Prevalence Of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome Research Articles

Prevalence of obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome in oncological patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) has garnered increasing attention in recent years due to its potential association with cancer. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the prevalence of OSAS in cancer patients through a comprehensive analysis of existing literature. This systematic review and meta-analysis, conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol, aimed to evaluate the prevalence of OSAS in cancer patients. A comprehensive search of electronic databases was performed to identify relevant studies published up to September 2021. Eligible studies reporting on the prevalence of OSAS in cancer patients, encompassing various study designs, were included in the analysis. Pooled estimates of the odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random effects model. Heterogeneity among the studies was assessed using the I2 statistic. Seventeen studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were subsequently included in the review. The prevalence of OSAS in cancer patients was estimated to have an overall OR of 0.80 (95% CI: 0.75-0.85). In comparison with non-cancer patients, cancer patients had a statistically significant greater risk of OSAS, as indicated by the total estimated RR for the prevalence of OSAS in cancer patients, which was 0.89 (95% CI: 0.86-0.92). Nonetheless, there was a significant amount of heterogeneity (I2 = 96%) among the studies. The overall data analysed in this review indicates that patients with cancer had far reduced likelihood of developing OSAS than individuals without cancer. However, the significant variation across the included studies highlights the need for additional investigation to fully clarify the complex association between OSAS and cancer incidence. These results emphasise how critical it is to identify OSAS as a possible comorbidity in cancer patients, one that should be taken into account for clinical management and ongoing research.

A case-control study to investigate the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea and the utility of the PSQ-SRBD questionnaire in children and young people with epilepsy.

Epilepsy and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) are each relatively common in children. OSAS may affect cognition, such that recognition of OSAS is important for children and young people with epilepsy (CYPWE). Published pilot data reported 55% CYPWE had symptoms suggestive of OSAS, compared with 7% typically developing controls. The primary aim of this study was to ascertain OSAS prevalence by polysomnography (PSG) in CYPWE, with secondary aims being to evaluate the utility of sleep questionnaires in CYPWE. Children and young people with epilepsy and age- and sex-matched typically developing controls were studied. A single night of level I attended PSG was undertaken, along with questionnaires [Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ-SRBD), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the childhood and adolescent Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS-CHAD)]. OSAS was defined as obstructive apnea-hypopnea index (oAHI) of ≥ 1 event/h. Polysomnography was performed in 72 children including 48 CYPWE (60% male) and 24 controls (54% male). Mean age (11 years) was similar for CYPWE and controls, p= 0.42; with slightly higher BMI z scores (0.7 v 0.1, p=0.03) noted in CYPWE. Mean oAHI was 0.61 in CYPWE versus 0.42 (controls), p=0.62. Despite higher PSQ-SRBD scores in CYPWE (0.38 v 0.12, p<0.001), no difference in OSAS prevalence (10% vs. 4%, p=0.78) was found. Children and young people with epilepsy had higher ESS-CHAD (6 vs. 3.5, p=0.01) and PSQI (5 vs. 3.3, p=0.02) scores indicating greater levels of daytime sleepiness and poorer sleep quality. The study found no evidence for increased OSAS prevalence in CYPWE, whilst the utility of the PSQ-SRBD in predicting OSAS appears limited for CYPWE. Children and young people with epilepsy are, however demonstrably sleepier with poorer sleep quality. The cause for these findings remains unclear. Investigation of Sleep Quality and Prevalence of Sleep-disordered Breathing in Children and Young People With Epilepsy; https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03103841.

Prevalence of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Using Home Sleep Test in Taiwan During the Coronavirus Disease Pandemic.

