Prevalence Of Non Research Articles

Prevalence of Non - Communicable Diseases Among Elderly Population in Northern State of India

Prevalence of Non - Communicable Diseases Among Elderly Population in Northern State of India

Prevalence of Non - Communicable Diseases and its Associated Factors among Adults in Selected Offices of Guwahati, Kamrup (M) Assam: A Descriptive Study

Prevalence of Non - Communicable Diseases and its Associated Factors among Adults in Selected Offices of Guwahati, Kamrup (M) Assam: A Descriptive Study

Study of prevalence of non- alcoholic fatty liver disease in type 2 diabetes and its correlation with liver function tests and fasting lipid profile

Introduction: NAFLD is the third leading indication for liver transplantation. The prevalence of NAFLD has been documented to be 15%-30% in general population and 70%-75% in type 2 diabetes population. Indian population has a higher body fat content and abdominal adiposity: the more upper body fat content is associated with insulin resistance causing more NAFLD. There is evidence that Type 2 DM patients with NAFLD are at higher risk of developing cirrhosis compared to non-diabetic patients. The present study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital from south India to know the Prevalence of Non -Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in persons with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and to correlate the results of Liver Function Tests and fasting Lipid Profile with NAFLD. Materials and Methods: This is an observational study done in patients attending OPDs in department of General Medicine during 1st January 2018 to 30th June 2019 in Maharajah’s Institute of Medical Sciences, Vizianagaram and Andhra Pradesh. Results: The prevalence of NAFLD, as assessed by ultrasound examination, was 67%, mean age of subjects in the NAFLD group was 53.06 ± 6.20 years. Prevalence in males was 45.2%. High BMI is associated with NAFLD (P< 0.001).

Detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumanniiand their prevalence in Intensive care unit of a tertiary care hospital

Introduction: Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii have been known to cause variety of infections, among patients admitted in Intensive Care Unit.Non fermenting Gram‑negative bacilli are developing resistance to commonly used antibiotics therefore are becoming difficult to treat Among various enzymes produced by bacteria which lead to drug resistance, extended‑spectrumbeta‑lactamase (ESBL) enzymesis one of the important mechanism of drug resistance. Thisstudy that was conducted a) To detect multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa and A. baumanniiin patients admitted in ICU patients. b) To determine the prevalence of ESBL producing clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter sp. in the ICU of the tertiary care hospital. Material and Methods: The study was performed in the microbiology department of a North Indian rural tertiary care hospital (Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Amritsar, India) over a period of one year (January2012 to December 2012). The study included 100 isolates each of Acinetobacter baumannii & P. aeruginosa. Identification of both organisms was done using the standard microbiological techniques as described by Colle et al 1996.The antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. To detect ESBL producing isolates phenotypicaly, Disc approximation test was performed. Results: Out of 200 isolates, 100 each of A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa, weobtained 82 isolates from ICU,57 &25 A .baumannii and P. aeruginosa respectively. Among these 57A. baumannii isolates 89.47%isolates were resistant to Ceftazidime and among these 33.33%isolates were ESBL producers.Of 25 P.aeruginosa isolatesobtained from ICU84 % were found to beresistant to ceftazidime by antibiotic sensitivity testing.Among these44% were ESBL producers. Conclusion: Our results showed high prevalence ofNon fermenting gram negative bacilli in ICU patient’s samples, which were multidrug resistant and producers of Extended spectrum Beta lactamase enzymes.

P1.11-16 Modified Lung-RADS Improves Performance of Screening LDCT in a Population with High Prevalence of Non–Smoking-Related Lung Cancer

P1.11-16 Modified Lung-RADS Improves Performance of Screening LDCT in a Population with High Prevalence of Non–Smoking-Related Lung Cancer

Modified Lung-RADS Improves Performance of Screening LDCT in a Population with High Prevalence of Non–smoking-related Lung Cancer

