Prevalence Of Osteoporosis In Women Research Articles

Menopause modified the association of blood pressure with osteoporosis among gender: a large-scale cross-sectional study.

This study aimed to assess the potential association between blood pressure and osteoporosis in a rural population with limited resources. Existing evidence on this association is limited, particularly in such settings. Data from 7,689 participants in the Henan Rural Cohort study were analyzed. Four blood pressure indicators [systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and pulse pressure (PP)] were measured. The logistic regression model and restricted cubic spline plots were used to assess the relationship between blood pressure indicators and osteoporosis prevalence. Positive trends were noted between blood pressure indicators and osteoporosis prevalence in the entire group and women (P trend < 0.05 for SBP, MAP, and PP). Women with higher SBP and PP exhibited elevated odds of osteoporosis compared with those with the lowest SBP and PP (ORs ranging from 1.15 to 1.5 for SBP and 1.06 to 1.83 for PP). No such associations were found in men. These relationships were only evident in postmenopausal women. Dose-response analysis confirmed these findings. Excluding participants taking hypertension medication did not alter the results. In resource-limited settings, higher SBP and PP are associated with the increased prevalence of osteoporosis in women, potentially influenced by menopause-related factors. This indicates that potential gender-based differences and social inequalities may affect bone health. The Henan Rural Cohort Study has been registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Register (Registration number: ChiCTR-OOC-15006699) http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=11375.

The bone marrow lipidomics of mice reveal sex-related differences.

Osteoporosis is a common skeletal disorder characterized by an imbalance between bone resorption and formation, exhibiting a higher prevalence in women compared with men. While previous studies have primarily focused on genomics and genetics in osteoporosis susceptibility, there is a lack of systematic exploration of sex-specific differences in lipid levels in mouse bone marrow. Multiple reaction monitoring-based liquid chromatography-trandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS) was used to quantify lipidomic profiles in bone marrow samples from three female mice and three male mice. The LC-MS/MS technique based on the multiple reaction monitoring method identified and quantified 184 lipids from 15 lipid classes. The contents of most lipids in the bone marrow cells of female mice were higher than those in male mice, including four polyunsaturated fatty acids, three phospholipids and four sphingolipids. Among all the lipid molecules, lactosylceramide (d18:0/16:0) showed the highest fold change in female mice, while its precursor lipid, glucosylceramide, was the most up-regulated in male mice. This study, focusing on bone marrow lipidomics, elucidates significant sexual dimorphism in lipid levels within bone marrow cells. It provides novel evidence supporting the higher prevalence of osteoporosis in women and enhances our understanding of the connection between sex-specific lipid levels and the risk of osteoporosis.

Prevalence and risk factors of osteoporosis detected by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry among Chinese patients with primary biliary cholangitis.

Osteoporosis is an extrahepatic complication of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) that increases the risk of fractures and mortality. However, Epidemiological studies of osteoporosis in patients with PBC in China and the Asia-Pacific region is lack. To assess the prevalence and clinical characteristics of osteoporosis in Chinese patients with PBC. This retrospective analysis included consecutive patients with PBC from a tertiary care center in China who underwent bone mineral density (BMD) assessment using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry between January 2013 and December 2021. We defined subjects with T-scores ≤ -2.5 in any sites (L1 to L4, femoral neck, or total hip) as having osteoporosis. Demographic, serological, clinical, and histological data were collected. Independent risk factors for osteoporosis were identified by multivariate logistic regression analysis. A total of 268 patients with PBC [236 women (88.1%); mean age, 56.7 ± 10.6 years; 163 liver biopsies (60.8%)] were included. The overall prevalence of osteoporosis in patients with PBC was 45.5% (122/268), with the prevalence of osteoporosis in women and men being 47.0% and 34.4%, respectively. The prevalence of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women was significantly higher than that in premenopausal women (56.3% vs 21.0%, P < 0.001). Osteoporosis in patients with PBC is associated with age, fatigue, menopausal status, previous steroid therapy, body mass index (BMI), splenomegaly, gastroesophageal varices, ascites, Mayo risk score, histological stage, alanine aminotransferase, albumin, bilirubin, platelet and prothrombin activity. Multivariate regression analysis identified that older age, lower BMI, previous steroid therapy, higher Mayo risk score, and advanced histological stage as the main independent risk factors for osteoporosis in PBC. Osteoporosis is very common in Chinese patients with PBC, allowing for prior screening of BMD in those PBC patients with older age, lower BMI, previous steroid therapy and advanced liver disease.

