Prevalence Of Oral Manifestations Research Articles

The appearance of oral manifestations in children infected with COVID-19: A critical review of the literature

Objective The aim of this narrative review of the literature is to summarize the evidence on the prevalence of oral manifestations and to ascertain at what point in time oral manifestations present in children infected with SARS-CoV-2. Method Databases PUBMED, Google Scholar and Ebsco were used. The search terms: COVID 19, oral manifestations and child, along with age filters were applied to generate the articles published between 2020-2021.The abstracts of the articles were first read and then those articles that were relevant were evaluated in detail. Results Hyperaemic pharynx and dysgeusia were prevalent in children with COVID-19 disease while edematous and erythematous lips and strawberry tongue were frequently seen in patients diagnosed with multisytem inflammatory syndrome in children. In some sources the onset of oral manifestations was unclear resulting in inconclusive evidence. Conclusion Oral manifestations are commonly seen amongst the earliest manifestations of COVID-19, and may happen prior to presenting other symptoms, or up to a week after other manifestations of the disease. The appearance of oral manifestations in children with COVID -19 like symptoms may be an indicator of disease severity and the likelihood that disease progression could potentially be more severe and have more detrimental outcomes.

AN UPDATE ON ORAL MANIFESTATIONS OF SARS COV-2 INFECTION AND SURVIVAL OUTCOME OF PATIENTS WITH MUCORMYCOSIS : A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS.

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak caused by SARS-CoV-2 is a pandemic infectious disease threatening the world that has been emerged by human-to-human transmission through respiratory droplets. However, the Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor is also considered as the main functional receptor through which SARS CoV-2 gains entry into the body. Now-a-days mucormycosis incidence is increased rapidly due to severe effect of COVID-19 on patient's immune response. Mucormycosis is a rare invasive fungal disease often seen in immunocompromised individuals, mainly in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis, and in patients at concomitant use of steroids. As the prevalence of oral manifestations in effected individuals are still unknown, it has become a broad and current interest. Therefore, this paper aims to summarize the updated literature on oral manifestations of patients with COVID-19 and to analyse the survival outcome of patients with mucormycosis during covid crisis.

Oral and dental manifestations in chronic renal failure with type 2 diabetic patients receiving hemodialysis

The significance of oral health care, in management of chronic renal failure with type 2 diabetes mellitus (CRF with T2DM) has been widely acknowledged. However, attention to the oral health care has been lacking, especially in developing countries like India because of high burden of renal diseases. To assess the prevalence of oral and dental manifestations in chronic renal failure with type 2 diabetic patients receiving hemodialysis and healthy individuals.: This study was conducted in department of oral pathology, Vydehi Institute of dental sciences, Bangalore. A total of 51 subjects comprising of 24 chronic renal patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 27 healthy individuals were considered for the study. Oral examination was performed using diagnostic instruments as described by Kerr, Ash, and Millard. Oral lesions such as gingivitis 14(52%), and periodontitis 4(15%) were most frequently seen lesion in CRF with T2DM when compared to healthy individuals. Candidal infection were found to be 4(17%) in CRF with T2DM and 2(7%) in healthy individuals. Other findings were uremic fetor showed highest prevalence followed by xerostomia, halitosis and so forth. The difference between the group were found to be statistically significant (P<0.005).The study showed the increase in prevalence of oral manifestations in CRF with T2DM as compared to Healthy controls. As the incidence of CRF cases continues to rise worldwide, early diagnosis of oral manifestations and their appropriate management can improve the quality of life.

Prevalence of oral manifestations in patients with lupus erythematosus in a sample of the Egyptian population: a hospital based cross-sectional study

Background: Several systemic diseases manifest themselves in the oral cavity. Dentists who are unaware of these lesions will possibly miss them. This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the prevalence of oral manifestations in patients with LE in a sample of the Egyptian population. Methods: A descriptive study was performed on 189 patients attending the Internal Medicine Department, Rheumatology Clinic in EL Qasr EL Ainy Hospital, Cairo University. Every patient was examined clinically after completing a questionnaire. Moreover, patients’ medical records were also evaluated. The oral manifestations were recorded according to the WHO guide to physical examination of the oral cavity and classified according to their morphologic aspects and localization. Results: Out of 189 patients, there were 182 females (96.3%) and seven males (3.7%). The prevalence of oral lesions in SLE patients was 55.6%. The most affected site was the tongue 25.7%. The most common clinical aspect was patches, 53%. About 77.1% of the lesions were asymptomatic. Conclusions: The present study emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis of oral lesions to recognize patients with SLE as the WHO considers oral manifestations of SLE a widespread state. Also, implementation of oral hygiene measures and treatment to improve patients’ nutritional state and health-related quality of life are recommended.

