Prevalence Of Obese Individuals Research Articles

Socio-economic and reproductive concomitants of abdominal adiposity and hypertension: A study on Bengali-speaking Hindu women of Habra, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India

Obesity and hypertension have become a global epidemic among the women, especially as they experience additional stressful events compared to men. The epidemiology of these two metabolic disorders is regulated by various biological, socio-economic, reproductive and lifestyle factors related to women. However, inconsistency in the nature and magnitude of the effects of these traits indicates exploring the areas where little emphasis has been given. In this context, the present study attempted to determine the effect of socio-economic and reproductive traits on hypertension and abdominal adiposity among women living in the North 24 Parganas district of West Bengal, India. Data on socio-demographic and reproductive traits were collected from 319 adult women from both rural and urban sectors of Habra block I. Anthropometric measurements and Blood pressure levels were measured following standard protocols. Results highlighted that the prevalence of obese individuals and hypertensive individuals were 73.4 and 50.5 per cent respectively. Women with low income (OR=0.51) were at lower risk and post-menopausal women (OR=1.71) were at higher risk of developing abdominal adiposity. The risk of developing hypertension increased with higher educational attainment (OR=2.43). Post-menopausal women (OR=0.46) and shifting workers (OR=0.40) were at lower risk of developing hypertension. The risk also decreased with increased age (OR=0.96). Present study revealed that menopause is a significant event to predict abdominal adiposity and hypertension among Bengali-speaking Hindu women.

OBESITY AS A COMMON COMORBIDITY IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES: OCCURRENCE BASED ON EATING HABITS AND OTHER DETERMINANTS IN WEST JAVA, INDONESIA

Objective: The prevalence of obesity in individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM) is fairly high. It has been shown that obesity worsens insulin resistance and can elevate the risk for complications of diabetes. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of obesity and to determine the factors that affect obesity in adults with DM.
 Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design and included secondary data from the “Cohort Study of Risk Factors for Non-communicable Diseases.” The study was conducted on adults with DM at Kebon Kelapa Village, West Java, in 2017, and the total sample obtained for analysis was 112 respondents.
 Results: In this study, 62.5% of adults with DM were overweight or obese (body mass index ≥25 kg/m2). Factors found to influence the incidence of obesity in adults with DM were sex and macronutrient intakes, namely, “over” energy intake, “over” carbohydrate intake, “over” fat intake, and “normal” protein intake. Risk of obesity was 3.15-fold higher in female than male participants with diabetes. The highest risk for increased obesity level in adults with diabetes was found in those with “over” fat intake (odds ratio, 8.33).
 Conclusions: In adults with diabetes, the incidence of obesity is a trigger of complications. Therefore, to improve the quality of life of individuals with diabetes, attention must be given to managing their weight.

Correlations between Body Mass Index, Plasma High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein and Lipids in Patients with Schizophrenia.

High prevalence of obesity in individuals with schizophrenia, associated with metabolic syndrome, leads to high rate of premature deaths from cardiovascular disease (CVD) in this population. Body mass index (BMI) and C-reactive protein (CRP) are correlated in the general population but this relationship has not been fully elucidated in patients with schizophrenia. We aimed to evaluate the correlation between BMI and CRP while relating both variables to plasma lipids in patients with schizophrenia. BMI, fasting high sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP), cotinine, and lipids were measured in 106 patients with schizophrenia (diagnosis confirmed with MINI). Pearson's and partial correlations (adjusting for age, sex, race, education and cotinine) between BMI, hs-CRP and lipids were calculated. Based on BMI, the patients were divided into normal-weight vs. overweight/obese and t-tests and linear regression were done to compare hs-CRP and lipids in the 2 groups. BMI positively correlated with hs-CRP (r = 0.29, p = 0.004). BMI and hs-CRP negatively correlated with HDL in the total sample (r = -0.29, p = 0.004; r = -0.37, p < 0.001 respectively). Furthermore, hs-CRP negatively correlated with HDL in overweight/obese patients (r = -0.41, p = 0.003), but not in normal-weight patients. hs-CRP and triglycerides were higher (1.62 ± 0.09mg/L vs. 0.56 ± 0.08mg/L, p < 0.001; 121.77 ± 8.96mg/dL vs. 91.23 ± 6.52mg/dL, p = 0.008 respectively) and HDL lower (39.55 ± 1.48mg/dL vs. 50.68 ± 2.24mg/dL, p < 0.001) in overweight/obese patients. Being overweight/obese is associated with increased inflammation and dyslipidemia in patients with schizophrenia. Effective interventions to prevent weight gain in schizophrenia are urgently needed.