There is a significantly inverse relationship between dietary riboflavin intake and prevalence of osteoporosis in women but not in men: Results from the TCLSIH cohort study.

Epidemiological evidence for the relationship between riboflavin intake and bone health is inconsistent, and this relationship has not been examined in Chinese population. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between dietary intake of riboflavin and prevalence of osteoporosis in a Chinese adult population. A total of 5,607 participants (mean age, 61.2 years; males, 34.4%) were included in this cross-sectional study. We calculated the riboflavin intake by using the food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) in combination with Chinese food composition database. Bone mineral density (BMD) was detected by an ultrasound bone densitometer. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to evaluate the relationship between dietary riboflavin intake and prevalence of osteoporosis. In this population, the dietary intake of riboflavin ranged from 0.13 to 1.99 mg/d, and the proportion of abnormal BMD was 36.6%. The prevalence of osteoporosis decreased gradually with increasing quartiles of riboflavin intake, before and after adjustment for a range of confounding factors. In the final model, the multivariate-adjusted ORs (95% CI) across the quartiles of riboflavin intake were 1.00 (reference), 0.84 (0.54, 1.31), 0.59 (0.34, 1.04), and 0.47 (0.22, 0.96), respectively (P for trend < 0.05). In sex-disaggregated analysis, similar results to the total population were observed in women, while no significant results were found in men. The dietary riboflavin intake was negatively associated with the prevalence of osteoporosis. However, the association was significant in women but not in men. Our findings indicated that women are more sensitive to riboflavin intake in maintaining a normal BMD.

Hypertension associated with osteoporosis in female patients of the Seguro Social de Salud hospital, Trujillo

Objective: To determine if hypertension is associated with osteoporosis in female patients of Seguro Social de Salud (EsSalud) Hospital I in Trujillo.Materials and methods: An observational, analytical and cross-sectional study, which included 351 female patients treated in the Internal Medicine Unit of EsSalud Hospital I Florencia de Mora, Trujillo, from 2016 to 2019. According to the screening criteria, patients were divided into two groups—175 with hypertension and 176 without hypertension—to determine the number of patients with osteoporosis. The data was analyzed with Pearson’s chi-square test using IBM SPSS Statistics V26 to perform the statistical analysis and present the results in graphs and tables in Microsoft Excel Windows 10.Results: It was found that the prevalence of osteoporosis with hypertension accounted for 31.4 %, while that of osteoporosis without hypertension was 1.7 %. This shows that the prevalence of osteoporosis in women with hypertension is statistically significant (p &lt; 0.001) with respect to women without hypertension. Regarding the analysis of the intervening variables, age (p &lt; 0.001), cholesterol (p &lt; 0.001) and coffee (p &lt; 0.001) were statistically significant. Variables such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, sex, obesity, anemia, triglycerides and smoking were not statistically significant.Conclusions: Hypertension is associated with osteoporosis as well as with the intervening variables age, cholesterol and coffee, as they were statistically significant.

Osteoporosis and Related Health Status Among the Elderly Urban Residents in Elderly-Care Inns in Beijing, a Multicenter DXA Survey.