Oral manifestations associated with COVID-19 disease: An observational cross sectional study

ObjectivesThe aim of present study was to investigate oral manifestations associated with COVID-19 disease. Materials and methodsThis cross-sectional study comprised 367 suspects with mild/moderate COVID-19 symptoms who reported to a tertiary care hospital's screening OPD. An in-depth case history was taken, and an oral cavity examination was performed to detect any oral findings. All participants were tested for SARS-CoV-2 using a naso-pharyngeal swab and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.Oral manifestations and the results of RT-PCR testing were correlated. Statistical analyses were performed using Epi Info and R software. To estimate the prevalence of oral symptoms, the Pearson chi-square test was used. ResultsOral manifestations were found in 58% of the study population. The difference in the prevalence of oral manifestations between RT-PCR positive COVID-19 patients versus RT-PCR negative suspects was statistically significant (p = 0.007) with xerostomia and dysgeusia being significantly higher in positive patients (p = 0.036 and p = 0.044 respectively) while the prevalence of stomatopyrosis and other intraoral signs was insignificant. ConclusionXerostomia and dysgeusia are the common oral manifestations of COVID-19.

Prevalence of oral manifestations in patients with lupus erythematosus in a sample of the Egyptian population: a hospital based cross-sectional study

Background: Several systemic diseases manifest themselves in the oral cavity. Oral manifestations of lupus erythematosus (LE) are associated with a significantly increased risk of cancer. Dentists who are unaware of these lesions will possibly miss them. This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the prevalence of oral manifestations in patients with LE in a sample of the Egyptian population. Methods: A descriptive study was performed on 189 patients attending the Internal Medicine Department, Rheumatology Clinic in EL Qasr EL Ainy Hospital, Cairo University. Every patient was examined clinically after completing a questionnaire. Moreover, patients’ medical records were also evaluated. The oral manifestations were recorded according to the WHO guide to physical examination of the oral cavity and classified according to their morphologic aspects and localization. Results: Out of 189 patients, there were 182 females (96.3%) and seven males (3.7%). The prevalence of oral lesions in LE patients was 55.6%. The most affected site was the tongue 25.7%. The most common clinical aspect was patches, 53%. About 77.1% of the lesions were asymptomatic. Conclusions: The present study emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis of oral lesions to recognize patients with LE as the WHO considers oral manifestations of LE a widespread state. Also, implementation of oral hygiene measures and treatment to improve patients’ nutritional state and health-related quality of life are recommended.

Long Term Use of Metformin and its Effect on Serum Vitamin B12 with its Oral Manifestations: A Review

Metformin is the most frequently prescribed first line therapy for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and it is one of the fewer antihyperglycaemics associated with improvements in the morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular disease associated with T2DM. Although there are major beneficial effects but it is shown to have disadvantages with long-term use of metformin. Recent studies have shown that metformin induces malabsorption of Vitamin B12, which may increase the risk of developing Vitamin B 12 deficiency. Vitamin B12 is one of the integral nutritional components that affect the oral health with individuals with decreased levels exhibit various oral manifestations such as glossitis, glossodynia, recurrent ulcers, angular cheilitis, dysgeusia, lingual paraesthesia, burning sensations and pruritis. Most of the vitamin B12 deficiencies are associated with malabsorption syndrome, gastrectomy cases, and elderly people. The prevalence of oral manifestations with regard to metformin induced Vitamin B12 has to be considered as new paradigm in routine diagnosis and investigations. This review likewise centers around the mechanism involved in metformin induced vitamin B12 deficiency and possible implications in the diagnosis and management of oro-mucosal lesions associated with such deficiency.