Cost-effectiveness of health promotion targeting physical activity and healthy eating in mental health care.

BackgroundThere is a higher prevalence of obesity in individuals with mental disorders compared to the general population. The results of several studies suggested that weight reduction in this population is possible following psycho-educational and/or behavioural weight management interventions. Evidence of the effectiveness alone is however inadequate for policy making. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a health promotion intervention targeting physical activity and healthy eating in individuals with mental disorders.MethodsA Markov decision-analytic model using a public payer perspective was applied, projecting the one-year results of a 10-week intervention over a time horizon of 20 years, assuming a repeated yearly implementation of the programme. Scenario analysis was applied evaluating the effects on the results of alternative modelling assumptions. One-way sensitivity analysis was performed to assess the effects on the results of varying key input parameters.ResultsAn incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of 27,096€/quality-adjusted life years (QALY) in men, and 40,139€/QALY in women was found in the base case. Scenario analysis assuming an increase in health-related quality of life as a result of the body mass index decrease resulted in much better cost-effectiveness in both men (3,357€/QALY) and women (3,766€/QALY). The uncertainty associated with the intervention effect had the greatest impact on the model.ConclusionsAs far as is known to the authors, this is the first health economic evaluation of a health promotion intervention targeting physical activity and healthy eating in individuals with mental disorders. Such research is important as it provides payers and governments with better insights how to spend the available resources in the most efficient way. Further research examining the cost-effectiveness of health promotion targeting physical activity and healthy eating in individuals with mental disorders is required.

Socioeconomic status and obesity in Abia State, South East Nigeria

Background and objectivesObesity is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease in developed and emerging economies. There is a paucity of data from Nigeria on the association between socioeconomic status and obesity. The aim of this study is to highlight that association in Abia State, South East Nigeria.Material and methodsThis was a cross-sectional survey in South East Nigeria. Participating subjects were recruited from the three senatorial zones of Abia state. A total of 2,487 adults took part in the study. The subjects were classified based on their monthly income and level of educational attainment (determinants of obesity). Monthly income was classified into three groups: low, middle, and upper income, while educational level was classified into four groups: no formal education, primary, secondary, and tertiary education. Body mass index of subjects was determined and used for defining obesity. Data on blood pressure and other anthropometric measurements were also collected using a questionnaire, modified from the World Health Organization STEPwise Approach to Chronic Disease Risk Factor Surveillance.ResultsOverall, the prevalence of obesity in low, middle, and upper income groups was 12.2%, 16%, and 20%, respectively. The overall prevalence of obesity in individuals with no formal education, primary, secondary, and tertiary education was 6.3%, 14.9%, 10.5%, and 17.7%, respectively. Educational status was found to be significantly associated with obesity in women, but not in men, or in the combined group. However, level of income was observed to be significantly associated with obesity in men, women, and in the combined group.ConclusionSociodemographic and socioeconomic factors are important determinants of obesity in our study population, and therefore may be indirectly linked to the prevalence and the outcomes of cardiovascular disease in Nigeria.

Abstract P203: Restricting Sleep Duration Alters Resting and Postprandial Respiratory Quotient, but has Minimal Effects on Overall Energy Expenditure

