Prevalence Of Non-nutritive Sucking Habits Research Articles

Impact of two non-nutritive sucking patterns on the development of anterior open bite in children of two kindergartens in Baghdad city

Background: Non-nutritive sucking habit (NNSH) is the main environmental causative factor that disturbs normal orofacial development. In spite of the harmful effect of pacifier as a NNSH, mothers aware from the other types of NNSH like thumb sucking far more than pacifier use. Open bite is one of the most challenging malocclusions in orthodontics due to the high prevalence of relapse after treatment, so preventing the causative factor of its occurrence is essential at early age of child life. This study aims to assess the impact of two non-nutritive patterns on the development of anterior open bite in primary dentition and to compare which of these habits mostly affect open bite development. Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of 313 Iraqi children (135 boys, 178 girls), aged 3-5 years, enrolled at two public kindergartens in Baghdad city, the Capital of Iraq. A pre-tested questionnaire with clinical examination were used to obtain data regarding thumb sucking, pacifier and the presence of open bite. Excel sheets were used for data processing, and Chi square test was used in data analysis. Results: There was a significant association between NNSH and the development of open bite (p value = 0.01). No gender differences in open bite prevalence were observed. The prevalence of non-nutritive sucking habits and open bite was 63.11% and 52.9% respectively with no gender difference. There was no significant differences between the effect of pacifier and thumb sucking habits on the development of an anterior open bite. Conclusion: Both pacifier and thumb sucking at preschool age are significant causative factors that lead to development of open bite in primary dentition. Encouraging mothers to ban and discontinue pacifier and thumb sucking habits as early as possible in the child's life is a crucial factor to prevent open bite development. On the other hand if general health of the child indicates the use of pacifier, mothers should use an orthodontic pacifier and for short time.

Prevalence of non-nutritive sucking habits and their relationship with malocclusion and dentomaxillary abnormalities in preschoolers of Cnel. Oviedo, Paraguay

El objetivo fue determinar la prevalencia de habitos de succion no nutritiva y su relacion con maloclusiones y anomalias dentomaxilares en preescolares de Coronel Oviedo - Paraguay, durante el ano 2015. Se realizo un estudio observacional, descriptivo de corte transversal con componente analitico, con muestreo probabilistico estratificado bietapico. La poblacion de estudio estuvo constituida por ninos del sexo masculino y femenino de la Educacion Inicial (maternal, jardin y pre-escolar). Las variables del estudio fueron la succion no nutritiva (succion digital y succion del chupete, edad, sexo, onicofagia y el uso del biberon. Los datos fueron recabados mediante una encuesta dirigida a los padres; acompanada de la inspeccion bucodental. Fueron incluidos 344 escolares, el 48,84% (168) tenia una edad de 5 anos y el 52,91% (182) era del sexo masculino. El 13,08% (45) realizaba succion digital, el 9,59% (33) succion de chupete y el 38,95% (134) otros habitos. Al diferenciar la presencia de habitos con las caracteristicas demograficas se pudo apreciar como la presencia de succion digital estaba relacionada con la mordida abierta (p=0.000), la mordida cruzada (p=0.049), con la orientacion de los incisivos (p=0.000), la forma de la arcada (p=0.000), y la oclusion de vista transversal (p=0.046) y sagitalmente (p=0.000). La prevalencia de habitos de succion no nutritiva en estos escolares fue alta y estaba relacionada con la maloclusion y la aparicion de anomalias dentomaxilares, por lo que la educacion de padres para la prevencion de dichas condiciones es fundamental.

A sample of non-nutritive sucking habits (pacifier and digit) in portuguese children and its relation with the molar classes of angle.

