Prevalence Of Pathological Lesions Research Articles

The prevalence of oral and maxillofacial pathologic lesions in pathology centers of Zanjan (Iran) over a 5-years period (2014-2020)

Background and objectives: The oral and maxillofacial region is exposed to many harmful agents and can be affected by a wide range of reactive, infectious, cystic, precancerous, and neoplastic lesions. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of oral and maxillofacial pathological lesions in pathology laboratories in Zanjan. 
 Method: This retrospective descriptive study was conducted in the period 2014 -2020 by referring to the hospitals and laboratories with pathologists in Zanjan. Information about patients with histopathological lesions of oral and maxillofacial region was extracted, and studied in terms of age, gender, location and histopathological type of lesion. Finally, the collected data were entered into SPSS software version 22 and statistically analyzed (P <0.05).
 Results: A total of 176 histopathological lesions were investigated. Of them, 120 cases (58%) were female and 74 (42%) were male. The mean age of the patients was 39.4 years. The most prevalent lesion was periapical cyst (14.8%).In terms of tissue involved, the most lesions were related to soft tissue (67%) and in terms of anatomical location, the most lesions were gingival mucosal lesions (35.2%).
 Conclusion: The prevalence of pathological lesions was higher in females than in males. Soft tissue lesions were more than hard tissue lesions. Gingival mucosal lesions were the most prevalent and lesions of the floor of the mouth and nasal vestibule lesions were the least prevalent ones. Given the histopathologic nature of lesions, periapical cyst was the most prevalent lesion.

Prevalence of pathological lesions in 161 nephrectomies: An experience from a teaching hospital in urban industrial area of Maharashtra

Background: Kidneys can be involved in various pathological processes. Nephrectomy is a common procedure in urological practice. Aim: The objective of the present study is to find out the frequency of various neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions in nephrectomy specimens and to study histomorphological features from a teaching hospital in urban industrial area. Materials and Methods: The study included 161 nephrectomy specimens. Grossly, findings were noted. Detailed histological features were studied. Lesions were broadly categorized into non-neoplastic and neoplastic. Nuclear Grading System was used to grade clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and papillary RCC. The International Society of Pediatric Oncology staging was used to stage Wilms', tumors. The staging of RCC was done by tumor, node, and metastasis classification as per the World Health Organization 2016. Other clinical details were correlated with histomorphological features. Results: Of 161 nephrectomy specimens, 81 (50.31%) were males and 80 (49.68%) were females. The mean age was 45.43 (±19.43 standard deviation) years. 115 (71.42%) nephrectomy specimens showed -non-neoplastic lesions and 46 (28.57%) showed neoplastic lesions. The most common non-neoplastic lesions were chronic pyelonephritis in 106 (92.17%) patients. RCC (n = 36) was the most common neoplastic lesion. Conclusion: In developing countries like India, chronic pyelonephritis remains the most common cause of nephrectomy. Nephrectomy due to non-neoplastic lesions is more common in younger age group as compared to neoplastic lesions. Early diagnosis and better treatment modalities for inflammatory lesions of the kidney in the developing countries will reduce the rate of nephrectomies.

Repair Strategies Based on Pathological Characteristics of the Rheumatic Mitral Valve in Chinese Patients

We aimed to clarify the pathological characteristics of rheumatic mitral valve disease in Chinese individuals, as well as to determine the appropriate rheumatic mitral valve repair strategy according to such characteristics. We obtained detailed statistics regarding the pathological characteristics of patients who underwent mitral valve repair or replacement for rheumatic disease during the past year at our centre. The outcomes of different repair techniques were compared. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify predictive factors for successful rheumatic mitral valve repair. Between August 2015 and August 2016, 163 patients underwent rheumatic mitral valve repair (77 cases) or replacement (61 cases) at our centre. Although the prevalence of pathological lesions was typically high, the prevalence of severe lesions was low in the leaflets and high in the commissure and subvalvular apparatus (more than one-third of all lesions in these areas). Commissurotomy (97.40%) and leaflet thinning (84.42%) were performed most frequently. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, pathological score >17.5 (odds ratio [OR] for success, 0.049; p<0.0001) and mixed lesion preoperatively (OR for success, 0.186; p=0.011) predicted repair failure, whereas severe regurgitation preoperatively (OR=4.897; p=0.026) predicted successful rheumatic mitral valve repair. Lesions of the commissure and subvalvular apparatus are the main pathological features in Chinese patients with rheumatic mitral valve disease. The commissure processing technique is beneficial in most such patients.