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a common disorder associated with serious sequelae. The current gold standard diagnostic method, polysomnography, is costly and time consuming and requires patients to stay overnight at a facility. This study aimed to reveal the prevalence of OSAS in general adult population using a home sleep test (HST) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This prospective cohort study was conducted by the Department of Otolaryngology, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, between January 2020 and December 2021. A total of 1372 patients aged 30-70 years completed an HST using a Type 3 portable sleep monitor (PM). The apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) was analyzed to assess the association of OSAS with age, body mass index (BMI), sex, Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and the Sleep Apnea Risk Assessment questionnaire (STOP-Bang questionnaire) rating. The mean age of the patients (782 men, 57%; 590 women, 43%) was 49.24 ± 11.04 years. OSAS was detected in 954 (69.5%) patients with 399 (29.1%) mild OSAS; 246 (17.9%) moderate OSAS; and 309 (22.5%) severe OSAS. Among these, the prevalence of moderate-to-severe OSAS was 143 (10.4%) in women and 412 (30.0%) in men. The mean age was the highest (51.29 ± 11.29) in the mild OSAS group and lowest (47.08 ± 10.87) in the healthy group. OSAS severity was greater with increasing BMI, 23.39 ± 3.44 in the healthy group and 29.29 ± 5.01 in the severe OSAS group. A positive correlation was also noted between the ESS/STOP-Bang questionnaire rating and OSAS severity. The prevalence of OSAS in Taiwan was 69.5% in our study. It showed strong evidence that OSAS has important public health consequences and PMs are simple, fast, feasible, and cost-effective tools for OSAS screening in the home environment, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Developmental Age: 22-Item Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire for an Observational Descriptive Investigation.

The aim of this paper is to perform an observational descriptive study of the Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS) in a population of children by evaluating the prevalence and role of sex and age variables. The 22-item Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ) was administered to parents of children aged 3 to 12 years. The questionnaire is a very simple tool since it allows for the indication of patients with possible OSAS diagnosis through a cut-off of 0.33. The anonymous diagnostic questionnaire, available in digital format, was administered to the population under study by a link or QR code. Only the questionnaires completed in all their parts were recorded and analyzed. Eight hundred and thirty-two questionnaires were collected. One hundred and fifty-four subjects obtained a PSQ score > 0.33 and the prevalence of OSAS was 18.51%. The Chi-square test showed a statistically significant association between the PSQ score > 0.33 and male sex. The higher prevalence of subjects with a value of PSQ > 0.33 (n = 277) are aged 3-4-5 years, followed by the 6-7-8 range in the group with PSQ score > 0.33, p < 0.05. The prevalence of OSAS was 18.51% in children aged 3 to 12 years. The variables male biological sex and the age group 3-8 year were statistically significant for subjects with OSAS diagnosis. This study underlines the use of the 22-item Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire as a first screening tool to identify children at risk of OSAS.

Upper Airway Assessment in Cone-Beam Computed Tomography for Screening of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: Development of an Evaluation Protocol in Dentistry

The upper airways are formed by the nasal cavities, pharynx, and larynx. There are several radiographic methods that allow evaluation of the craniofacial structure. Upper airway analysis in cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) may be useful in diagnosing some pathologies such as obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). OSAS prevalence has increased significantly in recent decades, justified by increased obesity and average life expectancy. It can be associated with cardiovascular, respiratory, and neurovascular diseases, diabetes, and hypertension. In some individuals with OSAS, the upper airway is compromised and narrowed. Nowadays, CBCT is widely used in dentistry by clinicians. Its use for upper airway assessment would be an advantage for screening some abnormalities related to an increased risk of pathologies such as OSAS. CBCT helps to calculate the total volume of the airways and their area in different anatomical planes (sagittal, coronal, and transverse). It also helps identify regions with the highest anteroposterior and laterolateral constriction of the airways. Despite its undoubted advantages, airway assessment is not routinely performed in dentistry. There is no protocol that allows comparisons between studies, which makes it difficult to obtain scientific evidence in this area. Hence, there is an urgent need to standardize the protocol for upper airway measurement to help clinicians identify at-risk patients. Our main aim is to develop a standard protocol for upper airway evaluation in CBCT for OSAS screening in dentistry. To measure and evaluate the upper airways, data are obtained using Planmeca ProMax 3D (Planmeca). Patient orientation is performed in accordance with the manufacturer's indications at the time of image acquisition. The exposure corresponds to 90 kV, 8 mA, and 13,713 seconds. The software used for upper airway analysis is Romexis (version 5.1.O.R; Planmeca). The images are exhibited in accordance with the field of view of 20.1×17.4 cm, size of 502×502×436 mm, and voxel size of 400 μm. The protocol described and illustrated here allows for automatic calculation of the total volume of the pharyngeal airspace, its area of greatest narrowing, its location, and the smallest anteroposterior and laterolateral dimensions of the pharynx. These measurements are carried out automatically by the imaging software whose reliability is proven by the existing literature. Thus, we could reduce the possible bias of manual measurement, aiming at data collection. The use of this protocol by dentists will allow for standardization of the measurements and constitutes a valuable screening tool for OSAS. This protocol may also be suitable for other imaging software. The anatomical points used as reference are most relevant for standardizing studies in this field. RR1-10.2196/41049.