BackgroundIdentification of the high risk population for osteoporosis and timely prevention are the best strategies at present. Detailed epidemiological investigation in a well-defined population is necessary to explore the population-based characteristics and risk factors of osteoporosis, thus to facilitate better prevention programs.MethodIn this prospective cross-sectional study, 1423 questionnaires were given out to the urban residents (female ≥ 40 years of age, male ≥50 years) who lived in the 27 Elderly-Care Inns interspersed among the seven central urban areas of Beijing. All participants were voluntary and underwent routine physical examination and spine and hip BMD measurements using the DXA instrument. The study protocols were approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (JDZX2015079).ResultsAltogether 1407 participants fulfilled the survey. Among 359 men, the prevalence of osteoporosis, osteopenia, and normal BMD were 18.1%, 56.6%, and 25.3%, respectively; among 1048 women, the corresponding figures were 40.3%, 42.8%, and 16.9%, respectively. After adjustment of age and BMI, both hands grip strength, height loss over 3 cm, serum levels of β-CTx, PINP, and OST were the independent risk factors for osteoporosis in both men and women; besides, familial Alzheimer’s disease history in men; and history of steatohepatitis and fracture, serum levels of PTH and ALT, age of menarche, age of menopause, and duration of menstruation in women were also risk factors of osteoporosis. In both genders, the cost-effective method, which adopted both hands grip strength, height loss over 3 cm, and medical history, indicated a good predictive ability to evaluate the risk of osteoporosis (in men AUC=0.730, 95%CI=0.642~0.817; in women AUC=0.769, 95%CI=0.724~0.813).ConclusionsIn the population of elderly Beijing urban residents in Elderly-Care Inns, the prevalence of osteoporosis in women is higher than that in men and increases with aging more rapidly; the prevalence of osteopenia in men is higher than in women. The cost-effective method, including both hands grip strength, height loss over 3 cm, and familial Alzheimer’s disease history in men; fracture and steatohepatitis history as well as menstrual history in women is recommended in identifying the high-risk subjects for osteoporosis.

Prevalence and risk factors associated with osteoporosis among residents aged above 20 years old in Chongqing, China.

To investigate bone mineral density (BMD) profiles, osteoporosis prevalence, and its risk factors among residents aged above 20 years old in Chongqing Municipality, China. The study population consisted of 770 men and 1085 women aged 20 years and older with BMD measurements using central dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Information on sociodemographic characteristics and the potential risk factors associated with osteoporosis were collected by a standardized interviewer-administered questionnaire. Crude prevalence of osteoporosis was 12.99% in the whole subjects, 4.42% for men, and 19.08% for women by WHO criteria at various skeletal regions (among lumbar spine, femoral neck, and total hip). Standardized prevalence of osteoporosis was 19.90% in the whole subjects aged between 50 and 87, 5.87% in men and 30.23% in women respectively. Prevalence of osteoporosis increased with age, and the prevalence of osteoporosis in women was 6.10 times higher than it in men. The prevalence of osteoporosis was significantly associated with the past medical history of fracture (OR = 1.794, P = 0.007); overweight and obesity were considered to be protective factors for osteoporosis with OR of 0.514 and 0.300, respectively; high school graduate (OR = 0.399, P = 0.000 ) and milk intake (OR = 0.648, P = 0.008) were also protective factors for osteoporosis in men and women considered together; menopause was an independent risk factor of osteoporosis in females (OR = 1.782, P = 0.029); current smoking was an independent risk factor of osteoporosis in males (OR = 2.437, P = 0.046). The prevalence of osteoporosis and osteopenia was high among residents in Chongqing, China. Health education and behavior intervention should be focused on the elderly or female residents to promote the formulation of healthy lifestyle. Necessary steps are needed for more public education and a wider dissemination of information about osteoporosis and its prevention.

Epidemiology of osteoporosis and its determinants in physically active Majorcan elderly.

Objective:To estimate the prevalence and distribution of determinants of osteoporosis (OP) in a population of physically active Majorcans over 60.Methods:Health survey in which consecutive women and men above 60 years old visiting sports facilities during a two-month period were recruited. All underwent a densitometry of the lumbar spine (LS) and femoral neck (FN). Osteoporosis was defined according to the World Health Organization densitometric criteria (T-score <2.5 SD in the LS or FN, and osteopenia if the result was between −2.5 and −1 SD). As osteoporosis shows substantial differences between genders, the study of its determinants was conducted independently for men and women.Results:The sample included 731 subjects (86% female), with an average age of 70 (SD 5) among men and 65 (8) among women. The overall prevalence of osteoporosis was 35.7% in the LS, 8.9% in the FN and 39.4% in the LS and/or FN. The analysis by gender showed a higher prevalence of osteoporosis in women than in men (43.8 % vs. 11.1%). The presence of osteoporosis increased with age in men and women (7.8% for 61–75 years old vs 22.7% > 75 years old for men and 48.5% for 61–75 years old vs 62.7% > 75 for women).Conclusions:Densitometric osteoporosis is frequent among physically active elderly population, and higher than expected in a largely sunlight-exposed area.

