile mirroring mindfulness-trait (MT). A high level of MT is associated with an efficient regulation of both physiological and psychological stress, especially negative moods. Interestingly, mindfulness level can be improved by program based on mindfulness meditation. We hypothesize that MT is a protective factor for PND. We also postulate that negative moods increase during the pregnancy for women who develop a PND after delivery (2) Methods: we conducted a multicentric prospective longitudinal study including 85 women during their first trimester of their pregnancy and 72 from the childbirth to the baby’s first birthday”. At the inclusion, presence and acceptance of MT and various variables of personality and of psychological functioning were assessed. Mood evolution was monitored each month during the pregnancy and a delivery trauma risk was evaluated after delivery. PND detection was carried out at 48 h, 2, 6 and 12 months after the delivery with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale with a screening cut-off >11. (3) Results: high-acceptance MT is a protective factor for PND (OR: 0.79). Women without PND displayed less negative mood during pregnancy (p < 0.05 for Anxiety, Confusion and Anger). (4) Conclusions: these results suggest the value of deploying programs to enhance the level of mindfulness, especially in its acceptance dimension, before, during and after pregnancy, to reduce the risk of PND.

Prevalence and risk factors associated with postnatal depression in a South African primary care facility

Background: The prevalence and factors that influence postnatal depression (PND) vary according to context. Objective: To determine the prevalence and factors associated with PND in the postnatal clinic of a large community health centre. Method: In a cross-sectional study, the Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was administered on 227 consecutive mothers during postnatal clinic visits. In addition, socio-demographic and clinical information were collected. Analysis included descriptive statistics, chi square test and logistic regression. A score of 13 on the EPDS screened positive for PND. Results: Participants’ mean age was 27 years and most completed grade 12 education (52.4%), was single (55.5%), employed or had a working partner (60%) and no previous PND (97%). Although most of the index pregnancies were unplanned (57.71%), most participants had favourable views of them (63%). The prevalence of PND was 38.8%. In the adjusted logistic regression, completing only primary school education (OR:9.11;95%CI:1.03-80.22;p=0.047), using contraceptive prior to index pregnancy (OR:2.05;95%CI:1.12-3.72;p=0.019) and reporting a thought of self-harm or infanticide (OR:7.08;95%CI:5.79–22.21;p=0.000) significantly increased the risk of PND. In contrast, having a relationship with the father of the index child (OR: 0.42; 95%CI: 0.18-0.94; p=0.037) mitigated this risk. Conclusion: The prevalence of PND is high in the study setting and is concomitant with significant risk of suicide or infanticide. This highlights the need to screen and consider PND as a vital sign during postnatal visits, especially in the face of low educational attainment, failed contraception and poor or no relationship with the father of the index child.

A Cross-Sectional Study on Prevalence of Post-Natal Depression and its Associates among Women in a Rural Community in Hooghly District, West Bengal

Background:Post-natal depression, aserious mental health problem experienced by mothers 4 to 6 weeks after delivery. Patients suffering from post- natal depression are at higher risk of developing major depressive illness in future life. Objectives: To assess the prevalence of post-natal depression and its associates among women in a rural community in Hooghly district, West Bengal. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 83 post-natal mothers (period of 6th to 10th week after delivery) in a rural community in Hooghly district, West Bengal, selected by simple random sampling technique from the list of mothers attending the immunization clinic in a health centreduring the period of April 2019 to September 2019. Data was collected by face-to-face interview and review of records by house to house visits. Depression was assessed by Edinburgh post-natal depression scale (EPDS).Statistical analysis was done using Microsoft Excel and SPSS version 16. Results: Prevalence of post-natal depression among study participants came out to be 28.9%. Poor socio-economic status (p=0.000). Unplanned pregnancy (p=0.025), Pre-term delivery (p=0.011) and increase in number of parity (p=0.025) were found to be statistically significantly associated with post-natal depression. Conclusion: Post-natal depression is a major public health problem which should be dealt with great concern while making policy for betterment of maternal and child health especially in low income countries like India. This can be detected early by health care providers in primary health care set up using simple screening tools. Special care and counselling should be provided to them.

Breastfeeding Self-efficacy and Related Socio-demographic, Perinatal and Psychological Factors: a Cross-sectional Study Among Postpartum Greek Women.