Prevalence of Oral Lesions among HIV Positive Patients Attending Antiretroviral Therapy Centre in Rural Area of Western Maharashtra

Introduction: The Oral Manifestations (OM) of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is indication of compromised immune status and disease progression. These Oral Lesions (OL) cause morbidity and affect quality of life of the patients. Aim: To evaluate the association between OM in patients with HIV infection and their level of cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) count. Materials and Methods: The study was designed as a descriptive, cross-sectional study for a duration of two years which included a total of 565 known HIV-positive individuals visiting the regional Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) center for counseling and/or on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) were selected irrespective of age and sex. The oral lesions were diagnosed using the presumptive criteria given by by the European Committee (EC) Clearinghouse, 1993. Oral and systemic manifestations were recorded and associated with CD4 counts. The data collected was subjected to statistical analysis using Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) 8.0 software and p-value was considered significant at a level of 0.05. Results: The male-to-female ratio was almost equal and 95.04% of the patients had reported heterosexual contact as the transmission route. The peak age of occurrence of HIV infection was during 31-40 years with the mean age of males and females 39.26 years and 34.46 years respectively. Pulmonary tuberculosis (16.11%) and herpes zoster (16.81%) were the most common systemic manifestations. The prevalence of OM reported was 86.01% and was higher in females than in males. Intraoral melanotic pigmentation (50.08%) was the most common finding, followed by periodontitis (36.46%), linear gingival erythema (14.51%), Necrotising ulcerative gingivitis (NUG) (4.42%), candidiasis (8.67%), oral ulcers, herpes zoster (5.13%), herpes simplex virus infection (1.17%) and salivary gland disease (SGD) (0.7%). There was a significant association (p=0.0110) between OL and reduced CD4 count. Conclusion: OL occur commonly in HIV infection. The decrease in CD4 count is associated with a wide range of OM. The result from this study can be used as predictive marker for oral manifestations in AIDS based on the level of immune suppression and help in improving their quality of life.

Prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children attending the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Clinic in Cape Town.

ObjectiveInvestigation of the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected children undergoing highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).Materials and MethodsCross‐sectional study of 66 HIV seropositive children, comprised of 28 (42.4%) females and 38 (57.6%) males (average age of 6 years). Study participants all required data regarding CD4+ T‐helper cell counts and the viral load. All participants underwent an orofacial clinical examination by calibrated clinicians. Associations between the presence of oral mucosal lesions, CD4+ cell counts, and viral load were analyzed using Poisson regression.ResultsThe prevalence of oral manifestations was detected in 21 children (31.8%). Oral lesions were detected in 16 children with viral load copies <50 cells/mm3 and 22 children with CD4+ counts >500 cells/mm3. Predominant lesions identified included angular cheilitis (36.7%), candidiasis (13.3%) and atypical oral ulcers (13.3%). The presence of one lesion was the most prevalent represented by 19 children. Oral lesions in relation to the CD4+ counts >500 resulted in; 14 children with one oral lesion, 5 with two lesions and 3 with three oral mucosal lesions. The other half of this CD4+ count patient group presented with no oral mucosal lesions. Oral lesions in relation Viral load copies <50 resulted in; 9 children with one oral lesion, 3 with two oral mucosal lesions and 4 with three oral mucosal lesions. The other half of this Viral load patient group presented with no oral mucosal lesions. No significant correlations were established between the presence of oral mucosal lesions and low CD4+ counts (p = 0.715) nor with high viral load counts (p = 0.638).ConclusionHIV‐related oral mucosal lesions still presented in the participants despite management with HAART. Based on the results, CD4+ counts and viral load does not appear to be suitable markers of orofacial involvement in children.

Prevalence of oral manifestations in patients with lupus erythematosus in a sample of the Egyptian population: a hospital based cross-sectional study

Background: Several systemic diseases manifest themselves in the oral cavity. Oral manifestations of lupus erythematosus (LE) are associated with a significantly increased risk of cancer. Dentists who are unaware of these lesions will possibly miss them. This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the prevalence of oral manifestations in patients with LE in a sample of the Egyptian population. Methods: A descriptive study was performed on 189 patients attending the Internal Medicine Department, Rheumatology Clinic in EL Qasr EL Ainy Hospital, Cairo University. Every patient was examined clinically after completing a questionnaire. Moreover, patients' medical records were also evaluated. The oral manifestations were recorded according to the WHO guide to physical examination of the oral cavity and classified according to their morphologic aspects and localization. Results: Out of 189 patients, there were 182 females (96.3%) and seven males (3.7%). The prevalence of oral lesions in LE patients was 55.6%. The most affected site was the tongue 25.7%. The most common clinical aspect was patches, 53%. About 77.1% of the lesions were asymptomatic. 74.3% of the patients had oral candidiasis. The prevalence of skin lesions in LE patients was 37.6%. The most common finding was malar rash 79%. Conclusions: The present study emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis of oral lesions to recognize patients with LE as the WHO considers oral manifestations of LE a widespread state associated with an increased risk of cancer. Also, implementation of oral hygiene measures and treatment to improve patients' nutritional state and health-related quality of life are recommended.