Home Respiratory Polygraphy and Spirometry in Normal Weight and Children with Obesity Suspected for Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: Are There Any Associations?

It is known that children and adolescents with obesity are more prone to obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and that their lung function may show some disturbance. Literature is scarce about potential associations; therefore, we aimed to study the relationship between OSAS, lung function, and adiposity in a population of children suspected of OSAS. Material and Methods. We performed home respiratory polygraphy and spirometry in all subjects. The relationships between body mass index z-score (zBMI), polygraphy, and spirometry data were analyzed. We recruited 81 subjects aged between 5 and 16 years, 63% being obese. 43.2% of subjects were diagnosed with OSAS (32.1% mild, 4.9% moderate, and 6.2% severe). We found no correlation between respiratory polygraphy and the zBMI. The mean spirometric value FEV1, FVC, and FEV1/FVC ratio z's were normal in all subjects, whereas FVC z's and FEV1/FVC ratio z's were significantly positively related for obesity and negatively for normal weight (p < 0.05). FEV1 z's was inversely correlated to the percentage of analyzed time passed below 90% of SpO2 (r = -0.224, p = 0.044). All subjects with FEV1 (n = 8) and/or FVC (n = 9) z's below the lower limit for normal (LLN) had an AHI ≥ 1 (FEV1: p = 0.001; FVC: p < 0.001), especially subjects with normal weight (FEV1: p = 0.003; FVC: p = 0.010). When comparing normal-weight children and adolescents with obesity, the prevalence of OSAS but not spirometric values was strongly related to BMI z-score, probably because obesity engenders advanced puberty and an accelerated growth spurt. FEV1 was more frequently <LLN in normal-weight children, while obese subjects presented low FEV1/FVC ratio z's and FEF25-75% z's. Moreover, all subjects with abnormal spirometric values were suffering from at least mild OSAS, again more frequently in normal-weight subjects.

Prevalence of childhood obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome in a referral sleep unit

Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) affects between 1% and 6% of children. Its diagnosis includes: a) snoring and/or apnoea; and b) an apnoea and hypopnoea index >3/hour obtained by polysomnography (PSG). The main aim of this work is to determine the prevalence of OSAS in our study population. We conducted a descriptive study with a sample of 151 children aged between 1 and 12 years, who had been referred to the sleep unit of the Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Maranon for a PSG. We analysed the demographic variables sex and age; the clinical variables snoring, apnoeas and tonsillar hypertrophy; and the presence of OSAS based on the polysomnographic diagnostic criterion of an apnoea and hypopnoea index >3/hour. The mean age of the sample was 5.37 years (standard deviation: 3.05) and 64.9% were males. In 90.1% of cases, the reason for the visit was suspected OSAS. Snoring, apnoeas and tonsillar hypertrophy were observed in 73.5, 48.7 and 60% of cases, respectively. OSAS was diagnosed en 19 children (12.6%); in 13.5% of snorers; in 15.1% of those with apnoeas; and in 15.6% of the children with tonsillar hypertrophy. In our study, the prevalence of OSAS in children was 12.6%, which is higher than that reported in most epidemiological studies that include PSG for the diagnosis of OSAS.

The Alonissos Study: Cross-Sectional Study of the Community Respiratory Health Status in a Greek Healthcare Access Underprivileged Island.

In this study, we investigated the self-reported (questionnaire-based) prevalence of Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Syndrome (OSAS) and the prevalence of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (COPD) in the context of demographics and adherence to the Mediterranean diet in the general population of Alonissos, a non-profit line island in Greece (i.e., with scarce boat transportation to the mainland). In this cross-sectional study, 236 inhabitants of Alonissos participated (circa 10% of the island's population), and 115 males and 121 females were evaluated with appropriate questionnaires for OSAS, COPD, and adherence to the Mediterranean diet and subsequently underwent spirometry testing to establish COPD diagnosis. The self-reported prevalence of OSAS and COPD was 9.44% and 18.8%, respectively. However, only 8.99% of the participants were diagnosed with COPD based on their spirometry testing. Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet was moderate. The high prevalence of COPD and OSAS in this underprivileged island in terms of healthcare access highlights the need for improvements in health promotion and primary healthcare provision in non-profit line Greek islands.