Background: Studies have shown that breastfeeding self-efficacy constitutes a determinant used to forecast breastfeeding behaviours.Objective:The aim of this study was to examine the factors associated to breastfeeding self-efficacy and identify its predictors among Greek women in their immediate postpartum period.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted at the General Hospital of Volos, Greece. A convenience sample of 120 postpartum women who gave birth at the hospital and met all the inclusion criteria were invited to participate; 100 responded. Questionnaires on socio-demographic, perinatal and breastfeeding-related characteristics, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, and the Breastfeeding Self-Efficiency Scale were completed. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed with the use of the linear regression model.Results:Women reported a rather good level of breastfeeding self-efficacy (mean = 3.65; SD = 0.85) in the early postpartum period. 52% of women carried out exclusive breastfeeding in the hospital. The prevalence of postnatal depression was 25%. The best-fit regression analysis revealed four predictors (timing of the mother’s decision to breastfeed, infant’s feeding pattern, previous breastfeeding experience, levels of postnatal depression) explaining 44.7% of the variance in breastfeeding self-efficacy.Conclusion:Acknowledging the determinants which affect breastfeeding self-efficacy of women in the immediate postpartum period is a necessary condition in designing targeted intervention services.

A study on prevalence of post-partum depression and its associated risk factors

Introduction: Postnatal depression (PND) is a common psychiatric disorder and is considered a serious public health issue. It is diagnosed in about 50% of the women during first year after delivery. Objective: To assess the prevalence of PND and study the associated risk factors. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in government Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital in Khammam, Telangana from September 2016 to March 2017. A total of 150 women after delivery were included in the study. A semi structured proforma for socio-demographic details and the Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) for screening for depressive symptoms were used to collect data from women between 1st and 8th postpartum weeks. Institutes ethics committee approval was taken and consent taken from study participants. Results: Prevalence of PND was 24%. PND showed significant association with primiparous women, husband’s occupation, unplanned pregnancy and women who preferred male child but gave birth to a female child. Conclusion: PND screening should be an integral part of postnatal care, so that they are counseled early, thereby preventing future complications. Keywords: Postnatal depression (PND), Edinburg postnatal depression scale (EPDS), Postpartum.

Identifying and treating maternal mental health difficulties in Afghanistan: A feasibility study

BackgroundThe disproportionately high burden of mental disorders in low- and middle-income countries, coupled with the overwhelming lack of resources, requires an innovative approach to intervention and response. This study evaluated the feasibility of delivering a maternal mental health service in a severely-resource constrained setting as part of routine service delivery.MethodsThis exploratory feasibility study was undertaken at two health facilities in Afghanistan that did not have specialist mental health workers. Women who had given birth in the past 12 months were screened for depressive symptoms with the PHQ9 and invited to participate in a psychological intervention which was offered through an infant feeding scheme.ResultsOf the 215 women screened, 131 (60.9%) met the PHQ9 criteria for referral to the intervention. The screening prevalence of postnatal depression was 61%, using a PHQ9 cut-off score of 12. Additionally, 29% of women registered as suicidal on the PHQ9. Several demographic and psychosocial variables were associated with depressive symptoms in this sample, including nutritional status of the infant, anxiety symptoms, vegetative and mood symptoms, marital difficulties, intimate partner violence, social isolation, acute stress and experience of trauma. Of the 47 (65%) women who attended all six sessions of the intervention, all had significantly decreased PHQ9 scores post-intervention.ConclusionIn poorly resourced environments, where the prevalence of postnatal depression is high, a shift in response from specialist-based to primary health care-level intervention may be a viable way to provide maternal mental health care. It is recommended that such programmes also consider home-visiting components and be integrated into existing infant and child health programmes. Manualised, evidence-based psychological interventions, delivered by non-specialist health workers, can improve outcomes where resources are scarce.

Factors Associated with Postnatal Depression among Mothers Attending at Bharatpur Hospital, Chitwan.

Postnatal depression is linked with adverse outcomes for mothers, offspring, and her entire family, which stands as a significant public health problem and is often taken as a neglected issue of maternal and child health in the developing world. Postnatal depression is often falsely interpreted as common consequences related to the recent delivery. The main objective of this study is to find out the status of postnatal depression and the factors associated with it among the postnatal mothers attending at Bharatpur Hospital. Methodology. A total of 242 postnatal women were included in a hospital-based cross-sectional descriptive study. A systematic random sampling technique was done to get the sampling interval. Face to face interview technique was used for data collection, and depressive symptoms were measured by the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Data was entered in Epi-Data and imported to SPSS for analysis. The data were summarized in terms of frequency (percentage), mean (SD), or median (IQR) as per necessity for descriptive analysis. The chi-square test and binary logistic regression were performed to find out the association between the covariates and depression status, assuming significance at p value <0.05. Results. The study revealed that the prevalence of postnatal depression was 16.9% by EPDS at cutoff point ≥12. It was found that postnatal depression was associated with current age, smoking, pressure to conceive a child, intent of pregnancy, and delivery-related complications. Conclusion. Postnatal depression within six months of delivery was found among nearly one-fifth of women, where 13.6% also had suicidal thoughts. More than half of the postnatal women had an early marriage. It is recommended that mothers with high risk should be routinely screened for postnatal depression followed by necessary interventions as well as safe motherhood counseling.

