Prevalence Of Oral Cancer Research Articles

Association of oral cancer site with addiction and sociodemographic characteristics: A cross-sectional study conducted at a tertiary health centre

Abstract Introduction: In contemporary epidemic scenarios, oral cancer ranks the top 3 cancer types afflicting the Indian population. The primary risk factors include alcohol consumption, tobacco usage in various forms, such as cigarettes and smokeless tobacco, betelnut chewing, and infection with the human papillomavirus. This article submitted in preprint in medRxiv on 20 February 2024. Materials and Methods: This study, conducted at a tertiary healthcare center, adopted a hospital-based cross-sectional approach involving 233 oral cancer patients who sought medical care from January 1 to December 31, 2017. Results: The findings indicate that males above the age of 60 (40.11%) and females aged between 41 and 50 years (45.45%) were the most affected groups. A statistically significant association (P < 0.05) was found. The primary sites for oral cancer were the cheek (40.36%) and tongue (31.78%). Remarkably, the majority of male patients exhibited a combination of addictions, including tobacco chewing, smoking, and alcohol use, whereas most female patients were exclusively involved in tobacco chewing. Conclusion: To curb the increasing prevalence of oral cancer in India, it is imperative to implement comprehensive public education initiatives and health promotion strategies aimed at reducing both smoking and alcohol consumption.

Impact of histopathological parameters in prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma

AbstractObjectiveSquamous cell carcinomas comprise approximately 90% of all oral malignancies. There is a wide geographical variation in the incidence of oral cancer, with South and South East Asia (SSEA) accounting for almost two third of new cases. The prognosis of oral cancer is influenced by a vast array of factors including demographic, clinical, histopathological and molecular factors. The objective this review is to analyse the impact of histopathological features assessed in hematoxylin and eosin stained sections on the prognosis of OSCC.Materials and MethodsMedline and Scopus data base search was performed in order to identify related articles on histopathological parameters in predicting prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma. The primary emphasis is on the studies conducted in SSEA, with an accompanying comparison of their findings with those from research conducted in other parts of the world.ResultsIt has been shown that the number of studies conducted in SSEA is not proportionate to the high prevalence of Oral Cancer in the region. There is no significant difference between the findings from SSEA compared to the rest of the world. It is clearly shown that most histopathological parameters can be accurately used to predict nodal metastasis and prognosis.ConclusionsHistopathological parameters can be used reliably in planning treatment of Oral cancer. Clinicians should combine clinical and histopathological parameters in drawing treatment plan for Oral Cancer.

Mhealth interventions to improve public knowledge of HPV-associated oral cancer in the UK

In the UK, the age-standardised incidence rates of cancers of the ‘oropharynx’and ‘lip and oral cavity’ are ‘2.6%’ and ‘4.9%’ respectively.These indicate a significant oral cancer burden. These are attributable tonumerous risk factors; the major risk factors include tobacco use, alcoholconsumption, and exposure to oral HPV infection. Though, significantsuccess in reducing the prevalence of most of the major risk factorshas been recorded, exposure to HPV infection still remains a majordriver of oral cancer prevalence in the UK. HPV-associated oropharyngealcancer prevalence in men and women is 6.29 and 2.04%, respectively,while prevalence for HPV-associated oral cavity cancer in menand women is 11.7 and 6.95%, respectively; and it is projected to overtakecervical cancer by the year 2025. This is mainly due to exposure tooral HPV infection through oral sex practice as over 63% of UK youngadults are found to have a history of oral sex practice. Only a minorityof the UK population is aware of HPV-associated oral cancer whichcalls for more public health efforts to increase knowledge on the role ofHPV in oral cancer. While the use of technology-based, clinic-based,and community-based interventions has been employed to improvepublic knowledge on the role of HPV in oral cancer development, technology-based interventions have not been adequately explored. Mhealthapplication-based interventions have been previously employed toimprove knowledge and behavioural change in diverse chronic diseases.Hence, our recommendation on the adoption of Mhealth application-based intervention strategy in the education of the UK’s populationon HPV-associated oral cancer is highly desirable as it closelyaligns with the country’s National Health Service (NHS) commitmenttowards the digital transformation of the healthcare system.

Oral cancer in young adults: should we approach these patients differently?