Low patient compliance to CPAP therapy as a new challenge in the management of patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: social, demographic characteristics and the quality of life

Introduction: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is one of the most common sleep disorders. According to various studies, the prevalence of OSAS varies between 2-4% of men and 1-2% of women in the general population, with more than 90% of cases among men and 80% of women being undiagnosed. The "gold standard" for the treatment of OSAS is respiratory therapy using CPAP. At the same time, the results of patients' compliance to CPAP are controversial. Thus, the inability to use this method was noted by 45 to 80% of patients, therefore it is important to study this group of patients, who showed low compliance with CPAP. Aim: to determine the social and demographic characteristics of the group of patients with OSAS and low compliance with CPAP therapy, as well as the impact of the disease on the quality of life of patients. Materials and methods: The study included 80 patients with second stage OSAS who had previously demonstrated low compliance with CPAP. Overall demographic indicators were assessed, and patients were interviewed to assess their quality of life using The Assessment of Quality of Life (AQoL) instrument. Statist ical criteria included methods of descriptive statistics (mean, mode, median, minimum and maximum value, variance). In case of normal data distribution methods of parametric statistics were used, and in case of uneven distribution – non-parametric criteria. Results: The gender distribution in the group showed 67.5% of men and 32.5% of women. Average age was 39.35 (±9.49) years and 39.56 (±11.89) years, respectively. The average value of the biomass index in men was 28.3 (±2.9), in women – 28.1 (±3.9). Only three people in the group reached retirement age. The results of the survey of the quality of life showed a significant reduction in the level of "Relationships with others", "Social isolation", "Sleep" and "Anxiety and depression" (p &lt;0.05). Conclusions: The results of the study showed that the demographic characteristics of the group of patients with OSAS with low compliance to CPAP do not differ from the general patterns. In addition, a questionnaire using The Assessment of Quality of Life (AQoL) instrument showed a significant decrease in the quality of life of patients due to worsening of social isolation and reduced psychological wellbeing.

Nocturnal oximetry parameters as predictors of sleep apnea severity in resource-limited settings.

Nocturnal oximetry is an alternative modality for evaluating obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) severity when polysomnography is not available. The Oxygen Desaturation (≥3%) Index (ODI3) and McGill Oximetry Score (MOS) are used as predictors of moderate-to-severe OSAS (apnea-hypopnea index-AHI >5 episodes/h), an indication for adenotonsillectomy. We hypothesised that ODI3 is a better predictive parameter for AHI >5 episodes/h than the MOS. All polysomnograms performed in otherwise healthy, snoring children with tonsillar hypertrophy in a tertiary hospital (November 2014 to May 2019) were analysed. The ODI3 and MOS were derived from the oximetry channel of each polysomnogram. Logistic regression was applied to assess associations of ODI3 or MOS (predictors) with an AHI >5 episodes/h (primary outcome). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and areas under ROC curves were used to compare the ODI3 and MOS as predictors of moderate-to-severe OSAS. The optimal cut-off value for each oximetry parameter was determined using Youden's index. Polysomnograms of 112 children (median [interquartile range] age 6.1[3.9-9.1]years; 35.7% overweight) were analysed. Moderate-to-severe OSAS prevalence was 49.1%. The ODI3 and MOS were significant predictors of moderate-to-severe OSAS after adjustment for overweight, sex, and age (odds ratio [OR] 1.34, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.19-1.51); and OR 4.10, 95% CI 2.06-8.15, respectively; p < 0.001 for both). Area under the ROC curve was higher for the ODI3 than for MOS (0.903 [95% CI 0.842-0.964] versus 0.745 [95% CI 0.668-0.821]; p < 0.001). Optimal cut-off values for the ODI3 and MOS were ≥4.3 episodes/h and ≥2, respectively. The ODI3 emerges as preferable or at least a complementary oximetry parameter to MOS for detecting moderate-to-severe OSAS in snoring children when polysomnography is not available.

