Prevalence Of Oral Mucosal Lesions Research Articles

Clinical Profile and Prevalence of Oral Mucosal Lesions in Tobacco Users-A Prospective Study from Jammu, India

Clinical Profile and Prevalence of Oral Mucosal Lesions in Tobacco Users-A Prospective Study from Jammu, India

Clinicoepidemiological Study of Oral Mucosal Lesions and Its Impact on Quality of Life in Patients Attending Skin OPD At Rural Based Tertiary Health Care Centre

Background Oral mucosa is one of the first barriers to the outside world which encounters various antigens, microorganisms and physical agents and it is in direct continuity with the skin externally and with the mucosa of oropharynx and nasopharynx internally. Objectives The objective of our study was to study the prevalence of oral mucosal lesion, its association with various dermatoses and quality of life in patients with oral mucosal lesions attending outpatient department of dermatology at a tertiary care health centre. Methods This study was an observational, purposive type of study conducted in Department of Dermatology at a tertiary health care centre. All the patients with oral mucosal lesion were included with full history and detailed examination noted in a prestructured proforma. Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) and Children’s Life Quality Index (CDLQI) both were used to assess quality of life. Results: Among 202 (prevalence-0.8%) patients, maximum numbers of patients 53 (26.23 %) belonged to age group 31-40 years followed by 49(24.25 %) patients with age group of 21-30 years. Maximum numbers of patients were female 108 (53.46 %). Among oral ulcers recurrent aphthous stomatitis was the commonest finding seen in 56 (27.72%). Among cutaneous conditions associated with oral lesions oral lichen planus 50(24.75%) was the most common condition followed by pemphigus in 15(7.42%) patients. Out of 195 patients, maximum 86 (44.10%) patients were categorised as a moderately affected DLQI group. Conclusion: Oral ulcers were the most common finding seen in our study. There were a significant number of patients of cutaneous conditions associated with oral lesions seen.

Prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in patients with systemic Lupus Erythematosus: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease that can cause a range of symptoms, including oral mucosal lesions (OMLs). The prevalence of OMLs in SLE patients and their associated factors have been studied in various regions, but the results are inconsistent. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of OMLs in patients with SLE.MethodsObservational studies of OML prevalence in SLE patients published before 2022 were retrieved from PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Library without language restriction. The quality of the studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) and Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ).ResultsOur meta-analysis included 113 studies with a total of 53,307 SLE patients. We found that the prevalence of OMLs in SLE patients was 31% (95% CI: 28%, 35%), with oral ulcers being present in 30% of SLE patients (95% CI: 26%, 33%). Subgroup analysis showed that the prevalence of OMLs varied significantly by region, disease activity, and sample size (p ≤ 0.01). However, gender and year of publication had little effect on the prevalence of OMLs (p = 0.78 and 0.30, respectively). Oral ulcers were significantly associated with age of onset (p = 0.02), geographic location (p < 0.01), and race (p < 0.01). We also found that the prevalence of oral erythema was 9%, oral candidiasis was 9%, petechiae was 8%, cheilitis was 6%, and white plaque was 3%.ConclusionsOur analysis showed that the prevalence of OMLs varied significantly by region and disease activity, and child-onset patients of Indian, Malay, and Caucasian descent were more likely to have oral ulcers. The high prevalence of OML in SLE patients emphasizes the importance of regular oral examination and management in the comprehensive care of individuals with SLE.

A reflection on COVID-19 and oral mucosal lesion: a systematic review.