Bone mineral density status in women with limbus vertebra

Introduction: Although genetics and cumulative mechanical stress on an immature skeleton have been proposed to play a role in the development of the limbus vertebra (LV), there is no data concerning the actual degree of bone strength and bone loss in patients with LV. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the bone mineral density (BMD) and the prevalence of osteoporosis in women with LV and compare with age- and body mass index-matched women. Material and Methods: This study was carried out on 171 women (aged 40–49 years) with LV and 190 women without LV. Lumbar spine BMD values were obtained by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Results: A total of 361 patients were included in the study. The mean total BMD value was significantly lower (0.876 ± 0.155 vs. 0.966 ± 0.187 g/cm2, p < 0.0001), and the mean T-score value was significantly higher (-1.6 ± 1.41 vs. -0.8 ± 1.71, p < 0.0001) in patients with LV. Although the frequency of both osteopenia and osteoporosis were higher in patients with LV, the difference reached statistical significance only for osteoporosis (p = 0.007). Conclusion: Women with LV have lower BMD values and higher osteoporosis rates than age- and BMI-matched controls; therefore, osteoporosis should be evaluated in these patients.

Association between serum cystatin C and bone mineral density in Korean adults.

BackgroundSerum cystatin C has been known as a novel marker of preclinical renal dysfunction, and higher cystatin C levels are associated with increased risks of hip and nonvertebral fractures. However, there are few reports on the association between serum cystatin C and bone mineral density (BMD), especially in the Asian population. We evaluated the association between cystatin C levels and BMD of the spine and hip in Korean adults.MethodsA cross-sectional study was performed in 865 Korean adults (325 men and 540 women) who participated in a comprehensive medical examination program and underwent bone densitometry. Renal function was assessed by the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), which was calculated using an equation based on creatinine (eGFRcre) and cystatin C (eGFRcys).ResultsThe serum cystatin C level was negatively correlated with different types of BMD, including the lowest lumbar, total lumbar, femoral neck, and total femur BMD, in women, but not in men. Higher cystatin C levels were associated with a higher prevalence of osteoporosis in women (odds ratio [OR], 3.68; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.69–8.03; P=0.001), but not in men (OR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.30–2.38; P=0.761). However, this association was attenuated in the multivariable model adjusted for age, body mass index, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, and creatinine (OR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.38–2.71) in women. In addition, the eGFRcys showed a stronger positive correlation with BMD than the eGFRcre.ConclusionOur findings suggest that serum cystatin C levels might help identify women with osteoporosis who are susceptible to fractures.

Prevalence of osteoporosis in women in Buenos Aires based on bone mineral density at the lumbar spine and femur

Abstract The aim of the study was to report values for osteoporosis (OP) prevalence in Buenos Aires. Bone mineral density (BMD) at different skeletal sites was measured from November 2012 to July 2014. Participants were recruited through a newspaper advertisement inviting women at least 50 yr of age to receive free BMD measurement. After signing an informed consent form, 5448 women living in Buenos Aires and surrounding districts were studied. Lumbar spine (L1–L4), femur neck, and total hip BMDs were measured (Lunar Prodigy, software version 12.3 GE, Madison, WI, USA). OP was defined as a T -score ≤−2.5 at the lumbar spine or the femoral neck. Results showed that 1021 out of 5448 studied subjects (18.7%) had OP at the lumbar spine or the femoral neck. Comparison of age of the population sample with reference data for the general population showed a moderate (+0.6%) increase in prevalence. Prevalence of OP was low, up to the age of 70 yr when based on femoral neck BMD only. Conversely, the prevalence of OP at the lumbar spine, which was reportedly high in women up to the age of 70 yr, tended to level off over that age. The results of the total femur only added a slight (+0.7%) nonsignificant increase to the OP prevalence. A total 346,500 out of 1,853,000 women aged 50+ yr in Buenos Aires had OP at the lumbar spine or femoral neck, whereas only 163,500 had OP at the upper femur, reducing the number by 53%. The present study assessed OP prevalence in the most densely populated urban area in Argentina. The results are similar to those reported for Caucasian populations in the United States and Canada. As measurement of only the BMD of femoral neck overlooks the diagnosis in half of the women, future studies should include measurement of the lumbar spine in combination with the femoral neck for a more accurate estimation of OP prevalence.