Self-reported risk of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, and awareness about it in the community of 4 insular complexes comprising 41 Greek Islands.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS) is a chronic disease that significantly increases morbidity and mortality of the affected population. There is lack of data concerning the OSAS prevalence in the insular part of Greece. The purpose of this study was to investigate the self-reported prevalence of OSAS in 4 Greek insular complexes comprising 41 islands, and to assess the awareness of the population regarding OSAS and its diagnosis. Our study comprised 700 participants from 41 islands of the Ionian, Cyclades, Dodecanese and Northeast Aegean island complexes that were studied by means of questionnaires via a telephone randomized survey (responsiveness rate of 25.74%). Participants were assessed by the Berlin Questionnaire (BQ) for evaluation of OSA risk, by the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) for evaluation of excessive daytime sleepiness, and by 3 questions regarding the knowledge and diagnosis of OSAS. The percentage of participants at high risk according to BQ was 27.29% and the percentage of people who were at high risk according to ESS was 15.43%. A percentage of 6.29% of the population was at high risk for OSAS (high risk both in BQ and ESS). A high percentage of 73.43%, were aware of OSAS as a syndrome however a significantly less percentage (28.00%) was aware of how a diagnosis of OSAS is established. The community prevalence of OSAS in Greek islands in combination with the low-level awareness of the OSAS diagnostic methods highlights the need for development of health promotion programs aiming at increasing the detection of patients at risk while increasing the awareness of OSAS.

Prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in a sample of Egyptian railway drivers

Background There are scanty international and even no Egyptian studies addressing the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in railway drivers with an expected high risk of accidents. Thus, it is worth studying and assessing the prevalence and predictors of OSAS among Egyptian railway drivers.Patients and methods This prospective cross-sectional screening study was conducted on 160 Egyptian railway drivers. They were subjected to medical history taking and examination, anthropometric measurements, oxygen saturation (SpO2) by oximetry, arterial blood gases, Friedman obstructive sleep apnea–hypopnea syndrome score measurement, and Arabic version of both Berlin and STOP BANG questionnaires. Then, limited night polysomnography (PSG) was performed in high-risk patients. Finally, full channel PSG was done for positive limited night PSG.Results The prevalence of sleep apnea among the studied cases was 4.22%. There was high statistically significant difference between the non-OSAS group and the OSAS group regarding age less than or equal to 49 years [odds ratio (OR)=11.364], witnessed apneas during sleep (OR=175), weight in kg more than 95 (OR=13.00), PaO2 less than or equal to 88 (OR=31.0), PaCO2 more than 39 (OR=31.0), and average SPO2 less than or equal to 88 (OR=34.0). Regarding parameters of limited night PSG, the apnea–hypopnea index cutoff point was more than or equal to 5 with an area under the curve (AUC) of 100%, O2 desaturation index cutoff point was more than 17.2 with an AUC of 100%; lastly, the average SPO2 cutoff point was less than or equal to 88% with an AUC of 76.4%.Conclusion This study highlights for the first time that the prevalence of OSAS was 4.2% in a sample of Egyptian railway drivers. Our results further point out that weight, neck circumference, systolic blood pressure, PaO2, and PaCO2 are the most useful predictors of suspecting OSAS. Also, parameters of limited PSG are considered a useful tool in confirming suspected patients with OSAS.

Early corneal and optic nerve changes in a paediatric population affected by obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.

The relation between OSAS and eye diseases is well known in adults, while very few and contradictory data can be found regarding paediatric ages. The aim of this study is to explore the early corneal, macular and optic nerve changes in paediatric patients with OSAS. Prospective study that enrolled children aged ≥ 4years referred to the Paediatric Pneumology Clinic in Verona for suspected obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) and investigated with the overnight respiratory polygraphy. Patients with apnoea-hypopnea index (AHI) > 1 were classified as OSAS, while those with AHI < 1 were classified non-OSAS. All patients underwent comprehensive eye examination including slit lamp, refraction, intraocular pression (Goldman applanation tonometry), corneal tomography (corneal astigmatism, corneal keratometry at the apex, surface asymmetry index, central corneal thickness and thinnest corneal thickness) and optical coherence tomography (central macular thickness, macular volume and retinal nerve fibre layer). Seventy-two children were enrolled in the study. The overall prevalence of OSAS was 48.6%. Statistically significant differences were found between OSAS and non-OSAS group for corneal asymmetry (0.9 ± 0.5 and 0.6 ± 0.3, respectively; p = 0.02), thinnest corneal thickness (551.8 ± 33.9 and 563.7 ± 32.5; p = 0.04), average retinal nerve fibre layer (102.8 ± 10.5µm and 98.1 ± 12.3µm; p = 0.012) and in nasal quadrant (76.2 ± 15.4µm and 66.5 ± 12.6µm; p = 0.0002). A comprehensive eye examination with corneal and optic nerve imaging showed early corneal and optic nerve changes in children newly diagnosed with OSAS. These could be prelude of the known ocular manifestations associated with OSAS in adult patients.