The aim of this systematic review is to provide a clinical update of the current knowledge on COVID-19 and oral mucosal lesions, to analyze the types and prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in patients with COVID-19, and to clarify the potential association between COVID-19 and oral mucosal lesions. The literature search was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and the Cochrane Library, as well as literatures via manual searches of the reference lists of included studies. Studies published in English that mentioned oral mucosal lesions in patients with COVID-19 were included, resulting in a total of 31 studies. Most of the included studies were considered to have a moderate to high risk of bias according to the Joanna Briggs Institute bias assessment tools. Based on COVID-19 severity, the characteristics and patterns of oral mucosal lesions in COVID-19 patients were described, analyzed and synthesized. Overall, ulcers without specific diagnosis had the highest prevalence in COVID-19 patients, followed by traumatic ulcers, candidiasis, petechiae and aphthous-like lesions. Homogeneity of data cannot be achieved in statical analysis, indicating randomness of outcome (ulcers without specific diagnosis, 95% CI: 28%-96%, I2 = 98.7%). Given the limited evidence from currently available studies, the association between COVID-19 and oral mucosal lesions remains difficult to clarify. Healthcare professionals should be aware of the possible association between COVID-19 and oral mucosal lesions, and we hereby discuss our findings.

Prevalence and Distribution of Oral Mucosal Lesions and Normal Variants among Nepalese Population.

Oral mucosa is encountered by various lesions and normal variants. Some are not to be worried about, whereas others may be of significance. Knowing the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in a particular region helps better evaluate, diagnose, and, thus, manage these lesions. To assess the prevalence and distribution of oral mucosal lesions and normal variants among various age groups, genders, and sites of the orofacial region. This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, KIST Medical College and Teaching Hospital from January 2021 to March 2021. Three different proformas were designed according to age, gender, and location of lesions for entry as per the WHO's guide. The obtained data were entered into a Microsoft Excel sheet for frequency analysis by SPSS, and the results were tabulated. Among the records of 16572 (9703 (58.55%) males and 6869 (41.44%) females) OPD patients, 3495 (21.08%) (1934 (55.33%) males and 1561 (44.66%) females) had OMLs and 2314 (13.96%) (1626 (70.26%) males and 688 (29.73%) females) had normal mucosal variants. The most commonly seen OML categories were tobacco-associated lesions, i.e., 2056 (34.07%), tongue lesions, i.e., 1598 (26.48%), oral potentially malignant disorders, i.e., 815 (13.50%), ulcers i.e., 728 (12.06%), and infectious lesions, i.e., 256 (4.24%). The Nepalese population has a wide range of oral mucosal lesions and normal variants, and this study has attempted to have baseline data for the same. The most common OML was smoker's melanosis.

Prevalence of Lesions and Oral Mucosal Normal Variations in an Elderly Population in Costa Rica

To establish the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions and normal variations in a population of older adults. This observational study was conducted from 2015 to 2016 and involved 156 participants from Los Guido (San José, Costa Rica). The participants’ sociodemographic information, risk factors, comorbidity, and clinical examination were evaluated and analyzed descriptively and qualitatively. Findings in oral mucosa were found to preferentially affect women (n=111; 71%) and individuals between the ages of 60 and 69 years (n=65; 42%), having smoking as a risk factor (n=67; 43%), and suffering from arterial hypertension (n=101; 65%). Intraoral findings were mainly presented together with variations from normal and pathology (n=71; 46%), predominantly one variation from normal (n=67; 33%) and one pathology (n=51; 43%). The most prevalent normal variations were the saburral tongue, lingual varicose veins, and cryptic tonsils. Infectious diseases (n=33; 21%), potentially malignant disorders (n=30; 19%), and physical and chemical injuries (n=18; 12%) were the most prevalent groups. The four most predominant lesions were prosthetic stomatitis, actinic cheilitis, frictional keratosis, and atrophic glossitis. The differences in pathological groups were not statistically significant (p=0.392) when comparing the frequency ratio by sex. Variations of the normal anatomy are the predominant ones, the saburral tongue being the most prevalent individually; among the pathologies, the most remarkable group was the infectious diseases, and prosthetic stomatitis was the most frequent. The information about this subject in Costa Rica is limited. So it is important to conduct more studies that contribute to the oral health of the elderly population in this area.

Prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in denture wearers with substance abuse in Mangalore taluk population

Progressive loss of tooth caused by old age or certain systemic conditions, lead to oral handicap that often require a prosthetic appliance for restoring function and aesthetics. While these prostheses require good hygiene maintenance, lack of oral health awareness, compromised dexterity and presence of substance abuse could make the dentures harbingers of certain oral mucosal conditions. The aim of this study is to evaluate the presence of oral mucosal lesions among dental prosthetic wearers and its association with habits of substance abuse. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional survey was conducted?on 1312 subjects aged 18 years and above using?a house-to-house approach to collect information regarding their prosthetic status, duration of prosthesis, usage of tobacco and oral mucosal condition. Results: The results showed a strong co-relation between substance abuse and denture wear with ulcers and denture stomatitis showing the highest prevalence rate amongst the study population. Leukoplakia and Oral Submucosal Fibrosis was seen mostly in non-denture wearers. Summary and Conclusions: According to the results, Denture wearers had a higher tendency of having oral mucosal lesions, most commonly being Ulcers and Denture stomatitis (3.2%). With the exception of leukoplakia that occurred mostly in the non denture wearers. Substsance abuse had a direct co-relation to oral mucosal lesions. Occurrence of ulcers and denture stomatitis followed by candidiasis in smoked tobacco users, while in smokeless tobacco users ulcerative lesions and denture stomatitis followed by Acute Necrotising Denture Stomatitis were most commonly noted. Clinical significance: It is essential to carry out periodic examination of the oral mucosa in denture wearers to establish a preventive protocol to eradicate the pathology caused by the use of dentures and the harmful effects of substance abuse. Key Words: Denture wear, Oral habits, Oral health, Oral mucosal lesions, Substance abuse

Prevalence of Oral Mucosal Lesions in Patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus: A Retrospective Analysis

Prevalence of Oral Mucosal Lesions in Patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus: A Retrospective Analysis

Prevalence of Oral Mucosal Lesions among Tobacco Consumers: Cross-Sectional Study.

Different lesions of mucosa can arise in people with a habit of tobacco usage. An assessment of prevalence of such lesions among tobacco consumers was done through this study. A total of 1000 persons were included in this cross-sectional survey. Individuals with a habit of tobacco usage in any form were included in the study. Demographic data were recorded for each study participant. Furthermore, all the participants were examined for associated oral lesions through toluene blue staining method. Types of tobacco consumption reported were for bidi, cigarette, hookah, gutkha, zarda, pan masala, and supari. Different types of associated lesions that were observed included tobacco pouch keratosis, leukoplakia, smoker's melanosis, erythroplakia, erythroleukoplakia, squamous cell carcinoma, sub-mucous fibrosis, and lichen planus in descending order. The oral sites involved were buccal mucosa, labial mucosa, floor of the mouth, gingiva, palate, and tongue in descending order. Various types of oral lesions can arise due to tobacco usage in different forms. The most common change observed is pouch keratosis in chewers and leukoplakia in smokers.

The Predominance of Tobacco Propensities and Tobacco-Related Oral Lesions in Textile Mill Workers of Bhopal: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Low wages, long work hours, and stressful working conditions predominantly affect the oral and general health of industrial workers, which in turn resultin their tobacco consumption. This cross-sectional study examined the prevalence of tobacco use and its associated oral lesions among textile mill workers in Bhopal, India. Oral cancer and premalignant lesions are significantly increased by smoking and chewing tobacco. The study's objective was to assess and record the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions linked to tobacco use in different age groups among Bhopal textile industry workers. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 583 textile mill workers. Data were collected using a questionnaire and the WHO Oral Health Assessment Form 2013. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 29 (Released 2022; IBM Corp., Armonk, New York, United States) was used for the statistical analysis. Variables were compared using the mean, percentage, and standard deviation. The chi-square test and Fisher's exact test were used to compare the distribution of gender, tobacco habits, and oral mucosal lesions in different age groups. Males made up 69.1% of the workforce. A clear male preference was noted (P ≤ 0.001). About 64.7% of the workers did not have any tobacco-related habits, 20.8% used smokeless tobacco, 7.9% used a smoking form of tobacco, and 6.7% used both. Older age groups, 31-45 and >46 years old, had a higher proportion of users of smokeless tobacco (P ≤ 0.001). The most commonly reported oral mucosal lesions were ulcerative conditions in 6.9%, followed by oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF), keratotic lesions, and leukoplakia in 5.0%, 4.1%, and 3.6% of the study population, respectively. Leukoplakia and OSMF were prevalent in the 31-45-yearage group, while ulcerative lesions were more prevalent in the 18-30-yearage group (P ≤ 0.001). Workers at textile mills were more likely to use a smokeless form of tobacco. Older age groups had higher rates of smokeless tobacco use as compared to smoking, which was more prevalent in the younger age group. Oral mucosal lesions in older age groups frequently include OSMF and leukoplakia. The main reasons for engaging in the tobacco use habit were stress and a lack of awareness. Oral hygiene was a neglected entity among workers.