Prevalence of Osteoporosis in Women in Buenos Aires Based on Bone Mineral Density at the Lumbar Spine and Femur

The aim of the study was to report values for osteoporosis (OP) prevalence in Buenos Aires. Bone mineral density (BMD) at different skeletal sites was measured from November 2012 to July 2014. Participants were recruited through a newspaper advertisement inviting women at least 50 yr of age to receive free BMD measurement. After signing an informed consent form, 5448 women living in Buenos Aires and surrounding districts were studied. Lumbar spine (L1–L4), femur neck, and total hip BMDs were measured (Lunar Prodigy, software version 12.3 GE, Madison, WI, USA). OP was defined as a T-score ≤−2.5 at the lumbar spine or the femoral neck. Results showed that 1021 out of 5448 studied subjects (18.7%) had OP at the lumbar spine or the femoral neck. Comparison of age of the population sample with reference data for the general population showed a moderate (+0.6%) increase in prevalence. Prevalence of OP was low, up to the age of 70 yr when based on femoral neck BMD only. Conversely, the prevalence of OP at the lumbar spine, which was reportedly high in women up to the age of 70 yr, tended to level off over that age. The results of the total femur only added a slight (+0.7%) nonsignificant increase to the OP prevalence. A total 346,500 out of 1,853,000 women aged 50+ yr in Buenos Aires had OP at the lumbar spine or femoral neck, whereas only 163,500 had OP at the upper femur, reducing the number by 53%. The present study assessed OP prevalence in the most densely populated urban area in Argentina. The results are similar to those reported for Caucasian populations in the United States and Canada. As measurement of only the BMD of femoral neck overlooks the diagnosis in half of the women, future studies should include measurement of the lumbar spine in combination with the femoral neck for a more accurate estimation of OP prevalence.

Targeted assessment of fracture risk in women at midlife.

This study establishes a profile for women at midlife, referred for a dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), most likely to have osteoporosis, and from this, a pre-DXA screening tool has been developed. These findings inform much needed evidence-based guidelines for targeted and effective screening for osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture prevention in women at midlife. There is no consensus as to whether women at midlife should undergo screening dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) to identify osteoporosis (T-score < -2.5). We investigated the prevalence of osteoporosis in women, aged 40-65 years, referred to 42 community-based Australian radiology centres, and identified the characteristics that best predict osteoporosis in women having a screening DXA. One thousand four hundred and two women completed the study questionnaire and had DXA reports available. After excluding women with an established indication for a DXA (58 %), users of bone-specific medication (10.5 %) and cancer (7.6 %), 466 women were classified as having a screening DXA. Forty of these women had osteoporosis at the lumbar spine (n = 32, 6.9 %) or femoral neck (n = 17, 3.6 %). Three predictors of osteoporosis (postmenopausal, nonuse of hormonal therapy and body mass index) were identified and incorporated into the Monash Osteoporosis Risk Score for women at midlife (MORS). In the screened study population, the MORS had a sensitivity of 70 % and specificity of 66 %, with a positive predictive value of 16.2 % and negative predictive value of 95.9 % for osteoporosis. Very few women referred for a screening DXA scan will be found to have osteoporosis. The MORS, a simple decision tool, would have identified 70 % of the women in our screening DXA study population and would have eliminated over 60 % of the screening DXA studies. Hence, use of the MORS may reduce unnecessary DXA scans and facilitate identification of the majority of cases of osteoporosis in women aged 40 to 65 years.