Frequent and Persistent Salivary Gland Ectasia and Oral Disease After COVID-19

The clinical picture of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in various target organs has been extensively studied and described. However, relatively little is known about the characteristics of oral cavity involvement. This is surprising, considering that oral mucosal and salivary gland cells are known targets for the direct replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and that the presence of the virus in saliva is a source of transmission of the infection. The aim of our study was to investigate the presence and prevalence of oral manifestations in COVID-19 survivors. We profiled the oral involvement in 122 COVID-19 survivors that were hospitalized and followed up at a single-referral university hospital in Milan, Italy, between July 23, 2020 and September 7, 2020, after a median (interquartile range) time from hospital discharge of 104 (95 to 132) d. We found that oral manifestations, specifically salivary gland ectasia, were unexpectedly common, with oral manifestations being detected in 83.9% while salivary gland ectasia in 43% of COVID-19 survivors. Salivary gland ectasia reflected the hyperinflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2, as demonstrated by the significant relationship with C-reactive protein (CRP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels at hospital admission, and with the use of antibiotics during acute disease. Both LDH levels and antibiotic administration survived as independent predictors of salivary gland ectasia at multivariable analysis. Temporomandibular joint abnormalities, facial pain, and masticatory muscle weakness were also common. Overall, this retrospective and prospective cohort study of COVID-19 survivors revealed that residual damage of the oral cavity persists in the vast majority of patients far beyond clinical recovery, and suggests that the oral cavity represents a preferential target for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Further studies are needed to clarify the connection between SARS-CoV-2 infection and oral disorders.

Awareness and Prevalence of Oral Manifestation of Gerd in Population of Ludhiana

Awareness and Prevalence of Oral Manifestation of Gerd in Population of Ludhiana

Prevalence of Oral Lesions in Dermatological Diseases: A Retrospective Study

Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo estabelecer a prevalência das lesões orais nas doenças dermatológicas. Material e Métodos: A população do estudo consistiu de 119 pacientes com dermatoses (conforme prontuário). Os dados demográficos e clínicos coletados incluem sexo, cor da pele, idade do diagnóstico e localização anatômica de lesão. Resultados: Prevalência significativa do sexo feminino (n = 74; 63%; p = 0,01) e cor de pele branca (n=7; 65%; p&lt;0,001). A idade do diagnóstico variou de 10 a 86 anos, com alta prevalência de indivíduos &gt;20 anos (n= 6; 73%; p=0,05). A lesão mais frequente foi o pênfigo vulgar (38%), seguido de líquen plano oral (30%); Penfigóide (17%); Lúpus Eritematoso (10%); Eritema multiforme e Epidermólise bolhosa (3%); Estomatite Ulcerativa Crônica e Pioestomatite vegetante (1%). Conclusão: As doenças dermatológicas podem afetar a mucosa oral, causando impacto significativo na qualidade de vida dos pacientes, o que compreendeu principalmente a população jovem em nosso estudo. O pênfigo vulgar foi a doença mais prevalente. O monitoramento contínuo por uma equipe multidisciplinar é essencial, uma vez que esse grupo de doenças não tem cura e/ou prognóstico variável.

The Prevalence of Oral Manifestation in Transgenders with HIV/AIDS in Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia

The Prevalence of Oral Manifestation in Transgenders with HIV/AIDS in Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia

Does the introduction of gluten-free diet influence the prevalence of oral soft tissue lesions in celiac disease?

Aims and Objectives: Celiac disease (CD) is characterized by oral manifestations in the soft tissues. The introduction of a gluten-free diet (GFD) may be related to change in the prevalence of oral changes and symptoms. The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of oral soft tissue lesions in a pediatric Portuguese population with CD compared with healthy controls, and secondarily to assess the relationship between the onset of the GDF and the prevalence of oral manifestations. Materials and Methods: A case–control study was performed: 80 patients with CD and 80 healthy subjects as controls, aged 6–18 years. Data were gathered through a structured protocol, consisting of a clinical record (questionnaire) and an intraoral observational examination. For the descriptive analysis of the results, relevant summary statistics were applied. Descriptive and inferential (mainly nonparametric tests) analyses were carried out with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software (IBM SPSS) version 24.0. P < 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: Although soft tissue changes such as angular cheilitis, atrophic glossitis, and geographic tongue were found to be more common in the CD group, no differences were found between the two groups. The prevalence of aphthous ulcerations was higher in the CD group, with a highly significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.001). One-third of the patients with CD with aphthous ulcers refer that the beginning of the GFD influenced the improvement of this oral mucosa alteration, with a statistically significant difference (P = 0.007). Conclusion: The Portuguese population with CD had a higher prevalence of aphthous ulcerations and this oral manifestation decreased with the introduction of a GFD.