We proposed a modification of the ACR Lung Imaging Reporting and Data System (Lung-RADS) to clarify the characteristics of subsolid nodules with categories 1-11, and to compare the diagnostic accuracy with Lung-RADS and National Lung Screening Trial criteria in an Asian population with high prevalence of adenocarcinoma. We analyzed a retrospective cohort of 1978 consecutive healthy subjects (72.8% nonsmoker) who underwent low-dose computed tomography from August 2013 to October 2014 (1084 men, 894 women). Lung-RADS categories 2 and 3 were modified to include subcategories of 2A/2B/2C and 3A/3B/3C, respectively. Clinical information and nodule characteristics were recorded. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to compare diagnostic accuracy at different cutoffs. Thirty-two subjects (30 nonsmokers) had pathology-proven adenocarcinoma spectrum lesions in the follow-up period (1.6 ± 0.5 years). Modified Lung-RADS, using modified Lung-RADS category 2C as cutoff, had an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.973 in predicting adenocarcinoma spectrum lesions (sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 89.3%), which was significantly higher than that of Lung-RADS (AUC = 0.815, P < .001) and National Lung Screening Trial (AUC = 0.906, P < .001). Furthermore, modified Lung-RADS showed an AUC of 0.992 in predicting invasive adenocarcinoma (sensitivity of 95%, specificity of 97.8%) when category 3B was used as cutoff. Modified Lung-RADS may substantially improve sensitivity while maintaining specificity for detection of adenocarcinoma spectrum lesions in an Asian population. Compared to Lung-RADS, it has enhanced ability to differentiate invasive from indolent adenocarcinoma by more refined subclassification of subsolid nodules using two cutoff values of category 2C and 3B. The effect of using modified Lung-RADS in clinical practice must be carefully studied in prospective large cohort studies.

Correlation of CD4 counts with microalbuminuria in HIV patients

One of the manifestations of kidney disease is Microalbuminuria (MA). CD4 T cells are cells that play a central role in immune protection, wherein HIV infections, they are the primary target of the virus. CD4 cells counts is an indirect reflection of the activity and viral load of HIV. This study aimed to determine the correlation of CD4 counts with MA in HIV patients. A cross-sectional with thedescriptive analytical study was in HIV patients >18 years old without a history of Diabetes Mellitus. The result of thestatistical test is significant if the value of p <0.05. The prevalence of MA in subjects with CD4 cell counts <200 cells/μl was 56.1%, and NA was 43.9%. On the other hand, in subjects with CD4 ≥ 200 cells/μl, the prevalence of MA was 3.4% and the prevalence of NA was 96%. In conclusion, there was a significant correlation of low count CD4 (CD4 <200 cells/μl) with microalbuminuria in HIV patients.

Prevalence of Non–Cardiac Findings in Computed Tomography Coronary Angiography in Rural and Remote Australia

Prevalence of Non–Cardiac Findings in Computed Tomography Coronary Angiography in Rural and Remote Australia

Prevalence of Non - Infective Dermatosis in Genital Region in Children of 1-18 Years of Age

Prevalence of Non - Infective Dermatosis in Genital Region in Children of 1-18 Years of Age

Prevalence of Non–Left Anterior Descending Septal Perforator Culprit in Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Undergoing Alcohol Septal Ablation

Identifying the coronary branch that supplies the basal septum is the cornerstone for successful alcohol septal ablation (ASA). The basal septum is often supplied by septal perforator artery/arteries (SPA/SPAs) not originating from the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery. We aim to investigate the prevalence and significance of non-LAD septal "culprit" in patients undergoing ASA. A retrospective review of patients who underwent ASA from 2006 to 2014 was conducted. Procedural and midterm outcomes of patients who had ASA of LAD and non-LAD culprit SPA were reported. A total 89 patients were included in the analysis; 13 patients (15%) had ASA of non-LAD SPA. These patients were more likely to have a history of failed ASA, more than one SPA treated, more ethanol dose injected, longer procedures, and higher contrast use compared with those who had ASA of LAD-SPA. In-hospital outcomes, residual gradient, symptom improvement, and midterm mortality were similar in the 2 groups. In conclusion, in a cohort of patients undergoing ASA, 15% had ablation of SPA culprit that did not originate from the LAD. Half of these patients had previous unsuccessful ASA. Systematic screening for the ideal culprit SPA with nonselective coronary injection of echo contrast should be used to avoid incomplete or failed ASA.