The influence of age on treatment outcomes in oral cancer is unclear. We aimed to determine the prevalence of oral cancer in adults under age 45 and to compare treatment outcomes by age. Retrospective study of 284 patients treated for oral cancer from 2010 to 2021. The primary analysis involved the full cohort stratified by age (< vs. ≥ 45y). The second analysis included all patients under age 45 (n=44) matched 1:1 by sex and stage to older patients (age 55-70). In the primary analysis, the only significant difference was more comorbidities in the older group (p<0.001). In the matched-pair analysis, older patients were more likely to be smokers (75% vs. 54%; p=0.045) and had more comorbidities (p=0.007). The mean PLR and NLR values were significantly higher in the younger group. No significant differences were observed between age groups in disease stage or outcomes, suggesting that other variables are more important.

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of the Interns About Exfoliative Cytology in a Tertiary Care Dental Hospital in Bhubaneswar City: A Questionnaire-Based Survey.

The most significant accomplishment of dentists is the early detection of oral dysplasia or the rapid diagnosis of potentially malignant lesions. An additional test that assists in the diagnosis of numerous oral illnesses is exfoliative cytology. This study was conducted among dental professionals in the city of Bhubaneswar to assess their exfoliative cytology knowledge, attitudes, and practices. Fifty-eight dental interns participated in a cross-sectional, descriptive, Web-based questionnaire study. The findings reveal that while some interns were knowledgeable about some components of exfoliative cytology in oral cancer (OC) screening, they lacked a thorough understanding of other crucial elements. To enhance early diagnosis and lessen the prevalence of OC, it is critical that dental practitioners increase their understanding of and use of exfoliative cytology. To address the misconcepts found in the study, it draws attention to the necessity of patient education and public awareness campaigns. The study recommends more awareness and education among dental practitioners and emphasizes the need of tackling OC through preventive measures and appropriate diagnostic techniques such as exfoliative cytology.

Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders and Oral Cancer in Saudi Arabia: An Epidemiological Review of the Literature.

Background: Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) are a group of chronic oral mucosal diseases associated with an increased risk of malignant transformation. Multiple studies have investigated the prevalence of these conditions in multiple regions; however, there are limited data about the prevalence of OPMDs in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). This paper aims to review the prevalence of OPMDs in the KSA, to ensure better understanding of the population risk and propose a more standardised approach to the diagnosis and management of this group across the KSA. In addition, this review will discuss the prevalence of oral cancer in the KSA, considering independent risk factors for oral cancer development. Methods: Electronic databases including PubMed, Medline, Medscape, ScienceDirect, StatPearls, BMC Oral Health and the Cochrane Library were searched with the keywords "Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders"; "Saudi Arabia"; and "Oral Cancer". Identified articles were reviewed independently by 2 reviewers against defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: 16 studies were included in this review. The prevalence of OPMDs in KSA varies significantly depending on age, gender, social habits, background disease and dental status. Conclusions: This review highlights the need for up-to-date data on the prevalence, distribution, and characteristics of OPMDs in KSA. The diverse prevalence rates and distinct characteristics of various OPMDs emphasise the necessity for targeted preventive measures. As the data on OPMDs in KSA remains limited, future research efforts should prioritise the establishment of comprehensive epidemiological studies to inform effective public health interventions in this region.

Arecoline Induces ROS Accumulation, Transcription of Proinflammatory Factors, and Expression of KRT6 in Oral Epithelial Cells.

Areca nut is a major contributor to the high prevalence of oral cancer in Asia. The precise mechanisms by which areca nut stimulates mucosal cells and contributes to the progression of oral cancer urgently require clarification. The current study aimed to assess the effects of arecoline on the normal human gingival epithelium cell line S-G. Cell viability, levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), protein expression, cellular morphology, and gene expression were evaluated using the MTT test, flow cytometry, Western blot analysis, optical or confocal microscopy, and RT-qPCR. Keratin (KRT6) analysis involved matched normal and cancer tissues from clinical head and neck specimens. The results demonstrated that 12.5 µg/mL of arecoline induced ROS production, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) mRNA expression in S-G cells. This activation of the MAPK/ERK pathway increased KRT6 expression while limiting cell migration. In head and neck cancer tissues, KRT6B gene expression exceeded that of normal tissues. This study confirms that arecoline induces ROS accumulation in normal cells, leading to the secretion of proinflammatory factors and KRT6 expression. This impedes oral mucosal healing, thereby promoting the progression of oral cancer.