Prevalence of Oral Mucosal Lesions among Geriatric Patients: A Cross-sectional Study

Prevalence of Oral Mucosal Lesions among Geriatric Patients: A Cross-sectional Study

Abstract 65: Oral Health Inequalities Among Tobacco Users in the Tea Plantation Workers, Nilgiri Hills, Tamilnadu, India

Abstract Purpose: Tea is an important agro-industry of India, which contributes immensely to the countries economy. Poor socio-economic conditions, ignorance due to illiteracy, over-crowded and unhygienic living conditions in the residential colonies make tea garden population vulnerable. Hence this study was contemplated with an aim to assess the oral health status, tobacco use and cancer awareness among tea plantation workers, Nilgiri Hills, Tamil Nadu, India. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted to assess the prevalence of head and neck cancers among tobacco use and cancer awareness among tea plantation workers, Nilgiri Hills. Data was collected using a pretested Questionnaire, which included Demographic data, tobacco habits, its frequency and form. Oral examination for potentially malignant and cancerous lesions was done by the examiner. The data collected was analysed using SPSS version 21. Results: Results showed that among 900 study population, 57% had no formal education, 64.5% had indigenous brushing habits. Of those who had the habit of smoking, 26% smoked beedi, 10.9% smoked cigarette, 65% chewed raw tobacco, 18% chewed Hans and 28% had a combination of smoking and smokeless tobacco usage. 52% of oral mucosal and potentially malignant lesions, 6% oral cancers were observed. Prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in the study population was due to tobacco usage and lack of awareness regarding the deleterious effects of the products used. Conclusion: The dangers from smoking and chewing tobacco are well documented within the literature but the public’s lack of knowledge of the risks is a concern. Health professionals are encouraged to ensure that the public is made aware of these risks, especially those within high-risk groups. Citation Format: Delfin Lovelina Francis. Oral Health Inequalities Among Tobacco Users in the Tea Plantation Workers, Nilgiri Hills, Tamilnadu, India [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 11th Annual Symposium on Global Cancer Research; Closing the Research-to-Implementation Gap; 2023 Apr 4-6. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2023;32(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 65.

ORAL HEALTH STATUS AND TREATMENT NEEDS OF INDORE MUNICIPAL CORPORATION EMPLOYEES

To assess the oral health status and treatment needs of Indore municipal corporation employees. A descriptive study was conducted among the employees of Indore municipal corporation. 486 employees as per representative sample by hierarchy decision during the study period were all taken into account. The study was organized for the data collection of Municipal employees during the period of July 2022 to sept. 2022. World Health Organization (WHO) Oral Health Assessment Form for Adults (2013) was used for the examination of employees. descriptive and inferential statistics were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics Windows, version 25 (IBM Corp, Armonk, N.Y., USA). Categorical variables were analyzed by Chi-square test and continuous variables were analyzed using One -way ANOVA. The prevalence of dental caries was 80.4%. The prevalence of periodontal disease was signicantly more (54.4%). And the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions was 9.9%. Oral health status presents alarming health care seeking mainly due to various risk factors commonly predominated. The imperative need to escalate awareness through oral health campaigns, and interdisciplinary dental clinics availability for self-reliant healthcare to frontline workers of the Indore Municipal Corporation