'No Austrian Mother Does This to Sleep Without a Baby!' Postnatal Acculturative Stress and 'Doing the Month' Among East Asian Women in Austria: Revisiting Acculturation Theories From a Qualitative Perspective.

Acculturative stress is a phenomenon describing negative emotions experienced by immigrants in their socio-cultural and psychological adaptation process to the host society’s dominant culture and its population. Acculturative stress is assumed to be one the reasons for higher prevalence of postnatal depression among immigrant women compared to non-immigrant women. Theories and models of acculturation and coping strategies suggest that certain cultural orientations or behaviors could mitigate acculturative stress and postnatal depression. Nevertheless, quantitative studies applying these theories have so far revealed inconsistent results. Given this background, we ask: what can a qualitative study of immigrant women’s postnatal experiences tell us about the interrelationships between immigrant mothers’ acculturation behaviors or cultural orientations, and maternal psychological health? Particularly, we explore the postnatal experiences of Chinese and Japanese women who gave birth in Austria, focusing on their experiences and behaviors influenced by their heritage culture’s postnatal practices (zuò yuè zi and satogaeri). Theoretically, we apply Berry’s acculturation model through a focus on what we call ‘Postnatal Acculturative Stress’ (PAS). By doing so, we identify factors that prevent or mitigate PAS. Another aim of this article is to critically reassess Berry’s model in the context of postnatal care and maternal psychological health. Data were analyzed using a combination of deductive and inductive method through the application of directed content analysis and phenomenological approach. Women’s postnatal experiences were summarized as an ‘unexpected solitary struggle in the midst of dual identity change’ in four specific domains: postnatal rest and diet, social support, feelings toward significant others and identity. Preventive and mitigating factors against PAS included trust (in self and one’s health beliefs) and mutual respectful relationships with and between the significant others. The application of Berry’s acculturation model provided a useful framework of analysis. Nevertheless, the multifarious complexity involved in the process of acculturation as well as different power dynamics in the family and healthcare settings makes it difficult to draw causal relationships between certain acculturation behaviors or cultural orientations with specific health outcomes. Health professionals should be aware of the complex psychosocial processes, contexts as well as social environment that shape immigrants’ acculturative behaviors.

Diagnostic accuracy and clinical utility of non-English versions of Edinburgh Post-Natal Depression Scale for screening post-natal depression in India: A meta-analysis.

The prevalence of post-natal depression (PND) is high in India, as it is in many other low to middle income countries. There is an urgent need to identify PND and treat the mother as early as possible. Among the many paper and pencil tests available to identify PND, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) is a widely used and validated measure in India. However, the summary diagnostic accuracy and clinical utility data are not available for this measure. To establish summary data for the global diagnostic accuracy parameter as well as the clinical utility of the non-English versions of the EPDS in India. Two researchers independently searched the PubMed, EMBASE, MEDKNOW and IndMED databases for published papers, governmental publications, conference proceedings and grey literature from 2000-2018. Seven studies that evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of EPDS in five Indian languages against DSM/ICD were included in the final analysis. Two other investigators extracted the Participants' details, Index measures, Comparative reference measures, and Outcomes of diagnostic accuracy data, and appraised the study quality using QUADS-2. Deek's plots were used to evaluate publication bias. We used the area under the curve of the hierarchical summary area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, with the random effect model, to summarize the global diagnostic accuracy of EPDS. Using the 2 × 2 table, we calculated positive and negative likelihood ratios. From the likelihood ratios, the Fagan's nomogram was built for evaluating clinical utility using the Bayesian approach. We calculated the 95% confidence interval (95%CI) whenever indicated. STATA (version 15) with MIDAS and METANDI modules were used. There was no publication bias. The area under the curve for EPDS was 0.97 (95%CI: 0.95-0.98). The pre-test probability for the nomogram was 22%. For a positive likelihood ratio of 9, the positive post-test probability was 72% (95%CI: 68%, 76%) and for a negative LR of 0.08, the negative post-test probability was 2% (95%CI: 1%, 3%). In this meta-analysis, we established the summary global diagnostic parameter and clinical utility of the non-English versions of the EPDS in India. This work demonstrates that these non-English versions are accurate in their diagnosis of PND and can help clinicians in their diagnostic reasoning.

Prevalence of Postnatal Depression and Its Risk Factors among Postnatal Women in Rural Area of Srikakulam District

Introduction: During postpartum period women are at high risk for developing episodes of depression. Postnatal depression (PND) is a major public health issue because of its adverse effects on the infant and entire family.&#x0D; Objective: To find the prevalence of PND among postnatal(PN) women in Singupuram rural health training centre(RHTC) area, Srikakulam district, Andhra Pradesh and to find association between socio-demographic, obstetric and pregnancy outcomes and PND.&#x0D; Method: Sampling Method- Non-probability convenient sampling. This cross-sectional study was carried out among PN women (4th-10th week) in Singupuram RHTC area, Srikakulam district during May to August 2019. Details were collected using a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire pertaining to socio-demographic profile, obstetric and pregnancy outcomes along with an Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) translated into local language (telugu) cut-off score of ≥13 was used as high risk of PND.&#x0D; Result: The study included 229 PN women. Prevalence of PND was 28.3%. PND showed significant association (p&lt;0.05) with type of family, working status of PN women, husbands occupation, socio-economic status, mode of delivery, gender of the newborn, and complications in pregnancy.&#x0D; Conclusion: PND among rural PN women is 28.3%. Early stage of PND screening and diagnosis should be included as integral part of PN care.