Serum Sodium Levels and Patient Outcomes in an Ambulatory Clinic-Based Chronic Kidney Disease Cohort

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients are prone to both hypo- and hypernatremia. Little has been published on the epidemiology of hypo- and hypernatremia in ambulatory patients with non-dialysis CKD. Methods: Data collected in two contemporaneous CKD cohort studies, the Renal Research Institute (RRI)-CKD study (n = 834) and the Study of Treatment of Renal Insufficiency: Data and Evaluation (STRIDE) (n = 1,348) were combined and analyzed to study the association between serum sodium (Na⁺) and clinical outcomes. Results: Baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and Na⁺ were 26 ± 11 ml/min/1.73 m² and 140.2 ± 3.4 mEq/l, respectively. The prevalence of Na⁺ ≤135 mEq/l and ≥144 mEq/l was 6 and 16%, respectively. Higher baseline Na⁺ was significantly associated with male sex, older age, systolic blood pressure, BMI, serum albumin, presence of heart failure, and lower eGFR. The risk of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) was marginally significantly higher among patients with Na⁺ ≤135 mEq/l, compared with 140< Na⁺ <144 mEq/l (referent), in time-dependent models (adjusted hazard ratio, HR = 1.52, p = 0.06). Mortality risk was significantly greater at 135< Na⁺ ≤140 mEq/l (adjusted HR = 1.68, p = 0.02) and Na⁺ ≥144 mEq/l (adjusted HR = 2.01, p = 0.01). Conclusion: CKD patients with Na⁺ ≤135 mEq/l were at a higher risk for progression to ESRD, whereas both lower and higher Na⁺ levels were associated with a higher risk of mortality. While caring for CKD patients, greater attention to serum sodium levels by clinicians is warranted and could potentially help improve patient outcomes.

Prevalence of Non Strabismic Binocular Vision Disorders in Patients with Asthenopia

Non-strabismic binocular vision disorders are highly prevalent conditions. Patients report to eye care practitioners with symptoms of eyestrain, headaches, blurred vision etc. These conditions are generally missed out unless a complete orthoptic and binocular vision examination is performed. Treatment of these conditions is very successful with vision therapy, lenses and prisms. Successful treatment leads to a significant improvement in the quality of life of the patients. This study was aimed towards finding the prevalence of non-strabismic binocular vision disorders in patients complaining of asthenopia.

Direct correlation between non-random distribution of cations and ion transport mechanism in soda-lime silicate glasses

We report a direct correlation between dissimilar ion pair formation and alkali ion transport in soda-lime silicate glasses established via broad band conductivity spectroscopy and local structural probe techniques. The combined Raman and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy techniques on these glasses reveal the coexistence of different anionic species and the prevalence of Na+–Ca2+ dissimilar pairs as well as their distributions. The spectroscopic results further confirm the formation of dissimilar pairs atomistically, where it increases with increasing alkaline-earth oxide content. These results are the manifestation of local structural changes in the silicate network with composition which give rise to different environments into which the alkali ions hop. The Na+ ion mobility varies inversely with dissimilar pair formation, i.e. it decreases with increase of non-random formation of dissimilar pairs. Remarkably, we found that increased degree of non-randomness leads to temperature dependent variation in number density of sodium ions. Furthermore, the present study provides the strong link between the dynamics of the alkali ions and different sites associated with it in soda-lime silicate glasses.

High prevalence of Non–typhoid salmonella bacteraemia among febrile HIV adult patients admitted at a tertiary Hospital, North-Western Tanzania

BackgroundBacterial blood stream infections constitute a significant public-health problem and it is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV infected patients. Little is known in developing countries regarding salmonella bacteraemia among HIV patients. The purpose of this study was to determine the bacterial pathogens causing blood stream infection among febrile adults attending in a tertiary hospital North-Western, Tanzania.MethodsA prospective cross-sectional study involving 346 consecutive, febrile adult patients admitted at Bugando Medical Centre was conducted. Demographic and other data were collected using standardized questionnaires. Blood culture was done followed by susceptibility testing using disc diffusion method. HIV testing was also performed as per Tanzania national algorithm and total white blood cell counts and CD4+ counts determined.ResultsOf 346 febrile adult patients 33 (9.5%) had blood stream infections. The common isolates were Salmonella spp 13(39.4%), Escherichia coli 8 (24.2%), Streptococcus pneumonia 5(15.2%), Staphylococcus aureus 4(12.1%), Citrobacter spp 1(3%), Streptococcus pyogenes 1(3%) and Klebsiella pneumonia 1(3%). A total of 156 (45.1%) patients were HIV infected; of whom 12/156 (7.6%) were infected by non-typhoid Salmonella spp compared to 1/190 (0.5%) of non-HIV infected patients (RRR 11.2, p=0.029) infected with Salmonella typhi. HIV infected patients with bacteraemia had significantly lower CD4+ count than those without bacteraemia (median 28 vs. 88 cells/ml, p=0.01). Patients with salmonella bacteraemia had significantly lower median of WBC than those with non-salmonella as well as those without bacteraemia (median, 3.6 vs. 17.5 vs. 9.8x109, p=0.0001). All Salmonella spp were sensitive to ceftriaxone and imipenem, while being 84%, 69.2%, 38% and 8% resistant to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, sulphamethaxazole/trimethoprim and ciprofloxacin respectively. Predictors of mortality were HIV infection (OR 2.3, p=0.006), Glasgow coma score of less than 15 (OR 3.4, p=0.0001) and night sweats (OR 2.4, p=0.014).ConclusionNon-typhoid Salmonella spp that are highly resistant to common antibiotics are predominant cause of bacterial blood stream infection among HIV patients attending Bugando Medical Centre. Continuous surveillance and intervention strategies should be put in place to monitor and manage cases of bloodstream infections in HIV-positive patients in Mwanza, Tanzania.