Prevalence of Oral Mucosal Lesions among East Godavari Sample Population - A Descriptive Study

Prevalence of Oral Mucosal Lesions among East Godavari Sample Population - A Descriptive Study

Abstract C128: Prevalence of tobacco use, potentially malignant lesions and oral cancer among Irula tribes, Nilgiri hills, Tamilnadu, India

Abstract Background: Despite remarkable world-wide progress in the field of diagnostic, curative and preventive medicine, still there are large populations of people living in isolation in natural and unpolluted surroundings far away from civilisation, maintaining their traditional values, customs, beliefs and myths. They are commonly known as tribes and are considered to be the indigenous people of the land. The Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1911, defines a tribe as a “collection of families bearing a common name, speaking a common dialect, occupying or professing to occupy a common territory and is not usually endogamous though originally it might have been so”. India has the second largest tribal population of the world next to the African countries. About half of the world’s autochthonous people live in India, thus making India home to many tribes which have an interesting and varied history of origins, customs and social practices. In spite of the tremendous advancement in the field of preventive and curative medicine, the health care delivery system in these primitive tribal people are still poor and need to be strengthened. Hence this study was contemplated with an aim to assess the prevalence of tobacco use, potentially malignant lesions and oral cancer among Irula tribes, Nilgiri hills, Tamilnadu, India. Methodology: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted to assess the tobacco use potentially malignant lesions and oral cancer among Irula tribes. Data was collected using a pretested Questionnaire, which included Demographic data, tobacco habits, its frequency and form. Oral examination was done by a single examiner. The data collected was analysed using SPSS version15. Results: Results showed that among 240 study population, showed 57% had no formal education, 34.5% had not visited dentist before. 64.5% had indigenous brushing habits. 52% of oral mucosal lesions and 6% malignant oral tumors were observed. A very high prevalence of periodontal disease, tobacco chewing, deep rooted beliefs and customs regarding dentition and dental treatment was observed in this community. Prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in the study population was due to tobacco usage and lack of awareness regarding the deleterious effects of the products used. Conclusion: The dangers from smoking and chewing tobacco are well documented within the literature but the public’s lack of knowledge of the risks is a concern. Health professionals are encouraged to ensure that the public is made aware of these risks, especially those within high-risk groups. Citation Format: Delfin Lovelina Francis. Prevalence of tobacco use, potentially malignant lesions and oral cancer among Irula tribes, Nilgiri hills, Tamilnadu, India [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 15th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2022 Sep 16-19; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022;31(1 Suppl):Abstract nr C128.

Prevalence of Oral Mucosal Lesions Among Patients Visiting Private University Dental Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Prevalence of Oral Mucosal Lesions Among Patients Visiting Private University Dental Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

PREVALENCE OF ORAL MUCOSAL LESIONS IN PATIENTS WITH PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS IN A TERTIARY MEDICAL CENTER

Background: Psychological stress adversely affects the physiological effectiveness of a person to an abundant point of melancholy. Considering the high prevalence of oral health problems in psychiatric patients, the present study was conducted to assess prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in psychiatric patients attending psychiatric outpatient department (OPD) at Nobel Medical College Teaching Hospital. Methods: The descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Outpatient Department of psychiatry at Nobel Medical College Teaching Hospital in Biratnagar. A total number of 130 patients diagnosed with oral mucosal lesions and stress related conditions were screened. Data for this research was collected by Oral visual examination. Statistical analysis was carried out by using spss software version 21 with use of descriptive statistics like mean and percentage. Results: Majority of the participants were females constituting of 61% of the study group and male subjects with 39 % of the sample size. Major participants were of 38-48 years of range and least from 58 years and above. Schizophrenia was most prevalent psychiatric disorder. Lichen planus was mostly associated with 38% of females, while apthous ulcers were predominant in 40 % of male populations.  Conclusions: Oral mucosal Lesions lessen the quality of life of patients, the role of stress and other psychogenic factors cannot be ruled out. The present study highlights the association of stress and anxiety in development of mucosal lesions in patients with psychiatric disorders.