Introduction: Epidemiological evidence has demonstrated a link between short sleep and obesity. Clinical studies suggest a role of increased energy intake in this relationship, whereas the contributions of energy expenditure (EE) and substrate utilization are less clearly defined. Our aim was to investigate the effects of short sleep on EE and respiratory quotient (RQ) during sleep, basal conditions, and in response to a high-fat meal. Methods: Seven females (age and BMI: 27.4 ± 8.1 years and 26.2 ± 1.6 kg/m2, respectively) participated in a randomized, crossover study lasting 4 days. Participants were studied under two separate conditions: short (4 h/night; time in bed 0100-0500 h) and habitual (8 h/night; time in bed 2300-0700 h) sleep. Meals were served at 0800, 1200, and 1900 h, with a snack at 1600 h. Data included 24-h EE and sleep metabolic rate (SMR) from the metabolic chamber and fasting resting metabolic rate (RMR) and postprandial energy expenditure (PPEE) over a 6 h period after consumption of a high-fat breakfast on day 4. Results are expressed as mean ± SD. Results: Total 24-h EE was 1,907 ± 229 kcal and 1,830 ± 63 kcal for short and habitual sleep, respectively (p=0.084, paired t-test). Mean SMR was 0.967 ± 0.19 kcal/min throughout the 4-h sleep period and 0.895 ± 0.09 kcal/min throughout the 8-h sleep period (p=0.211, paired t-test). When we examined the 8-h period spanning the sleep episode during the habitual sleep phase, there was a significant sleep condition x time interaction for EE (p&lt;0.001). During the short sleep phase, this measurement included 4 h of sleep and 4 h of non-sleep time. Specifically, EE in the short sleep condition was significantly higher than in the habitual sleep condition mostly during non-sleep times: at 0000-0100, 0100-0200, 0500-0600, and 0600-0700 h, resulting in an increase of 0.21 ± 0.19 kcal/min (p=0.009) throughout the full 8-h period. RQ significantly declined across the 2300-0700 time period (p&lt;0.001), but did not differ between conditions. RMR after 3 nights of short vs. habitual sleep did not differ between conditions, whereas fasting RQ was significantly lower (p=0.026) after short vs. habitual sleep. Postprandial RQ and PPEE did not differ between conditions. The postprandial RQ peak was significantly reduced in short vs. habitual sleep (p=0.008, paired t-test). Conclusions: We demonstrate here that short sleep results in increased EE during nocturnal hours spent awake, but does not significantly alter SMR. Over the 24-h period, however, it results in a slight increase in EE, which was not significant with this sample size. These findings imply that the greater prevalence of obesity in individuals with short sleep observed in epidemiological studies is most likely attributable to greater food intake that is not offset by the small increase in EE associated with greater time spent awake.

Performance of a Weight-related Measure of Quality of Life in a Psychiatric Sample

The Impact of Weight on Quality of Life-Lite (IWQOL-Lite) questionnaire has been validated previously in weight loss program participants and community volunteers. Because of the prevalence of obesity in individuals with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, this study evaluates the psychometric performance of the IWQOL-Lite in these populations. A sample of 111 individuals with schizophrenia (mean age = 43.5; mean BMI = 32.6; 42.3% female; 59.5% Caucasian) and 100 with bipolar disorder (mean age = 42.8; mean BMI = 34.8; 66.0% female; 81.0% Caucasian) were recruited from four programs. Height and weight measurements were taken and participants completed the IWQOL-Lite, Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form-36 (SF-36), and Global Ratings of quality of life. Sixty-five participants completed the IWQOL-Lite 1-2 weeks later to determine stability of results. Sixty-four percent of schizophrenic participants and 68.0% of bipolar participants were obese. The IWQOL-Lite demonstrated excellent reliability in the current sample, with alpha coefficients ranging from 0.874 to 0.970 and test-retest coefficients ranging from 0.740 to 0.945. Correlations with collateral measures and BMI supported the construct validity of the IWQOL-Lite in this population. The IWQOL-Lite is a reliable and valid measure for assessing weight-related quality of life in individuals with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

Obesity in Bipolar Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder: Results from a National Community Health Survey on Mental Health and Well-Being

We aimed to ascertain the prevalence of obesity in individuals with a mood disorder (MD) (that is, bipolar disorder or major depressive disorder), compared with the general population. We further aimed to examine the likelihood of an association between obesity and MD, while controlling for the influence of sociodemographic variables. The analysis was based on data from Statistics Canada's Canadian Community Health Survey: Mental Health and Well-Being (CCHS 1.2), conducted in 2002. The sample (n = 36 984; > or = aged 15 years) was drawn from the Canadian household-dwelling population. The CCHS used diagnostic criteria outlined in the DSM-IV to screen respondents. Individuals with a lifetime history of MD were more likely to be obese (body mass index [BMI] > 30) than were individuals without lifetime MD (19%, compared with 15%, respectively; P < 0.001). In sex-specific multivariate analysis, lifetime MD was associated with elevated odds of obesity in female respondents (95%CI, 1.03 to 1.46, odds ratio 1.22), but not in male respondents. Antipsychotic pharmacotherapy was also associated with obesity. This is the first Canadian epidemiologic investigation to specifically evaluate anthropometric indices and associated factors in people with MDs. The results herein supplement substantial clinical evidence documenting the association between MDs and stress-sensitive somatic disorders (for example, obesity). These data also underscore the metabolic consequences of some psychotropic agents.