Estimating the burden of care for oral potentially malignant disorders and oral cancer in Brazilian dental practice.

Oral cancer (OC) and oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) pose significant challenges to public health in Brazil. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of oral cancer (OC) and oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) among patients who would be treated by Brazilian dentists during their careers. Data on the number of dentists in Brazil were extracted from the 2022 census data, while incidence rates for OC cases were sourced from the Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA). Population estimates for Brazil and data on dental check-up rates were obtained from relevant national sources. Our analysis indicates that a general dentist in Brazil can expect to encounter on average two to three OC patients and on average 675 patients with OPMDs over a 35-year career. Regional disparities were observed, with certain regions showing higher than the average number of encounters due to low density of dentists in some rural districts. Brazilian dentists are likely to confront a substantial number of OC and OPMD cases during their professional tenure, emphasizing the need for public health policies aimed at enhancing dental surgeons' education in oral cancer prevention and early detection.

Exploring Oral Cancer Patterns: A 5-year Retrospective Analysis of Incidence, Clinical Features, Patient Behaviour and Treatment Outcomes at the Dental Unit of a Private Medical College and Hospital in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh

Abstract Introduction: Oral cancer is a global health challenge. In India, there is a huge burden on the healthcare system. The prevalence of oral cancer globally and in India, coupled with the specific risk factors associated with the Indian population, necessitates targeted research to improve early detection and treatment outcomes. The present study analysed 93 patients with oral cancer over 5 years to determine the incidence corresponding to different stages of the disease. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study reviewed medical records from the hospital database. The epidemiological data included age, gender, tobacco habit, duration of tobacco use, site of the lesions, stages of cancer and the treatment provided. We analysed the relationship of epidemiological characteristics with age by the Chi-square test. The statistical test significance level was set at P &lt; 0.05. Results: The incidences of oral cancer each year range from 8% to 12%. A male patient over 40 years of age was most affected by oral cancer 42 (45.16%). The most affected sites were buccal mucosa 36 (38.70%) and alveolus 33 (35.48%) amongst patients over 40 years of age. The predominant stage for the majority of cancer cases was Stage IV, accounting for 49 cases (52.68%). Additionally, the largest lesions, exceeding 4 cm in size, were observed in 64 cases (68.81%), and these instances were predominantly found in patients aged 40 years or older. Chewing tobacco emerged as a significant contributing factor to cancer, affecting 41 cases (42.08%), particularly among those with a habit duration exceeding 10 years, representing 48 cases (51.61%) in patients aged 40 years or older. Conclusion: There is an urgent need to spread awareness of oral cancer, followed by extensive screening in India. Tobacco in India is not only used widely but also associated with cultural relevance, and it is the need of the hour to implement the tobacco policy to reach out evenly to all communities.

Serological profile of IGG antibodies to viral capsid antigen of epstein-barr virus in oral pre-cancer and cancer patients

Cancer of the oral cavity is a major and increasing public health problem. Oral cancer is the sixth most common cancer reported globally with an annual incidence of over 300,000 cases, of which 62% arise in developing countries. In India, because of cultural, ethnic, and geographic factors and the popularity of addictive habits, the frequency of oral cancer is high. Despite the various etiological and predisposing factors associated with oral pre-cancer and cancer, the role of co-carcinogenic effects of viruses like HSV has been documented. With this background and considering the high prevalence of oral cancer in India an attempt has been made to study the association of EBV with oral cancer using serological methods.1. To study the IgG antibodies to Viral Capsid Antigen (VCA) of Epstein-Barr virus in oral pre-cancer and cancer by a laboratory standardized Indirect Immuno Fluorescent (IIF) test. 2. To compare and corelate the results of IIF test with a commercially available ELISA for VCA IgG antibodies to EBV. 3. To assess the severity of disease progression in oral pre-cancer and cancer using the serological profile.In the present study, 84 subjects were assessed for serum IgG antibodies to VCA of EBV using the IIF technique and later the results were compared with an ELISA kit. Group I were controls, Group II to Group V were oral squamous cell carcinoma subjects according to the clinical staging. Group VI comprised of oral pre-cancer subjects. Age range was between 40-70 years, and the mean age was 50.31 +/- 8.23 years. All the 42 control sera were positive for IgG antibodies to VCA of EBV but with a significantly low geometric mean titre(GMT) of 8.561.The GMTs of oral squamous carcinoma and pre-cancer sera was positive but progressively increased when compared to control sera and were highly significant (P&amp;#60;0.001).As there was a significant increase in the GMTs in oral squamous cell carcinoma subjects and pre-cancer subjects, serology of EBV may be interpreted to be useful in assessing the severity of the disease and the techniques of IIF and ELISA may be used as first line screeners when large number of subjects need to be assessed.