Evaluation of the Prevalence of Oral Manifestations and the Related Factors in Hemodialysis Patients at Selected Hospitals of Tehran Province in 2016

Evaluation of the Prevalence of Oral Manifestations and the Related Factors in Hemodialysis Patients at Selected Hospitals of Tehran Province in 2016

Smokeless Tobacco: Insight on Prevalence of Oral Manifestation

Objective: To determine the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions among smokeless tobacco users of Pakistani Population. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted for a period of six months (from July 2017 to January 2018) at Dental Outpatient department of Sindh, via aid of a validated custom-made questionnaire. Random sampling technique was adopted among patients attending dental Outpatient Departments, making use of OPEN API online software determining sample size as 289, with limitation included exclusion of pregnant women, edentulous individuals, children under age of 18 years and those having oral manifestations associated with any systemic disease. Statistical analysis included Logistic Regression and Chi-square for determining odds’ ratio and possible associations. Results: Logistic regression model 71% predicted discoloration of buccal mucosa 206 times in absence of any predictor variable. Discoloration of oral tissues was prevalent among individuals who chewed tobacco at least 6 times or more in a day. Periodontal associated damage was also prevalent among 6 times/day and more tobacco chewers. Statistically significant values were for normal buccal mucosa 06-10 times (p=0.007), white patch on buccal mucosa 11-15 times (p=0.0043) and swelled buccal mucosa 11-15 times (p=0.002). Conclusion: This study has demonstrated specific smokeless tobacco associated oral lesions. Further studies nationwide, addressing attributes of socioeconomic status and ethnicity with respect to composition of smokeless tobacco will reveal more conclusive findings.

Doença das glândulas salivares associada ao vírus da imunodeficiência humana

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Prevalence of oral manifestations in children and adolescents with cancer submitted to chemotherapy

BackgroundOral complications may be observed during chemotherapy and are important side effects that may directly affect the anticancer treatment, even causing septicaemia in some cases. This research was done in order to evaluate changes in oral lesions during follow-up of children and adolescents in chemotherapy at Hospital Estadual Infantil Nossa Senhora da Glória (HEINSG).MethodsThe study design was longitudinal, 45 patients were evaluated and monitored for 1 month after the initiation of chemotherapy. Twenty-eight patients were male and 17 female, ranging from 3 months to 18 years old.ResultsThe results show an increase in the number of mucositis cases and a decrease in xerostomia cases after the initiation of treatment, and other oral lesions were also found in low numbers.ConclusionsIt is possible to avoid oral complications by maintaining a good oral health, and reducing infectious outbreaks. It is also feasible to obtain an early diagnosis of, and treat these oral complications, preventing them from following a more severe clinical course that may negatively affect the individual’s treatment. This outcome requires the presence of a dental surgeon on the multidisciplinary cancer treatment team.

Prevalence of Oral Manifestations Among HIV-Positive Patients Undergoing Antiretroviral Treatment Visiting Chamarajanagar District Hospital: A Cross-Sectional Study

Introduction: The introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART) among the HIV/AIDS patients has reduced the frequency of the oral lesions, especially oral candidiasis, necrotizing periodontal conditions, Kaposi's sarcoma, hairy leukoplakia, and recurrent oral ulcers due to reconstitution of the immune system. Aim: This study is to determine the effect of ART on the oral mucosa of HIV/AIDS patients clinically. Materials and Methods: Three hundred and seventy-three patients who are on ART were examined for oral manifestations. Results: Oral candidiasis was manifested in 64% of patients, oral pigmentation in 44.5% patients, 43% with gingival or periodontal infection, 33% with reduced salivary secretion, and 35% with dental caries. Conclusion: It was concluded that high incidence of candidiasis may be due to the habits or history of tuberculosis, pigmentation, and xerostomia due to the medication.