Prevalence of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: A Single-Center Retrospective Study.

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a sleep breathing disorder that often remains undiagnosed and untreated. OSAS prevalence is increasing exponentially. Starting on the dentist’s role as an epidemiological and diagnostic “sentinel”, the purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of OSAS. The clinical diaries of 4659 patients were reviewed through a single-center retrospective analytic study. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed. Only 0.26% of patients reported to suffer from sleep apnea and were then diagnosed with OSAS. It was found that, out of 4487 patients, 678 suffered from hypertension (14.80%), 188 from gastro-esophageal-reflux-disease (GERD = 4.10%) and 484 from gastritis (10.78%). These results could be related to a difficult diagnosis of OSAS and to the absence of a dedicated section on sleep disorders in medical records. Therefore, the introduction of a question dedicated to sleep disorders, the administration of questionnaires (such as the STOP-BANG questionnaire) for early diagnosis, a multidisciplinary approach and pneumological examination could support the dentist in identifying patients at risk of OSAS.

Defining obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome: a failure of semantic rules.

Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) is one of the most ubiquitous medical conditions in industrialised society. Since the recognition that symptoms of excessive daytime somnolence, problems with concentration, mood and cognitive impairment, as well as cardiometabolic abnormalities can arise as a consequence of obstructed breathing during sleep, it has been subject to variation in its definition. Over the past five decades, attempts have been made to standardise the definitions and scoring criteria used for apnoeas and hypopnoea, which are the hallmarks of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). However, applying these definitions in clinical and research practice has resulted in over- and under-estimation of the severity and prevalence of OSAS. Furthermore, the definitions may eventually become redundant in the context of rapid technological advances in breathing measurement and other signal acquisition. Increased efforts towards precision medicine have led to a focus on the pathophysiology of obstructed breathing during sleep. However, the same degree of effort has not been focused on how and why the latter does or does not result in diurnal symptoms, integral to the definition of OSAS. This review focuses on OSAS in adults and discusses some of the difficulties with current definitions and the possible reasons behind them.

La dépression majeure à caractéristique atypique comme facteur de risque du syndrome d’apnées obstructives du sommeil chez le jeune adulte