A Preliminary Study on Early Detection of Oral Cancer with Opportunistic Screening: Insights from Dental Surgeons in Sri Lanka

In Sri Lanka, opportunistic screening is encouraged as a cost-effective tool to bring down the prevalence of oral cancer, which is the most common cancer among males. The objectives of the study were to determine the practices, attitudes, and level of competency of dental surgeons regarding the early detection of oral cancer and oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) through opportunistic screening. A prospective study was conducted online via a Google form using a pretested, self-administered questionnaire of 22 close-ended questions and 3 open-ended questions. Out of the 137 dental surgeons who responded, 88% (121/137) of the participants believed that screening high-risk target groups would be more effective in the early detection of oral cancer rather than opportunistic screening. Only 64% (88/137) of the participants frequently check for oral cancer and OPMDs when patients visit for dental treatment. Participants recalled an average of 34 patients (4628/137) with clinically suspicious lesions being diagnosed during examination at general dental practice during the past year, and 98% (134/137) of the participants believed that they should receive additional training in order to identify and diagnose clinically suspicious oral OPMDs and oral cancer. Opportunistic screening in general dental practice as an oral-cancer prevention strategy is appreciable, but due emphasis should be given to other prevention strategies such as population screening and screening high-risk target groups. The level of confidence of general dental practitioners in the early detection of oral cancer has to be raised in order to achieve higher standards in oral cancer prevention through opportunistic screening.

380P An epidemiological analysis on the prevalence of oral cancer and its awareness among Irula tribes of South India

380P An epidemiological analysis on the prevalence of oral cancer and its awareness among Irula tribes of South India

Prevalence and social determinants associated with oral cancer in Al-Baha Region of Saudi Arabia: A seven-year retrospective cohort hospital-based study

ABSTRACT Background: The region of Al-Baha area of interest is associated with risk factors; yet no research in the literature has explored oral cancer (OC) and its associated social determinants and risk factors in this region. The aim of this study was to access the prevalence of OC in the Al-Baha region and its association with the social determinants and risk factors in this population. Methods: A retrospective cohort hospital-based study was conducted in Al-Baha Region between January 2012 and December 2019. Data collected from all the patients diagnosed with OC were extracted. OC was assessed based on the hospital records, histopathological data, and Tumor, Nodes, Metastasis (TNM) staging aided in cancer assessment. Detailed demographic data associated with OC was collected using semistructured telephonic interviews. Risk assessment was reviewed based on population, exposure of interest, and outcome. Results: A total of 19°C patients out of 421 cancer patients were diagnosed. The mean age for OC in males was 59.72 ± 15.83 years and 69.14 ± 5.86 years in females. Oral squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue was the most with one case of metastasis. The average estimate per day smoking, E- cigarettes, water pipe smoking was 14.55 ± 7.15, 11.15 ± 3.55, and 0.52 ± 4.7, respectively, with males’ habits more than females. These contributes to the risk factors associated with socioeconomic factors. Conclusions: Al Baha region experiences different socioeconomic determinants with a lower prevalence of OC. The risk of OC is associated with various adverse oral habits, which can be prevented.

To Evaluate the Level of Awareness of Patients About Existing Oral Precancerous Lesions: A Longitudinal Study.