BackgroundLittle is known about the effect of non-nutritive sucking habits (pacifier and digital sucking) in the prevalence of molar Class in mixed dentition. The aim of this study was determinate the relation between non-nutritive sucking habits, and Angle´s molar Class, in the horizontal plane, and it´s relation with gender. A convenience sample of 326 children with ages between 6 and 12 years was selected from three schools of Oporto.Material and MethodsTo collect the epidemiologic data, was used a method recommended by the WHO. An indirect questionnaire about the medical history, dental habits, was used. It was adapted from Sanchez-Molins and validated by Clinical Dental III of Integrated Dental University Institute Health Sciences, Gandra, Portugal.ResultsIn this study, 326 infants were examined in order to determine the prevalence of non-nutritive sucking habits. Only 45 observed children did not mentioned any kind of non-nutritive sucking habit; the remaining 281 children mentioned at least one potential bad habit. Children with non-nutritive sucking habits show a higher molar Class II percentage in females, while molar Class III is more frequent among males compared with children with no sucking habits.ConclusionsChildren with non-nutritive sucking habits, presented a higher-Class II prevalence with statistically significance. It was detected a direct relationship between Angle´s molar Class and gender. Key words:Finger sucking, pacifier sucking, Angle Class malocclusion.

Children using Day Nurseries’ Facilities can be Associated with more Risk to Nonnutritive Sucking Habits

This study evaluated the expression of nonnutritive sucking habits and the presence of malocclusion in children using day nurseries' facilities. The 195 children (7-40 months) attending 18 public day nurseries were evaluated clinically in Ponta Grossa, Brazil. Statistical package software was used for descriptive, univariate, bivariate, and multiple logistic regressions of the data about the socioeconomic condition, educational family status, malocclusions, and prevalence of nonnutritive sucking habits among the children. The pacifier users had a statistically significant, explanatory association with open bite [odds ratio (OR) = 10.97; 95% confidence interval (CI): 4.95, 24.31; p < 0.0001]. The children older than 25 months had more open bite than younger children (OR = 6.07; 95% CI: 2.81, 13.11; p < 0.0001). Of the children examined, 35.4% had an anterior open bite, 0.51% had posterior cross-bite, and 1.03% showed finger-sucking habits. A high frequency of pacifier-sucking habits was found (52%), with a significant association between this habit and anterior open bite (p < 0.0001, OR = 7.49; 95% CI: 3.71, 15.15). The 126 children without open bite (36.5%) were pacifier users. There was suggestive, though nonsignificant, evidence of a difference in pacifier use by gender (males, 34%; females, 46%; p = 0.07). The 69 children with open bite (81.16%) were pacifier users and (18.84%) nonusers. The boys showed a slightly greater association with open bite (OR = 21.33; 95% CI: 6.12, 74.40; p < 0.0001) than girls (OR = 5.03; 95% CI: 1.26, 20.00; p = 0.02) in the age group of 25 to 40 months; however, it was not observed in younger children. Pacifier use is a predictor for open bite in children from the lower socioeconomic classes using day nurseries' facilities. The parents, guardians, and caregivers working in public day nurseries should be advised to monitor nonnutritive sucking habits in order to avoid or minimize the occurrence of malocclusion. It demonstrates that the permanence of the children in day nurseries may be linked with deleterious oral habits, and it discusses strategies to minimize the occurrence of alterations in the normal occlusion.

Prevalence of Non-Nutritive Sucking Habits and Potential Influencing Factors among Children in Urban Communities in Nigeria.