Individual differences in behaviour, physiology and pathology in breeding gilts housed in groups or stalls

A number of studies in young pigs have demonstrated a relation between a variety of behavioural and physiological features and the degree of resistance displayed early in life in a so-called “backtest”. The current study aimed at investigating the relation between the backtest response and the development of stereotypies, the circadian rhythm of cortisol, the heart rate response to feeding, and pathological lesions of heart, lungs and stomach of adult breeding gilts. At 10 and 17 days of age, female piglets were subjected to the backtest. In this test, each piglet is restrained on its back for 1 min and the number of escape attempts is scored. Pigs classified as high-resisting (HR, n=36) or low-resisting (LR, n=36) were selected and housed in groups of six (3 HR, 3 LR). At 7 months of age, half of the groups were housed in individual stalls. Time spent chain biting by stall-housed gilts during 2 h after afternoon feeding was studied at regular intervals for 21 weeks. At 11 months of age, saliva was collected from all animals every hour during 24 h for cortisol analysis. At 8 and at 12 months of age, heart rate of all animals was measured around afternoon feeding. Pigs were slaughtered at 14 months of age and heart, lungs and stomach were macroscopically examined. Over time, stall-housed HR gilts tended to show more chain biting, had lower circadian cortisol concentrations and showed a diminished heart rate response to feed delivery compared to LR gilts. In group-housed gilts, the circadian rhythm of cortisol and the heart rate response to feed delivery did not relate to the backtest response. Stall-housed gilts had lower circadian cortisol concentrations than group-housed gilts. The prevalence of pathological lesions was not influenced by backtest type. Stomach wall damage was more severe in stall-housed than in group-housed gilts.

Early changes in the distal intertarsal joint of Dutch Warmblood foals and the influence of exercise on bone density in the third tarsal bone

It was hypothesised that imposition of different exercise levels at a young age would lead to differences in bone density in the third tarsal bone and to difference in the prevalence of pathological lesions that might contribute to the development of bone spavin later in life. Furthermore, based on earlier literature, it was hypothesised that such lesions could be classified as a manifestation of osteochondrosis. Changes in bone density in the third tarsal bone and early pathological changes in the articular cartilage of the distal intertarsal joint were studied in the offspring of sires with radiographic evidence of osteochondrosis in either stifle or hock. Twenty-four foals were studied at age 5 months after having been subjected to different exercise programmes (box-rest, box-rest with sprint training, pasture exercise) from age one week. Nineteen other foals that originally belonged to the same exercise groups were studied at age 11 months, after they had been weaned, housed together and subjected to an identical low level exercise regimen for an additional 6 months. Bone density was quantified using a microscopic technique. Histomorphological analysis was performed semiquantitatively and using high detail radiography techniques. At age 5 months, mean +/- s.d. bone density in the compact bone of the third tarsal bone was significantly lower in the box-rested foals (37 +/- 4%) than in both the trained and pastured foals (48 +/- 7% and 52 +/- 11%, respectively). After 6 months of identical exercise the previously box-rested foals showed an increase in bone density (53 +/- 12%) which became similar to the value found in the formerly pastured foals (52 +/- 8%). Major pathological lesions (chondrocyte necrosis, fragmentation and chondrone formation) of the articular cartilage of the third and central tarsal bones were already present at age 5 months, but were significantly more numerous at 11 months. There was no relation between the number of cartilage lesions and the osteochondrosis status of the foals. Only 2 lesions in 11-month-old foals had histological characteristics compatible with osteochondrosis, all other lesions were degenerative in nature. It is concluded that bone density of the compact bone of the subchondral bone plate in the third tarsal bone reacts strongly to variations in exercise at a very young age. Low bone density, caused by lack of exercise, can be compensated for when exercise is later increased. Pathological changes in the distal intertarsal joint are common at 5 months and increase to 11 months. These lesions are degenerative in nature and seem not to be related to osteochondrosis. Although the clinical relevance of these abnormalities is uncertain, they may be relevant for the development of osteoarthritic processes in this region later in life.

Variation in seropositivity for some respiratory disease agents in finishing pigs: epidemiological studies on some health parameters and farm and management conditions in the herds.

The relationship between the extent of seropositivity for Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV), Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App.) serotype 2 and porcine influenza (PI) viruses serotype H1N1 and H3N2 in pigs on the one hand and the health status of the pigs and some farm and management conditions in the herds on the other hand was studied in 45 pig finishing herds, all members of one integration group. The health status was assessed by the extent of clinical signs, the use of veterinary drugs and the prevalence of pathological lesions in pigs at slaughter. There was no relationship between the extent of seropositivity on the one hand and clinical signs and use of veterinary drugs on the other hand. However, there was a positive relationship between the extent of seropositivity and the percentage of pigs with lesions of the respiratory tract at slaughter. Furthermore, the study indicates that the variation in seropositivity between pigs herds is associated with management related factors that particularly influence the possibility of the spreading of viruses. A sero-epidemiological investigation in 14 pig herds with recurrent pneumonia problems revealed a high percentage of seropositive pigs per herd. Furthermore, in a large number of herds, pigs were simultaneously seropositive for ADV and App. serotype 2, for ADV and PI serotype H1N1 or for ADV and PI serotype H3N2.