The prevalence of oral cancer and other oral premalignant diseases (OPMDs) is increasing. Particularly among lower socioeconomic countries, awareness with respect to oral cancer is quite poor. The aim of the current study is to evaluate the level of awareness of patients about existing oral precancerous lesions. Fifty people with existing oral precancerous lesions whose diagnosis was confirmed by a clinician's examination were included in this research. Questions were asked of patients to fill out a questionnaire; those with cancer, non-precancerous red or white lesions, or no lesions in the mouth were not included. Questions on demographics, precancer knowledge, precancer information sources, and tobacco/betel chewing, smoking, and alcohol use were included in the survey. Informed by prior research and knowledge of precancerous lesions and circumstances, a closed-ended questionnaire was developed. The study found that just 44 percent of participants were aware that they had oral lesions or diseases. Self-examination was the most common method (81.82%), followed by inquiring with friends and family (9.09%) and medical professionals (9%). Most patients (41.67 percent) learn about oral precancers via the media, followed by posters and banners (33.33%), friends and family (12.5%), other sources (8.33%), and physicians (4.17%). About half of the patients with oral precancers chewed tobacco for 11 years on average, doing so 4-5 times a day. Another 38% smoked and drank alcohol, also at 4-5 times a day. Oral lichen planus (16%), Oral Submucous fibrosis (12%), and Erythroplakia (12%) were shown to be the next most common oral lesions after tobacco pouch keratosis (30%) and leukoplakia (30%). Research indicates that few people are aware of the existence of oral precancerous lesions or diseases. Patients' awareness of oral precancerous lesions/conditions was shown to be significantly influenced by media such as television, radio, posters, and banners.

A clinicopathological study of oral carcinoma in a tertiary care hospital: Our experience

Background: The prevalence of oral cancer is particularly high among men, the eighth most common cancer worldwide. Incidence rates for oral cancer vary in men from 1 to 10 cases per 100 000 populations in many countries. Early diagnosis and timely intervention can change the natural history of the tumour. The aim of this study is identify and analyze the Clinico-pathological aspects of oral malignancies by a prospective case series study has been chosen. Methods: This is a prospective study conducted at Department of General Surgery from December 2015 to November 2017. Patients having malignant neoplasm of lip, cheek, alveolus, tongue, floor of mouth and hard palate were included. Thorough examination of oral cavity was done and site of growth was noted. Results: Squamous cell carcinoma was more common in 50 – 59 years (n=19) and Adenoid cystic carcinoma was also more common in 40 – 49 years (n=2). All the lesion present in age of above 50 years were of squamous cell carcinoma. Among male patients, most common type of lesion was Ulcerative (63.9%) followed by infiltrating (27.8%) but among females, most common type of lesion was ulcerative (78.6%) followed by infiltrating (14.3%) and papillary (7.1%) and this association of gender with type of lesion is found to be statistically not significant. Conclusions: Clinical presentation varied according to the age group, whereas Lymph node status varied significantly according to size and depth of infiltration of lesion.

Clinical Pattern and Prevalence of Oral Cancer in Patient Suffering with Oral Submucous Fibrosis: An Institutional Experience

Introduction: Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a potentially malignant disorder which occurs due to dysregulation of collagen metabolism. It is also known as Atrophica idiopathica mucosae oris and is characterized by a burning sensation in the oral cavity, reduced mouth opening, burning sensation, and decreased tongue movement. Clinically there is blanching of oral mucosa due to the deposition of excessive collagen fibers. Aims: This study aims to estimate the prevalence of oral cancer in a cohort of patients suffering from OSMF and to understand the clinical pattern of oral cancer in these patients. Materials and Methods: It was a unicentric cross-sectional study conducted between January 2022 and January 2023. The study was conducted on 630 patients with clinical presentation of OSMF. Informed consent was obtained from the patient before the start of the study. Results: Data obtained were tabulated and Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 22 was used for analysis. Of 630 subjects, 176 subjects (27.83%) had oral cancer with OSMF. The most common site of the oral cancer was found to be buccal mucosa that was followed by lateral border of the tongue and retromolar trigone. Conclusion: OSMF is a potentially malignant disorder and use of areca nut with smokeless tobacco is the main cause. The use of areca nut and smokeless tobacco must be regularized.