ObjectivesIn the literature, several studies have investigated the particular relationship between major depression and obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS). However, most of these studies have focused primarily on middle-aged to elderly individuals (≥40 years) which means that this problem has been little studied in young adults (<30 years). Nevertheless, in young adults the prevalence of major depression (particularly its atypical subtype) is not negligible, which seems to justify carrying out additional investigations in order to allow a better understanding of the potential role played by major depression in the pathophysiology of OSAS in this particular subpopulation. The aim of this study was therefore to empirically investigate the prevalence of OSAS in young adults and to study the risk of OSAS associated with major depression in this particular subpopulation. MethodsPolysomnographic and demographic data from 264 young adults were collected from the Erasme Hospital Sleep Laboratory (Brussels, Belgium) database to enable our analyses. During their two-night stay (including a first night of habituation and a night of polysomnography) at the Sleep Laboratory, these individuals underwent a complete somatic assessment (including blood test, electrocardiogram, daytime electroencephalogram and urinalysis), a systematic psychiatric assessment by a unit psychiatrist and an assessment of their complaints related to sleep. These different steps made it possible to systematically diagnose all somatic pathologies, psychiatric disorders according to the diagnostic criteria of the DSM-IV-TR and sleep pathologies according to the diagnostic criteria of the AASM. This allowed the selection of young adults included in our study based on our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Polysomnographic recordings from our Sleep Laboratory were visually scored according to AASM criteria. An obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea index ≥5/hour was used for the diagnosis of OSAS. At the statistical level, in order to allow our analyses, we subdivided our sample of young adults into two groups: a control group without OSAS (n=215) and a patient group with OSAS (n=49). After checking the normal distribution of our data, normally distributed data were analysed with t-tests whereas asymmetrically or dichotomously distributed data were analysed with Wilcoxon tests or Chi2 tests. Univariate regression models were used to study the risk of OSAS associated with major depression (categorized: absent, typical, atypical) in young adults and potential confounding factors. In multivariate regression models, the risk of OSAS associated with major depression (categorized: absent, typical, atypical) in young adults was adjusted only for confounding factors significantly associated with OSAS during univariate analysis. These confounding factors were introduced in a hierarchical manner in the various multivariate regression models constructed. ResultsThe prevalence of OSAS in our population of young adults was 18.6 %. During univariate analyses, atypical depression [OR 2.51 (95% CI 1.18–5.32), p-value=0.014], male gender [OR 4.53 (95% CI 2.20–9.34), P-value <0.001], presence of snoring [OR 2.51 (95% CI 1.33–4.75), P-value=0.005], presence of at least one cardio-metabolic alteration [OR 2.26 (95% CI 1.19–4.28), P-value=0.012], body mass index>30 kg/m2 [OR 4.55 (95% CI 2.07–10.03), P-value <0.001] and ferritin ≥150 μg/L [OR 3.28 (95% CI 1.69–6.36), P-value<0.001] were associated with increased risk of OSAS in our population of young adults. After adjusting for these major confounding factors associated with OSAS (gender, body mass index, cardio-metabolic alterations, ferritin level, and snoring) in the four models studied, multivariate regression analyses confirmed that unlike typical depression, atypical depression [OR 3.09 (95% CI 1.26–7.54), P-value=0.019] was a risk factor for OSAS in young adults. ConclusionsIn our study, we demonstrated that the prevalence of OSAS was 18.6 % in young adults referred to the Erasme Hospital Sleep Laboratory. In addition, we have shown that unlike typical depression, atypical depression was associated with an increased risk of OSAS in young adults, which seems to justify more systematic research of this pathology in young adults suffering from atypical depression in order to allow the establishment of adapted therapeutic strategies and avoid the negative consequences associated with the co-occurrence of these two pathologies.

Prevalence and outcome of comorbidities associated with acromegaly.

Acromegaly is associated with various comorbidities, such as arterial hypertension (aHT), type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS), carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and polyposis coli. For therapeutic decisions, it is essential to know if, and to what extent, these associated morbidities are reversible or preventable. The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence and course of aHT, obesity, OSAS, CTS, DM2 and polyposis coli in acromegalic patients. The following criteria for inclusion in this database study were used: treatment for acromegaly at the authors' institutions; full endocrinological and radiological work- and follow-up; screening for aHT, DM2, CTS, OSAS, obesity and polyposis coli. All patients were followed-up for > 3months, and treatments were indicated with the intent of biochemical remission (normal IGF-1 and random growth hormone level). Sixty-three patients were included. Twelve (19%), 45 (71%) and 6 (10%) patients harboured micro-, macro- and giant adenomas, respectively. Nineteen tumours (30%) invaded the cavernous sinus. Mean tumour volume was 5.4 cm3. Mean follow-up time was 42months. Sixty-one (97%) patients had transsphenoidal surgery; two patients only had drug therapy. Surgery led to remission in 31 (51%) patients. Intracavernous growth and larger tumour volume were negative predictors for cure. Drug therapy lead to remission in 22 (73%) patients within a mean follow-up of 54months. The pretherapeutic prevalence of associated morbidities was as follows: aHT, 56%; DM2, 25%; OSAS, 29%; CTS, 29%; polyposis coli, 5%. There were neither age nor gender preferences for the respective prevalences. Surgery leads to remission of aHT and DM2 in 6% and 25%, respectively. Additional drug therapy resulted in remission of aHT, DM2 and CTS in 17%, 14% and 14%, respectively. Other associated morbidities persisted regardless of therapeutic efforts. Even if criteria for remission were not met, no new comorbidities of acromegaly developed during follow-up. Treating acromegaly may relieve threatening associated morbidities such as aHT and DM2; nevertheless, only few comorbidities are reversible, which highlights the importance of treating acromegaly as early as possible.