Proportion and Factors of Postpartum Depression Among Cesarean Section Versus Vaginal Deliveries: Institutional Based Cross-Sectional Study

Background: postpartum depression is a severe health problem which affects both developing and developed countries. It is one of the diseases which affect women after the delivery of their baby and difficult to manage because of the presence of postpartum blues. Objective: To assess the proportion and factors of postpartum depression following normal vaginal deliveries and cesarean section among postnatal women at Finoteselam Hospital, April 05, 2018–May 20, 2018. Result: The proportion of postpartum depression among postpartum women was 13% of which 9.1% and 3.9% for vaginal and cesarean delivery respectively. In this study; previous history of postpartum depression [AOR=5.498 (1.843-16.405)], no domestic violence [AOR=0.250 (0.065-0.956)], women who faced negative life event [AOR=17.322 (4.753-63.135)], previous history of two abortion [AOR=0.160 (0.034-0.746). Previous history of mental illness, [AOR=.187 (0.053-0.659)], being at the level of secondary education [AOR=8.818 (1.596-48.716)] and husband support during pregnancy [AOR=.048 (.014-.164)] had an association with postpartum depression. All the individual Edinburgh postnatal depression scale score mean values were higher for the cesarean group which was 6.97 when compared to the vaginal delivery group was 5.865. Conclusion: Prevalence of postnatal depression was comparably high in vaginal deliveries compared to cesarean sections. By revealing the prevalence and factors that determine postpartum depression, this study recommended interventions like Integration of mental health service with existing maternal health care and health institutions to prevent Postpartum depression at Finoteselam Hospital.

Prevalence and factors associated with male postnatal depression in China

Background and Objective: Male postnatal depression has recently begun to attract more research attention. However, it often remains unrecognized despite affecting not only the health of the child but also the spousal relationship and family welfare. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of male postnatal depressive symptoms in Guangzhou, South China. It also explored sociodemographic factors and psychological variables as predictors of postnatal depression symptoms. Materials and methods: Chinese men whose children had been born within the last six months were screened using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale for depressive symptoms, the Vulnerable Personality Style Questionnaire for personality, and the Social Support Rating Scale for social support. Sociodemographic and psychosocial variables were descriptively analyzed and logistic regression was also employed to analyze the predictive impact of factors associated with depression. Results: A total of 212 new Chinese fathers participated in the study. The prevalence of postnatal depression was 24.1% assessed by the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale cutoff score of 10. Depressive symptoms were found to be significantly associated with employment status and vulnerable personality traits. Higher family income, wanted pregnancy, having a child of the desired gender, more family support and objective support (OR = 0.598, 95% CI = 0.312-0.896) were all protective factors for depressive symptoms among new Chinese fathers. Conclusion: This study indicated that there is a need to routinely screen for postnatal depressive symptoms in men. Early identification and timely referral to healthcare professionals may prevent postnatal depression and improve the mental health of new fathers. It is important for healthcare providers to develop and evaluate information resources in print and online so as to establish how best to identify and manage paternal postnatal mental health needs. This study also suggests that new fathers need to be provided with targeted resources concerning postnatal mental health and informed as to how to access them and who can be approached for professional support.

Assessment of postnatal depression and some associated risk factors among mothers attending the immunisation outpatient department in a tertiary health care centre: a cross sectional study

Background: Postpartum depression is a significant and common health problem that causes a considerable amount of impact to both the mother and baby and distress on the family and society. The objective of this study is to find out prevalence of postnatal depression among mothers attending immunization outpatient department (OPD) for immunization of their baby in a tertiary health care center and to study some risk factors responsible for it.Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care teaching hospital of Maharashtra state during period September to February 2019. Total 188 mothers were screened for postpartum depression using local version of EPDS (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale).Results: 24 (12.76%) mothers were found to have a score of 10–12 indicating moderate depressive symptoms, and 18 mothers had a score of 13 and above. (9.57%). Risk factors found to be significantly associated with postnatal depression rural residence of mother, lack of support during and after pregnancy, history of domestic abuse, and stressful life events in the past year.Conclusions: Since the prevalence of EPDS score &gt;13 was found to be high in the current study, we recommend routine screening for PPD in our population.