Prevalence Of Main Risk Factors Research Articles

Trend and projection of non-communicable diseases risk factors in Iran from 2001 to 2030

This study aims to investigate the trends and project the major risk factors of Non-communicable Diseases (NCDs) in Iran. We obtained the trend of prevalence of main risk factors related to NCDs in 30 to 70-year-old-individuals. The data were extracted from WHO STEP wise approach to NCDs risk factor surveillance (STEPS) survey. Also,the previous studies conducted at national and subnational levels from 2001 to 2016 were employed. The prevalence of risk factors was projected by 2030 using Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) and Spatio-temporal model stratified by sex and province. The percent change for the age-standardized prevalence of smoking in men between 2001 and 2016 was calculated to be − 27.0. Also, the corresponding values for the risk factors of diabetes, hypertension, obesity and overweight, physical inactivity (PI), and mean of salt intake were − 26.1, 29.0, 70.0, 96.8, 116.6, and 7.5, respectively. It is predicted that smoking and these risk factors will undergo a change to show values of − 1.26, 38.7, 43.7, 2.36, and 15.3 by 2030, respectively. The corresponding values in women for the time interval of 2001–2016 were − 27.3, 26.3, 82.8, 1.88, 75.2, and 4.2, respectively. Plus, projections indicate that the 2030 variation values are expected to be − 25.0, 16.7, 37.5, 28.7, 26.7, and 10.9 respectively. This study showed that the prevalence of four risk factors of PI, overweight and obesity, hypertension, and diabetes is increasing in Iran. Therefor, it is necessary to carry out effective interventions to adopt a healthy lifestyle and reduce the risk factors.

Patients with atrial fibrillation and a low risk of thromboembolic events: prescription rate of anticoagulant therapy according to a retrospective analysis

Aim. To conduct a retrospective analysis of the prevalence of main risk factors for thromboembolic events (TEEs) and the prescription rate of anticoagulant therapy (ACT) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and a low CHA2DS2-VASc score in certain Russian regions using artificial intelligence technologies.Material and methods. The information was obtained from the Webiomed predictive analytics platform. The sample included 87601 patients with AF aged 18-74 years (men, 49,5%, mean age, 59,3±12,3 years, mean CHA2DS2-VASc score, 2,3±1,5) who received care in medical organizations in 6 constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the period from 2016 to 2019. CHA2DS2VASc score of 1 and 2 in a man and a woman, respectively, was regarded as a moderate risk, while score of 0 and 1, respectively, as a low risk of TEEs.Results. There were 22337 (25,5%) patients with AF at moderate risk and 18366 (21,0%) patients at low risk of TEEs. With a moderate risk of TEEs, CHA2DS2-VASc score of 1 in 70,4% of cases was determined by hypertension, while in 15,7% — by age 65-74 years, in 9,0% — by heart failure, in 2,9% — by myocardial infarction and/or peripheral arterial disease, in 2,0% — by type 2 diabetes. In patients with AF and a moderate risk of TEEs, ACT was prescribed in 4927 (22,1%) patients, while with a low risk of TEEs — in 1833 (10,0%). Among patients with AF and a high risk of TEEs (n=46898, 53,5%), 1216 (24,6%) patients with ischemic stroke (IS) did not initially have a high CHA2DS2-VASc risk.Conclusion. In clinical practice, among patients with AF aged 18-74 years, there are quite often individuals with CHA2DS2-VASc score of 1 not associated with sex. These patients need an individualized approach in ACT, which is the basis for prospective studies in order to optimize the assessment of cardioembolic IS risk, as well as to analyze the efficacy and safety of long-term ACT.

Thymic stromal lymphopoietin in bronchial asthma patients of different age groups: correlation with other markers, lung function results and disease control

Objective: to investigate correlation between thymic stromal lymphopoietin and bronchial asthma course and control in patients of different age groups. Materials and methods: one hundred and four patients were included in 1-year long open prospective study. There were three age groups: children (6 –11 y.o., n=38), adolescents (14–17 y.o., n=35) and adults (25 –50 y.o., n=31). we used asthma duration ≥12 months, uncontrolled asthma and acute respiratory infection absence for ≥14 days as inclusion criteria. Clinical history, validated questionnaires, spirometry, common blood count, serum and nasal material to evaluate thymic stromal lymphopoietin were obtained during first visit. Patient were consequently examined twice with 6 months intervals. Statistical analyses included ANOVA (Kruskal-wallis test) and Pearson’s correlation (r). Differences accepted significant with р<0,05. Resuts: prevalence of main risk factors of asthma control lost (poor compliance, obesity, non-atopic phenotype, fixed airway obstruction) was different in age groups. we didn’t find any thymic stromal lymphopoietin in nasal material. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin concentration correlate significantly with duration of uncontrolled asthma in previous 12 months (r=0,74). we have found greater serum thymic stromal lymphopoietin concentration in patients who demonstrated FEV1 below normal at Visit 3. Conclusion. Serum thymic stromal lymphopoietin level can be used as risk factor of asthma future exacerbation and spirometry results decline.