The use of non-nutritive sucking materials like pacifiers and fingers poses health challenges to children in resource-limited settings, where hygiene practices and provision of clean water are poor. This study was designed to determine the prevalence of non-nutritive sucking habits and its association with acute diarrhea in children aged 6-23 months in urban communities of Nigeria. In this cross-sectional study, 12 communities from 4 out of 12 geopolitical wards in Ibadan North Local Government Area and 427 mothers of children aged 6-24 months were randomly selected. A pre-tested, interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to obtain information on socio-demographic characteristics, recent history of diarrhea (3 months prior to visit) and use of non-nutritive sucking materials. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square, and logistic regression were used for data analysis at p = 0.05. Mean age of the children was 13.9 ± 5.3 months and 50.6% were males. Prevalence of non-nutritive sucking was 45.2%. Prevalence of non-nutritive sucking was not significantly different between males (45.8%) and females (44.5%). The odds ratio of engaging in non-nutritive sucking increases by 6.0% with increasing age (OR = 1.06; 1.02; 1.10). More children who were not exclusively breastfed (53.5%) than exclusively breastfed (26.2%) were likely to engage in non-nutritive sucking (OR = 3.25; 95% CI = 2.07, 5.12). Acute diarrhea was more frequently reported in non-nutritive sucking group than the other (OR = 1.51; 95% CI = 1.03, 2.22). Non-nutritive sucking was linked with failure to practice exclusive breastfeeding, worse with increasing age, and predisposes to acute diarrhea. Further studies are necessary to verify the nature of these associations.

Aleitamento materno como fator de proteção contra a instalação de hábitos bucais deletérios

Objetivo: avaliar a possível associação entre as variáveis sociodemográficas, desmame precoce e o desenvolvimento e manutenção dos hábitos bucais deletérios em crianças de três a cinco anos de idade das creches públicas de Vitória/ES.Método: trata-se de um estudo longitudinal, retrospectivo, com uma amostra final de 903 escolares, aleatorizada e representativa das 9.829 crianças matriculadas. Para a comparação entre as variáveis predictoras e hábitos foi utilizado o teste exato de Fisher e a força da associação medida pelo Odds Ratio.Resultados: 12,4% das crianças apresentaram hábito de sucção digital e 37,7%, o de chupeta. Não foi verificada associação estatisticamente significante do hábito de sucção digital com desmame precoce. As crianças do sexo feminino (p=0,045) demonstraram 20% mais chance de adquirir e permanecer com o hábito de chupeta, e as que tiveram o desmame precoce apresentaram aproximadamente quatro vezes mais a chance de desenvolver o hábito de chupetas (p= 0.000).Conclusão: associação entre hábito de chupeta e desmame precoce foi verificada. O desmame precoce pode ser considerado fator de risco para a permanência do hábito de chupeta.

Persistência de hábitos de sucção não nutritiva: prevalência e fatores associados

OBJETIVOS: identificar a prevalência de hábitos de sucção não nutritiva em pré-escolares e verificar fatores associados a sua persistência. MÉTODOS: estudo transversal e analítico realizado por meio de questionário com responsáveis de 524 crianças em 17 centros educacionais públicos de Recife/PE. Variáveis dependentes (sucção digital e de chupeta) e independentes, relacionadas à criança (sexo, idade, aleitamento materno, uso de mamadeira, enurese noturna, turnos na unidade educacional, cuidador, ordem de nascimento, visita ao dentista) e a sua mãe (escolaridade, idade, renda familiar, trabalho fora do domicilio, turnos de trabalho, coabitação, orientação sobre hábitos), foram associadas, usando os testes estatísticos qui-quadrado de Pearson, Exato de Fisher e regressão Poisson. RESULTADOS: prevalência de hábitos de sucção não nutritiva de 57%: 47,5% apenas sucção de chupeta. Após análise multivariada, as variáveis: tempo de aleitamento materno e uso de mamadeira continuaram associadas ao uso de chupeta, enquanto que as variáveis: escolaridade materna, uso de mamadeira, idade e sexo da criança encontraram-se fortemente associadas à sucção digital. CONCLUSÕES: alta prevalência de hábitos de sucção não nutritiva, sendo a chupeta mais frequente. Aspectos associados ao padrão de aleitamento foram apontados como principais fatores explicativos à persistência destes hábitos em pré-escolares e os aspectos psicossociais tiveram poder de associação relevante.