Prevalence of Oral mucosal lesion in patients with Tobacco related habits among Chidambaram population – A Cross-sectional study

Introduction: Tobacco has been traditionally used in many parts of India which was known to be associated with many oral mucosal lesions which has higher chance for morbidity and mortality. A cross sectional study was conducted in Chidambaram population to find the prevalence of oral mucosal lesion in association with tobacco and alcohol related habits. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 2246 participants from in and around Chidambaram who attended the outpatient department, during the period of 2months (December 2019 to January 2020). Data collected using questionnaire adapted from global adult tobacco survey questionnaire followed by oral examination. Result: Among the 2246, 161 participants has the habit of using smoking, chewing tobacco and alcohol consumption. This study has the predominance of participants who have combination habits such as smoking tobacco and alcohol consumption. Among the participants with oral mucosal lesion leukoplakia has higher predominance followed by tobacco pouch keratosis and smoker’s palate. Most of the lesions were present in the buccal mucosa. Conclusion: Prevalence of premalignant lesions in association with adverse habits was significant in our study. This shows necessity for early diagnosis and Awareness should be created to the public through anti-tobacco campaign by the government and private agencies. Tobacco cessation clinics should be opened in all primary health care centre and more knowledge should be created about premalignant lesion to prevent the morbidity and mortality rate.

Factors Related to Oral Mucosal Lesions Among Tobacco Smokers in A Fisher Community of Indonesia

Background: Oral mucosal lesions (OMLs) are precursors of oral cancer which affect the quality of life, such as difficulty swallowing, pain, and mastication. These lesions were found related to tobacco consumption. In Indonesia, almost half of the fishers were active tobacco smokers Objectives: This study aims to find the prevalence and factors related to oral mucosal lesions among fishers in Jember, Indonesia. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, oral examination for mucosal lesions and interviews were conducted among 301 fishers. Kruskall Wallis test was run to seek the association of respondent’s demographic, character-smoking habits, and prevalence of oral mucosal lesions. Chi-squre test was conducted for every lesion to find the correlation between demographic characteristics and smoking habits. Result: One or more mucosal lesions were found in 97,7% of the population. Melanosis was observed the most frequently (88.4%), followed by frictional keratosis (33.9%), candidiasis (32.6%), black hairy tongue (6%), nicotine stomatitis (5.3%), leukoplakia (2%). This study found that a majority of fishers use filter cigarettes (73.1%), and they use &gt; 20 cigarettes per day (70.1%). The number of oral mucosal lesions was higher among the older age group, lower education status, and more frequent smokers. Conclusion: The prevalence of oral mucosal lesions among smokers in the fishers community was high and related to sociodemographic factors and a smoking habit.

PREVALENCE OF ORAL MUCOSAL LESIONS AMONG DENTAL PATIENTS IN BAREILLY POPULATION: AN ORIGINAL RESEARCH

Aim: Methodology:To determine the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions among dental patients in Bareilly population. Subjects of the either sex reporting to the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Institute of Dental Sciences, Bareilly, India, were included in the study after obtaining their informed consent. Examination of the oral cavity was performed under good illumination using gloves, probe, mirror according to Kerr, Ash, Millard and WHO guidelines and color atlas was followed during examination. Oral mucosal lesions were diagnosed based on the clinical features. When clinical diagnosis was inconclusive, histopathological evaluation was done. There were total 2000 patients within 16 -70 yearsResults: range; Mean age of patients was 43.83 ± 15.38 years. It was found that 1393 (69.7%) out of 2000 of oral mucosal lesions, maximum was 553 (27.7%) of leukoplakia, 319 (16%) of tobacco pouch keratosis, 180 (9%) of smoker's palate, 151 (7.6%) of oral submucous brosis. Conclusion: This study presented epidemiological data on oral mucosal lesions associated with the tobacco habit of the Bareilly city in UP, India. This might prove valuable in identifying high-risk populations, planning future oral health studies and implementing preventive programmes. In our study, we found that the tobacco habit was most prevalent in the age group of 41 to 50 years.