Prevalence of Non–Organ-Specific Autoantibodies in Patients with Pemphigus Vulgaris

Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a potentially life-threatening, organ-specific, autoimmune, blistering disease of the skin and mucous membranes. Although several reports suggest an association between pemphigus and other autoimmune connective tissue disorders, studies that measure non-organ-specific autoantibodies are lacking. To evaluate the prevalence of antinuclear antibodies (ANA), anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) antibodies, and antibodies against extractable nuclear antigens (ENAs) in PV patients. Serum samples were obtained from 59 PV patients and 50 healthy controls. Indirect immunofluorescence assays containing human epithelial cell substrates (HEp-2) and Crithidia luciliae were used to detect ANA and anti-dsDNA antibodies, respectively. A multiplexed addressable laser bead immunoassay was employed to measure autoantibodies to: Smith (Sm), ribonucleoprotein (RNP), Sjögren syndrome B (SSB/La), Sjögren syndrome A (SSA/Ro), histidyl transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase (Jo-1), topoisomerase I (Scl-70), and ribosome-P (Ribo-P) antigens. Positive ANAs were obtained in 22 of 59 (37.3%) PV patients compared with 4 of 50 (8.0%) healthy controls (p <or= .01). In both the patient and control populations, anti-dsDNA antibodies were absent. Antibodies against the ENAs were present in 1 of 59 (1.7%) PV patients compared with 0 of 50 (0%) controls. In the single ENA-positive PV patient, antibodies to SSB/La (1.7%) and SSA/Ro (1.7%) were detected. Non-organ-specific autoantibodies are prevalent in the PV population. As ANAs are detected in over one-third of PV patients, clinicians should screen for signs and symptoms of other connective tissue disease. Correlative clinical studies are warranted to determine the diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic significance of these findings.

The Demographic Features of the Prevalence of Non- Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) in a Cohort of Adult Sri Lankans, Investigated for Suspected Chronic Liver Disease in a Medical Unit – Data Form a Tertiary Care Center

Purpose: To study the prevalence of NASH and related matters in adult Sri Lankans, who had undergone consented liver biopsies during the process of investigation for suspected chronic liver pathology since in Sri Lanka this condition is picked up on routine medical screening of asymptomatic patients and its clinical implications and long term sequele are not well studied in the general population. Methods: The clinical notes of 224 patients admitted to the principal author's unit at Sri Jayewardenepura General Hospital Kotte, Sri Lanka for liver biopsies, for elucidation of suspected liver disease from 17.4.2002 to 31.7.2007 were retrospectively analyzed, to compile data with respect to the above. Results: 122 biopsies out of 224 (54.4%) had evidence of non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The latter comprised 80.5%of steatosis, 15.4% of NASH and 4.1% NASH with cirrhosis. Sex distribution for NASH was male 13: female 6 (∼2:1). Age distribution 22–55 years with a population mean age of 42.7 ± 5.13 SD yrs. The same for males and females were 41.6 ± 15.3 SD and 45.0 ± 10.0 SD respectively. Associated diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidaemia, and hypertension in subgroups of steatosis, NASH, NASH with cirrhosis were as follows, steatosis –61.5%, 72.2%, 68.4%; steatohepatitis 30.7%, 22.2%, 26.3%, NASH with cirrhosis 8.8%, 5.6%, 5.5% respectively. Mean ages and body mass index (BMI) for the above subgroups were as follows. Steatosis 36.3 ± 13.5 yrs, 22.7 ± 2.4, NASH 42.7 ± 5.1 yrs, 25.6 ± 2.2, NASH with cirrhosis 47.3 ± 7.5, 24.8 ± 2.2 respectively. SGPT and SGOT had means of 78.8 ± 33.3 SD IUL/L, (range 35–152) and 65.5 ± 46.1 SD IUL/L (range 21–215) for NASH group. Social status and dietary habits had no influence while all were lacking adequate amounts of exercise. Conclusion: Prevalence of NASH in adult Sri Lankans parallel what is found elsewhere. A cluster of metabolic syndrome was seen amongst NASH patients. Males had a higher BMI with early presentation. Higher BMI values were seen during the disease progression from steatosis to NASH thus highlighting a point of active intervention by modifying lifestyle. Progression of NASH to cirrhosis in this cohort at a relatively younger age was an alarming feature.