Association between Feeding Methods and Sucking Habits: A Cross-sectional Study of Infants in Their First 18 Months of Life

The aim of this study is to investigate infant feeding patterns and to analyze the influence of breast-feeding methods on the prevalence of non-nutritive sucking habits in a sample of Japanese infants. A random sample of 353 mothers of infants of 18 months of age was interviewed at a public health facility in "K" city. The prevalence and duration of infant feeding patterns categorized as breast-feeding, partial breast-feeding, and bottle-feeding, were determined. The outcome investigated was the prevalence of non-nutritive sucking habits (pacifier use and finger sucking). The data were analyzed using the Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons to assess possible association between feeding method and non-nutritive sucking behavior. The infants were categorized into the following groups depending on feeding method: breast-feeding (27.2%), partial breast-feeding (32.0%), or bottle-feeding (40.8%). Among all infants, 13.9% used a pacifier, 18.4% sucked their fingers, and 0.3% had both habits at 18 months of age. Breast-feeding was negatively correlated with pacifier use and finger sucking. In contrast, bottle-feeding was strongly associated with pacifier use and finger sucking. These results suggest that breast-feeding provides benefits to infants, and that non-nutritive sucking habits may be avoided by promoting correct breast-feeding practices.

Prevalence of non-nutritive sucking habits and its relation with anterior open bite in children seen in the Odontopediatric Clinic of the University of Pernambuco

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this work was to establish the prevalence of non-nutritive sucking habits (pacifier and/or digit sucking) and to assess its relation with anterior open bite. METHODS: The sample consisted of 980 records of children of both genders, with ages between 3 and 12 years, who were treated at the Pediatrics Clinic of the University of Pernambuco (FOP/UPE), from February 2000 trough December 2005, both sexes. Pearson's Chi-square test at 5% level of significance was used for statistical assessment. RESULTS: It was observed that 17,7% of the sample had some habit at the moment of the anamnesis (9,6% of digit sucking habit, 8,8% of pacifier sucking habit and 0,7% of both habits) and that the prevalence of open bite was 20,3%. The prevalence of sucking habits in girls was much higher than in boys (22,6% and 12,9%, respectively) and this difference was statistically significant (p = 0,000). A correlation between habits and open bite was proved statistically (p = 0,000): Children with sucking habits had 8 times more chances of developing anterior open bite. CONCLUSIONS: Anterior open bite was associated to the presence of non nutritive sucking habits; sucking habits were more prevalent in girls and in children between three and six years of age.

Prevalência dos hábitos de sucção não nutritiva e sua relação com a idade, gênero e tipo de aleitamento em pré-escolares da cidade de Araraquara

OBJETIVO: avaliar a prevalência dos hábitos de sucção não nutritiva presentes em crianças pré-escolares do município de Araraquara-SP, buscando conhecer melhor suas características, distribuição e relação com o aleitamento materno. MÉTODO: aplicação de um questionário enviado aos pais ou responsáveis. A amostra foi composta por 1371 crianças com idades entre seis meses e cinco anos, na qual 702 crianças (51,2%) apresentavam hábitos deletérios, num total de 812 hábitos relatados. RESULTADOS: de acordo com os resultados, os hábitos foram mais prevalentes no gênero feminino (55%) e na faixa etária entre seis meses e dois anos. O hábito mais comumente encontrado foi o de sucção chupeta (30%), seguido pela sucção de mamadeira (18,4%) e sucção digital (7,6%), não havendo associação entre o tipo de hábito e condição sócio-econômica. Das crianças participantes, 1.239 (90,4%) receberam aleitamento materno, sendo que o tempo de maior prevalência de amamentação foi entre seis meses e 12 meses (43%), não necessariamente de forma exclusiva, mas por um período igual ou superior ao preconizado pela OMS. CONCLUSÃO: houve associação entre o tempo de amamentação com a presença e o tipo de hábito, visto que as crianças que receberam o aleitamento natural por um período superior a 12 meses tenderam a não desenvolver hábitos deletérios. Os resultados comprovam que quanto maior é o tempo de amamentação, menor é a prevalência de hábitos.