Female students' awareness of osteoporosis in Ardabil city

Background: Osteoporosis is the most prevalent bone metabolic disease and a common disease in the population. Considering the high prevalence of osteoporosis in women, this study is conducted to assess female students’ awareness of osteoporosis in Ardabil. Methods: This study was a descriptive-analytical study which was conducted by a questionnaire with 27 questions. By simple random sampling, 150 female students (including medical and non-medical students) were selected from Ardabil universities and then collected data were analyzed by statistical methods in SPSS.16. Results: Overall 10.7% of students (16 people) had a good, 60.7% (91 people) had moderate and 28.7% (43 people) a poor awareness of osteoporosis. Conclusions: Results showed that students do not have a proper awareness about osteoporosis. Therefore it seems necessary to provide some educational interventions to promote community awareness for osteoporosis prevention, especially in young girls.

Age-related bone mineral density, osteoporosis rate and risk of vertebral fracture in mainland Chinese women with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Few data are available regarding bone mineral density (BMD) and the risk of vertebral fracture among mainland Chinese women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A decrease in the bone projective area (BPA) can be an indirect marker reflecting compressed vertebral fracture. We investigated age-related BMD, BPA, and the prevalence of osteoporosis in women with T2DM in mainland China. BMD and BPA of the posteroanterior lumbar spine (L1-L4) and hip were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in 1253 women with T2DM and 1194 control subjects without diabetes aged 40-80 yr. BMD of the lumbar spine and hip decreased with age. BMD of the lumbar spine was higher in T2DM than controls (p<0.05-0.001), as was BPA at some vertebral bodies (p<0.05-0.001), whereas no significant intergroup differences in BPA were observed at the hip. The prevalence of osteoporosis in the women with T2DM increased with age: 0-2.58% at age 40-49 yr, 6.94-28.4% at age 50-59 yr, 32.7-76.7% at age 70-80 yr, with the range reflecting differences between skeletal sites. In subjects over 60 yr, the rates of osteoporosis at posteroanterior spine were significantly lower in T2DM patients than in controls (p<0.05-0.001). In conclusion, women with T2DM had higher BMD and lower risk of osteoporosis. Higher BPA of the vertebrae indicated that women with T2DM in mainland China would have a lower risk of vertebral fracture than non-diabetic women.

Bone and Men's Health. The role of androgens in bone metabolism

Testosterone is the major gonadal sex steroid produced by the testis and act as strong androgen. The adrenal glands produce the weaker androgens dehydroepiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, and androstenedione. These gonadal and adrenal androgens collectively affect skeletal homeostasis in both men and women. Because of the high prevalence of osteoporosis in women, investigators have been concerned especially in estrogen to resolve the mechanisms of bone metabolism. Estrogens play greater role in maintenance of skeletal health than testosterone, the current evidence suggests that androgens also have direct beneficial effects on bone metabolism. Androgens have anti-osteoporotic effect via direct interaction with androgen receptors, as well as effects mediated by estrogen receptors after aromatization to estradiol.

Bone mineral density at the hip in Norwegian women and men. Prevalence of osteoporosis depends on chosen references. The Tromsø Study

This study describes bone mineral density (BMD) and the prevalence of osteoporosis in women and men between 30–89 years in an unselected population. BMD was measured in g/cm2 at total hip and femoral neck by dual-energy-X-ray absorptiometry in 3,094 women and 2,132 men in the 2001 Tromso Study. BMD levels were significantly explained by age and declined progressively in both sexes from middle into old age, with highest decline in women. With osteoporosis defined as a T-score of two and a half standard deviation below the young adult mean BMD, the prevalence at the total hip in subjects above 70 years was 6.9% in men and 15.3% in women, respectively, using the Lunar reference material for T-score calculations. The prevalence increased significantly to 7.3% in men and 19.5% in women, when T-scores were calculated on basis of the young adult mean BMD (age group 30–39 years) in the study population. At the femoral neck, prevalence of osteoporosis increased from 13.5 to 18.5% in men, and from 20.4 to 35.2% in women above 70 years, respectively, depending on how T-scores were calculated. The study highlights the challenges with fixed diagnostic levels when measuring normally distributed physiologic parameters. Although BMD only partly explains fracture risk, future studies should evaluate which calculations give optimal fracture prediction.