Increasing prevalence of non-clade B HIV-1 strains in heterosexual men and women, as monitored by analysis of reverse transcriptase and protease sequences.

We evaluated the prevalence of HIV-1 non-clade B over time in a formerly clade B-restricted area. Protease and reverse transcriptase regions of the pol gene were used for phylogenetic and recombination analysis and for clade assignment to HIV-1 A-D, F-H, J, and K strains of the M group. The pol gene of 349 HIV-1 patients belonging to the Italian Cohort Naive for Antiretrovirals (ICONA) were genotypically analyzed to study the prevalence of antiretroviral-associated resistance mutations. All HIV-1 pol sequences and 32 HIV reference strains were analyzed, including the reference strains for the major HIV-1 subtypes. The non-clade B sequences according to the HIV-1 Subtyping Tool program were further studied by a bootscan analysis (SimPlot) to investigate the likelihood of recombination between subtypes. Phylogenetic analysis detected 19 of 349 (5.4%) non-clade B subtypes. The proportions of patients carrying non-clade B virus before and after 1997 were 1.9% and 8.4%, respectively (p =.008). Among whites, heterosexual infection and female gender were significantly associated with the presence of non-clade B subtypes (p =.001 and.005, respectively). Non-clade B HIV-1 was harbored by 14.5% of the heterosexuals who were found to be HIV-1 positive after 1997, 60% of whom were women. Bootscan analysis identified four strains as F, two as A, one as C, one as G, and 11 (57.9 %) as non-clade B recombinant subtypes. Detection of HIV-1 subtypes and intersubtype recombinants in a previously clade B-homogeneous area indicates that the HIV-1 epidemic is evolving in Italy and that heterosexuals and women are at increased risk of infection with non-clade B HIV-1 subtypes. Sequences inferred from the pol gene yield to establish the subtype of circulating HIV-1 strains. As a consequence, genotyping of pol gene for testing resistance to antiretrovirals warrants concomitant surveillance of non-clade B subtypes.

Increasing Prevalence of Non–Clade B HIV-1 Strains in Heterosexual Men and Women, as Monitored by Analysis of Reverse Transcriptase and Protease Sequences

Increasing Prevalence of Non–Clade B HIV-1 Strains in Heterosexual Men and Women, as Monitored by Analysis of Reverse Transcriptase and Protease Sequences

Epidermal growth factor content of breast cyst fluids from women with breast cancer or proliferative disease of the breast.

The intracystic electrolyte content is generally used to identify different breast cyst subpopulations: cysts containing high K+ levels have been associated with an increased risk of subsequent breast cancer. In order to define whether other biochemical features of breast cyst fluid (BCF) might further explain such an increased risk, we determined the content of epidermal growth factor (EGF), a known mitogenic factor for normal and transformed breast epithelium, in cysts of women with breast cancer or proliferative lesions of the breast (atypical ductal or lobular hyperplasia and proliferative disease without atypia). Median intracystic EGF levels were significantly higher in patients with breast cancer or atypical hyperplasia than in cysts of women without any clinical or instrumental evidence of proliferative disease chosen as controls (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). In patients affected by proliferative disease without atypia, intracystic EGF levels were not different either from controls or from the other study groups. No significant difference among groups was observed in the prevalence of Na+/K+ < 3 cysts, this being the most frequently observed type of cysts in all groups except in that with proliferative disease without atypia. No significant difference in EGF levels between cysts ipsilateral or contralateral to the biopsy was observed within each histological group. Our results indicate that EGF levels are higher in cysts aspirated from breasts with an associated proliferative pathology, either benign or neoplastic. The determination of intracystic EGF, combined with that of electrolyte content, might help to identify a subset of patients with gross cystic disease of the breast at potentially higher risk of developing breast cancer.