Non-nutritive sucking habits, anterior open bite and associated factors in Brazilian children aged 30-59 months

The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of non-nutritive sucking habits and anterior open bite as well as their main causes (associated factors) in Brazilian children aged 30-59 months. A cross-sectional study was carried out during the National Immunization Day for polio in the city of Recife in the northeastern region of Brazil. The sample was made up of 1,308 children. Data were collected from interviews with mothers or guardians as well as from clinical examinations carried out by previously trained dental students. The chi-square test was used for statistical analysis at 5% significance level. The prevalence of non-nutritive sucking habits was 40%, and the habits were associated with gender (p=0.001), age (p=0.003) and feeding type (p<0.001). Anterior open bite was detected in 30.4% of children, and it was significantly associated with feeding type (p<0.001) and non-nutritive sucking habits (p<0.001). The variables found to be associated factors in the present study for the occurrence of non-nutritive sucking habits and anterior open bite emphasize the need to establish strategies that include orientation regarding health promotion based on the “common determining factors” approach. Public health policies should be adopted to encourage a longer duration of breastfeeding, thereby contributing towards reducing the prevalence of non-nutritive sucking habits and anterior open bite.

Harmful oral suction habits in children: association with breastfeeding and family social profile

Purpose: To record the prevalence of nonnutritive sucking habits (thumb and pacifier sucking) in children at 6 and 12 months of age and test its association with family social profile and breastfeeding pattern. Method: The sample consisted of 80 pairs of mother-child living in the Northwest region of the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data on the presence of nonnutritive sucking habits, family social profile and breastfeeding pattern when the children had 6 and 12 months of age. Data were analyzed by using qui-square tests. Results: Pacifier sucking was more frequent than thumb sucking. Exclusive breast feeding was not reported for children either in the 6th or 12th month of age, and approximately 70% were already receiving artificial feeding. There was no association between family social profile and sucking habits, but lower rates of breastfeeding was associated with pacifier sucking in the 12-month old children. Thumb sucking was not associated with breastfeeding. Conclusion: The frequency of breastfeeding was lower than that recommended by WHO for children in the age groups assessed. Pacifier sucking was more prevalent than thumb sucking and was associated with a lower rate of breastfeeding in the 12th-month old children. Family social profile does not seem to be related with nonnutritive sucking habits.

Nonnutritive sucking habits among preschool-aged children

To verify the prevalence and factors associated with nonnutritive sucking habits in preschool-aged children attending daycare centers and preschools in Natal, Brazil. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 1,190 children of both sexes, aged 3 to 5 years, enrolled in daycare centers and preschools in Natal, Brazil. Exclusion criteria were: children with cleft lip and palate, temporomandibular joint disorders, or submitted to orthodontic and/or orthopedic treatment; as well as institutions specialized in children with disabilities. Parents or guardians answered a structured questionnaire providing information on the institution, children's sex and age, parents' educational level, and habit-related questions. Data analysis was performed using the chi-square test and logistic regression. A prevalence of 40.2% of nonnutritive sucking habits was obtained; of these, 27.7% were pacifier-sucking and 12.5% were finger-sucking habits. Girls showed a higher percentage of sucking habits, especially finger sucking (p = 0.02); younger children showed a higher prevalence of pacifier-sucking habits (p = 0.0006). A higher frequency of pacifier- and finger-sucking habits was associated, respectively, with parents' higher education (p < 0.05) and elementary education (p < 0.05). Logistic regression revealed that younger individuals (p = 0.033) and secondary education level of parents (p = 0.035) are independent factors for habit persistence. A high prevalence of nonnutritive sucking habits was verified, highlighting younger age groups and secondary education level of parents as important associated factors.