Bone mineral density at the hip in Norwegian women and men—prevalence of osteoporosis depends on chosen references: the Tromsø Study

This study describes bone mineral density (BMD) and the prevalence of osteoporosis in women and men between 30-89 years in an unselected population. BMD was measured in g/cm(2) at total hip and femoral neck by dual-energy-X-ray absorptiometry in 3,094 women and 2,132 men in the 2001 Tromsø Study. BMD levels were significantly explained by age and declined progressively in both sexes from middle into old age, with highest decline in women. With osteoporosis defined as a T-score of two and a half standard deviation below the young adult mean BMD, the prevalence at the total hip in subjects above 70 years was 6.9% in men and 15.3% in women, respectively, using the Lunar reference material for T-score calculations. The prevalence increased significantly to 7.3% in men and 19.5% in women, when T-scores were calculated on basis of the young adult mean BMD (age group 30-39 years) in the study population. At the femoral neck, prevalence of osteoporosis increased from 13.5 to 18.5% in men, and from 20.4 to 35.2% in women above 70 years, respectively, depending on how T-scores were calculated. The study highlights the challenges with fixed diagnostic levels when measuring normally distributed physiologic parameters. Although BMD only partly explains fracture risk, future studies should evaluate which calculations give optimal fracture prediction.

Age-Related Bone Mineral Density, Bone Loss Rate, Prevalence of Osteoporosis, and Reference Database of Women at Multiple Centers in China

Our study surveyed age-related bone mineral density (BMD), bone loss rate, and prevalence of osteoporosis in women at multiple research centers in China. Survey results were used to establish a BMD reference database for the diagnosis of osteoporosis in Chinese women nationwide. We used dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry bone densitometers to measure BMD at posteroanterior (PA) lumbar spine (L1–L4; n = 8142) and proximal femur (n = 7290) in female subjects of age 20–89 yr from Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Chengdu, Nanjing, and Jiaxing. A cubic regression-fitting model was used to describe the change of BMD with age at various skeletal sites. Peak BMD occurred between 30 and 34 yr of age for femur neck and total femur, and between 40 and 44 yr for spine and trochanter measurement sites. Young adult (YA) BMD values (mean and standard deviation [SD], calculated as the average BMD in the age range of 20–39, were 1.116 ± 0.12, 0.927 ± 0.12, 0.756 ± 0.11, and 0.963 ± 0.13 g/cm 2 at PA spine, femoral neck, trochanter, and total femur, respectively. The BMD of 85-yr-old women reflected a loss of 32% at the spine and 30–35% at femur measurement sites. The prevalence of osteoporosis, defined as a BMD of ≤−2.5 SDs from YA values established in this study, in female subjects of age 50 yr or older, was 28% for the spine, 15% for any femur site, and 31% for any spine or femur site. This study provides important information for formulating osteoporosis prevention and treatment strategies in Chinese women, and it establishes a reliable BMD reference database for the diagnosis of osteoporosis of Chinese women nationwide.

Prevalencia de osteoporosis en ancianos institucionalizados, mediante ultrasonografía de calcáneo

To analyze using quantitative ultrasound of calcaneus (QUS) the prevalence of osteoporosis in institutionalized elderly people, in order to contribute to state reliable criteria (T-score units) for the diagnosis of osteoporosis which allow advances in bone fracture prevention. Elderly people (n=171) were divided into separate groups according to sex and age criteria (three decades, from 70 to 90 years) and analyzed using QUS. Both globally and in the younger groups, women showed significantly lower values than men in all densitometry variables (p < 0.001). In the oldest group only T-score and BUA showed statistical differences (p = 0.039 y p = 0.025, respectively). The prevalence of osteoporosis in women was higher than in men whichever criteria were applied in all age groups. Applying the WHO criteria with QUS, the prevalence of osteoporosis in global population is close to that stated by DEXA using the same criteria. QUS could be useful to assess the bone mass evolution with age and for the diagnosis and monitoring of osteoporosis. In our elderly population, the WHO criteria for DEXA, are also the most suitable ones for QUS utilization.