Troxerutin, a Bioflavonoid Exhibits Oxidative Stress-induced Cytotoxic Effects on KB Cells

Abstract: Background: The prevalence of oral cancer is high and it is the sixth most occurring cancer in the world. Some of the drugs used to treat oral cancer cause adverse effects and are resistant to treatment. Objectives: This study was designed and performed to evaluate the cytotoxic and anti-cancerous effects of troxerutin. Materials and Methods: Cell proliferation, cell viability, and morphological analysis were performed with different doses of troxerutin. Once the IC50 value was obtained, doses were fixed and nitric oxide and lipid peroxidation were measured. Qualitative analysis of ROS and mitochondrial membrane potential was performed using 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein methods and rhodamine 123 fluorescent staining respectively. Results: Troxerutin caused cytotoxicity and reduced cell viability. The IC50 value was 50 μg/ml. Morphological analysis revealed KB cells suffered after troxerutin treatment. Nitric oxide and TBARS levels were elevated. ROS concentration increased and mitochondrial membrane potential diminished with a higher concentration of the drug. Conclusion: Troxerutin exhibits an anti-cancer effect and can act as a NO-donating and ROS-promoting compound aiding in ch Conclusion:emotherapy. Keywords: Oral cancer, Troxerutin, Nitric oxide, Oxidative stress, Anti-cancer, Chemotherapy.

Prevalence of Oral Cancer in Western Population of Maharashtra for 3 Years: A Prospective Study.

In developing countries, oral cancer (OC) is estimated to be the third most common malignancy after cancer of the cervix and stomach. The aim of this study was to report the prevalence of OC for 3 years and its association with age, gender, type, and duration of habits along with the site of OC. This study was conducted in the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology from January 2019 to December 2021. All the patients were examined after recording their demographic data using a mouth mirror and probe. The diagnosis of OC was arrived based on the clinical features of the lesions. The type and duration of habits and site were recorded in clinical pro forma. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 21.0 was used for the statistical analysis, the Chi-square test was applied, and the significance level was set at P < 0.05. The prevalence of OC was 0.22% in our study. Of 317 cases, the majority of the patients were males (n = 204), and females (n = 113) accounted for a male: female ratio of 2:1. The most common age affected was 51-70 years with a history of tobacco chewing, followed by patients with multiple habits (smokers, tobacco chewers, and alcoholic). The buccal mucosa was the most common site followed by malignancies of multiple sites. Regular camps regarding tobacco cessation and counseling should be taken care of by dentists. Male patients aged above 40 years are routinely recommended for dental visits.

A Systematic Review On The Prevalence Of Oral Cancer Among Tobacco And Non-Tobacco Users In Tamil Nadu

Background: Oral Cancer Is One Of The World's Most Common Types Of Cancer, With Delayed Diagnosis And Poor Prognosis. IndiaIs Among The Leading Countries With A High Rate Of Oral Cancer Due To Its Increased Tobacco Use Rate.Aim: This Study Aims To Assess The Prevalence Of Oral Cancer Among Tobacco And Non-Tobacco Users In Tamil Nadu.Materials And Method: A Systematic Review Of Cross-Sectional Studies Were Performed. The Data Was Searched Using ElectronicDatabases, And 376 Articles Were Screened. The Intervention And Outcomes Were Assessed In The Studies Included In TheSystematic Review. The Bias Assessment Done For The Article Was Based On The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.Results: Overall Analysis Of The Studies Shows That The Prevalence Of Oral Cancer In Tamil Nadu Has Been Significantly IncreasingAnd That Smokeless Tobacco Causes Oral Cancer Compared With Other Forms Of Tobacco.Conclusion: The Prevalence Of Oral Cancer In Tamil Nadu Is Increasing Significantly With The Usage Of The Increased Amount OfTobacco, And Awareness Of The Ill Effects Of Tobacco Usage May Considerably Decrease The Rates.

Diagnostic Utility of Cytokeratin 17 Expression in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Review.

One of the most common oral malignancies is oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Although the prevalence of oral cancer varies worldwide, it is generally agreed that the oral cavity is a common anatomical site for cancer, depending primarily on the country (and even particular region in some countries) and gender of the patients. Finding diagnostic markers for OSCC is critical for early diagnosis and personalised treatment of patients.Because they are overexpressed in OSCC relative to normal mucosa, cytokeratins (CKs), intermediate filaments of the cytoskeletons, are possibilities for diagnostic markers of OSCC. CK17 should be targeted as a diagnostic marker for OSCC among the CKs, as multiple other CKs have been linked to the disease. This study aims to assess the immuno-histochemistry expression of CK17 and to investigate whether there is a link between CK17 and OSCC differentiation.