Hábitos de sucção não nutritiva em crianças pré-escolares Nonnutritive sucking habits among preschool-aged children

OBJECTIVE: To verify the prevalence and factors associated with nonnutritive sucking habits in preschool-aged children attending daycare centers and preschools in Natal, Brazil. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 1,190 children of both sexes, aged 3 to 5 years, enrolled in daycare centers and preschools in Natal, Brazil. Exclusion criteria were: children with cleft lip and palate, temporomandibular joint disorders, or submitted to orthodontic and/or orthopedic treatment; as well as institutions specialized in children with disabilities. Parents or guardians answered a structured questionnaire providing information on the institution, children's sex and age, parents' educational level, and habit-related questions. Data analysis was performed using the chi-square test and logistic regression. RESULTS: A prevalence of 40.2% of nonnutritive sucking habits was obtained; of these, 27.7% were pacifier-sucking and 12.5% were finger-sucking habits. Girls showed a higher percentage of sucking habits, especially finger sucking (p = 0.02); younger children showed a higher prevalence of pacifier-sucking habits (p = 0.0006). A higher frequency of pacifier- and finger-sucking habits was associated, respectively, with parents' higher education (p < 0.05) and elementary education (p < 0.05). Logistic regression revealed that younger individuals (p = 0.033) and secondary education level of parents (p = 0.035) are independent factors for habit persistence. CONCLUSION: A high prevalence of nonnutritive sucking habits was verified, highlighting younger age groups and secondary education level of parents as important associated factors.

Sucking habits in childhood and the effects on the primary dentition: findings of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood

Most previous research on non-nutritive sucking habits has been cross-sectional in nature. This study determined the prevalence of non-nutritive sucking habits and the effects on the developing dentition within a longitudinal observational cohort. The Children in Focus group of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood study was studied. Questionnaire data on non-nutritive sucking habits were collected on the children at 15 months, 24 months, and 36 months of age. Dental examinations were performed on the same children at 31 months, 43 months, and 61 months of age. At 15 months, 63.2% of children had a sucking habit, 37.6% used just a dummy, and 22.8% used a digit. By 36 months, sucking had reduced to 40%, with similar prevalence of dummy and digit sucking. Both habits had effects on the developing dentition, most notably in upper labial segment alignment and the development of anterior open bites and posterior crossbites. The majority of children had non-nutritive sucking habits up until 24 months of age. Both digit and dummy sucking were associated with observed anomalies in the developing dentition, but dummy-sucking habits had the most profound influence on the anterior and posterior occlusions of the children.

Association between breast-feeding practices and sucking habits: A cross-sectional study of children in their first year of life

In addition to providing nutrition and immunological protection, breast-feeding has positive effects on the development of the infant's oral cavity. The aim of the present study is to assess breast-feeding patterns and to analyze the influence of breast-feeding practices and maternal sociodemographic variables on the prevalence of non-nutritive sucking habits in a sample of Brazilian infants. This cross-sectional study was carried out in Southern Brazil. A random sample of 100 mothers of infants up to 12 months of age was interviewed during the National Vaccination Campaign Day. The prevalence and median duration of breast-feeding were assessed. Breast-feeding practice, the exposure factor, was categorized as exclusive breast-feeding, predominant breast-feeding, complementary breast-feeding, or weaning. Maternal sociodemographic variables included age, race, marital status, educational level, profession, and family income. The outcome investigated was the prevalence of sucking habits (pacifier use and thumb sucking). We used two-sample tests, the chi-square test and FISHER'S EXACT TEST for statistical analyses of the data. The study revealed that 75% of infants were being breast-fed. Pacifier use and thumb sucking were common in 55%. Bottle-feeding was prevalent in 74% of infants. Breast-feeding was negatively correlated with pacifier use and thumb sucking (OR=0.11; 95% CI: 0.03 to 0.4). Bottle-feeding was strongly associated with weaning (p=0.0003). Among the sociodemographic variables, only marital status showed a statistical association with sucking habits (p=0.04). These findings suggest that breast-feeding can prevent the occurrence of sucking habits. Although we could not evaluate causality assessment, malocclusion prevention seems to be yet one more reason for promoting breast-feeding practices.