Caractéristiques du sommeil dans une population de patients candidats à une chirurgie bariatrique

Investigation for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is mandatory before bariatric surgery. Data regarding chronic insomnia and chronic sleep deprivation are scarce in this population. A cross-sectional study assessing the prevalence of chronic insomnia, OSAS and chronic sleep privation in an obese population referred for bariatric surgery. In all, 88 patients (74% women, median age 41 [33.5-50] years and median body mass index 42 [39.2-45.7] kg/m2) were included. The prevalence of chronic insomnia was 31% in the 87% suffering from OSAS that required continuous positive airway pressure therapy. Comorbid insomnia and sleep apnoea (COMISA) were found in 27% of our population. Chronic insomnia was associated with a lower quality of life (median EQ5D analogue visual scale: 60 [50-70] P=0.04) and a poor sleep quality (median Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI): 8 (6-11 P<0.01) The deleterious combination of sleep privation and insomnia had a higher impact in terms of impairment of quality of life and sleep quality (median EQ5D analogue visual scale: 50 [40-65] P=0.02 et median PSQI: 11 [9-14, P<0.01) CONCLUSION: Chronic insomnia and sleep privation have synergistic deleterious effects in candidates for bariatric surgery. Further studies need to be conducted to evaluate the evolution after surgery.

Evaluation and Management of Adults with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome.

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a common and underdiagnosed medical condition characterized by recurrent sleep-dependent pauses and reductions in airflow. While a narrow, collapsible oropharynx plays a central role in the pathophysiology of OSAS, there are other equally important nonanatomic factors including sleep-stage dependent muscle tone, arousal threshold, and loop gain that drive obstructive apneas and hypopneas. Through mechanisms of intermittent hypoxemia, arousal-related sleep fragmentation, and intrathoracic pressure changes, OSAS impacts multiple organ systems. Risk factors for OSAS include obesity, male sex, age, specific craniofacial features, and ethnicity. The prevalence of OSAS is rising due to increasing obesity rates and improved sensitivity in the tools used for diagnosis. Validated questionnaires have an important but limited role in the identification of patients that would benefit from formal testing for OSA. While an in-laboratory polysomnography remains the gold standard for diagnosis, the widespread availability and accuracy of home sleep apnea testing modalities increase access and ease of OSAS diagnosis for many patients. In adults, the most common treatment involves the application of positive airway pressure (PAP), but compliance continues to be a challenge. Alternative treatments including mandibular advancement device, hypoglossal nerve stimulator, positional therapies, and surgical options coupled with weight loss and exercise offer possibilities of an individualized personal approach to OSAS. Treatment of symptomatic patients with OSAS has been found to be beneficial with regard to sleep-related quality of life, sleepiness, and motor vehicle accidents. The benefit of treating asymptomatic OSA patients, particularly with regard to cardiovascular outcomes, is controversial and more data are needed.

Obstrüktif Uyku Apne Sendromlu Hastalarda Plazma Ghrelin, Omentin-1 Düzeyleri ve İnsülin Dirençlerinin Değerlendirilmesi

Objective: Available studies support the occurrence of a bidirectional association between obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and cardiovascular disorders. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the plasma ghrelin, omentin–1 levels, insulin resistance (IR) in patients with OSAS, and its cardiovascular consequences. Methods: This study was performed on 150 individuals who applied to the sleep laboratory with complaints such as snoring and sleep-breathing pause. Polysomnographic (PSG) evaluation was applied to every patient. Seventy-five individuals with Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) ≥5 were diagnosed as OSAS and seventy-five individuals with AHI&amp;lt;5 were included as the without OSAS. Results: The median omentin-1 level was 59.0 ng/mL in the OSAS group and 105.0 ng/mL in without OSAS (p&amp;lt;0.001). The median ghrelin level in the OSAS group was 229.0 pg/ml and 180.0 pg/ml in the without OSAS group (p&amp;lt;0.001). The prevalence of OSAS was 2.667 times higher in males than females (OR=2.667). HOMA-IR scores were not different between OSAS and without OSAS groups (p=0.218). Patients with OSAS had higher BMI, neck circumference, and median ESS values compared to those without OSAS group (p&amp;lt;0.001). In obese, the risk of OSAS was found 3.058 times higher (OR= 3.058) (p&amp;lt;0.001). Conclusions: Median omentin-1 level was lower in the OSAS group than the without OSAS group, whereas median ghrelin level was higher in the OSAS and obese individuals. Due to the high prevalence of OSAS in hypertensive and obese individuals, effective screening, diagnosis, and treatment of OSAS are required to reduce cardiovascular risk.