BURDEN OF RISK FACTORS IN THE PREVENTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AMONG ADULTS IN AKTOBE AND AKTOBE REGION, REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

Objective: The overall goal of the survey was to evaluate the current health status of population one of the regions of Kazakhstan and its components, prevalence of main risk factors of CVDs using a standard WHO methodology designed to assess risk factors prevalence and renew preventive activities on CVDs using the collected and analyzed data. Design and method: A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the prevalence and risk factors of CVDs using the WHO STEPS questionnaire survey, physical measurements and biochemical measurements. Sample size was 1,500 people aged 18–69 years. Samples composition: 900 urban and 600 rural population according to the overall urban/rural residents ratio specific for the region. Results: Based on the interview results and physical and biochemical measurements, the following risk factors were used: The percentage of respondents with 0, 1–2 or 3–5 risk factors by age group and sex are presented in table. In 3.56% (95% CI: 2.71–4.41) of the study population, none of the abovementioned five risk factors were identified; 52.54% (95% CI: 51.69–53.39) of the respondents had 1–2 risk factors; and 12.01% (95% CI: 11.16–12.86) has 3–5 of the risk factors listed. Prevalence of 3–5 combined risk factors was much higher in the age group 55–69 years (17.28, 95% CI:16.44–18.12), while prevalence of 1–2 risk factors was higher in the age group 18–34 years (58.95%, 95% CI: 58.15–59.75). Differences were statistically significant. A higher proportion of men had 3–5 risk factors (22.06%, 95% CI: 21.18–22.94) than women (9.01%, 95% CI: 8.20–9.82). In addition, the percentage of women with 1–2 risk factors (54.37, 95% CI: 53.56–55.18) was higher than that of men (46.42%, 95% CI: 45.54–47.30). Conclusions: Primary prevention continues to evolve and with greater availability of long-term data comes improved understanding of the means by which we can reduce CVD risk.

Trends in Incidence and Mortality of Primary Liver Cancer in Lithuania 1998-2015.

Background: Recently, reports have suggested that rates of liver cancer have increased during the last decades in developed countries; increasing hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma rates were reported. The aim of this study was to examine time trends in incidence and mortality rates of liver cancer for the period of 1998–2015 in Lithuania by sex, age, and histology. Methods: We examined the incidence of liver cancer from 1998 to 2015 using data from the Lithuanian Cancer Registry. Age-standardized incidence rates were calculated by sex, age, and histology. Trends were analyzed using the Joinpoint Regression Program to estimate the annual percent change. Results: A total of 3086 primary liver cancer cases were diagnosed, and 2923 patients died from liver cancer. The total number of liver cancer cases changed from 132 in 1998 to 239 in 2015. Liver cancer incidence rates changed during the study period from 5.02/100,000 in 1998 to 10.54/100,000 in 2015 in men and from 2.43/100,000 in 1998 to 6.25/100,000 in 2015 in women. Annual percentage changes (APCs) in the age-standardized rates over this period were 4.5% for incidence and 3.6% for mortality. Hepatocellular cancer incidence rates were stable from 1998 to 2005 (APC −5.9, p = 0.1) and later increased by 6.7% per year (p < 0.001). Intrahepatic ductal carcinoma incidence increased by 8.9% per year throughout the study period. The rise in incidence was observed in all age groups; however, in age groups < 50 and between 70 and 79 years, observed changes were not statistically significant. For mortality, the significant point of trend change was detected in 2001, where after stable mortality, rates started to increase by 2.4% per year. Conclusions: Primary liver cancer incidence and mortality increased in both sexes in Lithuania. The rise om incidence was observed in both sexes and main histology groups. The increasing incidence trend may be related to the prevalence of main risk factors (alcohol consumption, hepatitis B and C infections. and diabetes).

Prevalence of risk factors for dementia in middle- and older- aged people registered in Primary Health Care.

ABSTRACT.It is important to assess the prevalence of risk factors for dementia to slow down the progression and evolution of the disease, and to support interventions and prevention programs.Objective: We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of these factors in individuals registered in Primary Health Care in Brazil and their relationship with sex and age group.Methods: This was a cross-sectional and quantitative study with n=300 individuals. We evaluated the prevalence of main risk factors (low education, hearing loss, high blood pressure, obesity, smoking, depression, physical inactivity, social isolation, and diabetes mellitus) and others (poor diet, alcohol use, head trauma, monolingualism, visual impairment, and sleep disorders) identified in the literature. Poisson regression was used, according to sex and age group (45-59 years/60+ years).Results: The main risk factors with the highest prevalence were physical inactivity (60.3%) and depressive symptoms and hypertension (56.7% each). Among the other factors, monolingualism (98.0%), visual impairment (84.7%), and irregular consumption of fruits (60.4%), and vegetables (53.5%) prevailed. No differences were identified between sexes. The regression analysis confirmed a significant difference for education and age group, with older individuals having a higher prevalence of low schooling.Conclusion: The results can guide interventions, especially in developing countries. Practice of physical activity and healthy eating should be the focus of these interventions as they can indirectly help in reducing the prevalence of other factors. Early identification, screening and adequate treatment of depressive symptoms, high blood pressure and visual impairment can also contribute to reducing the prevalence of dementia.

Small area influences on the individual unhealthy lifestyle behaviors: A multilevel analysis of discriminatory accuracy.

We estimated the discriminatory power of area of residence (census tract) on the prevalence of main risk factors for chronic diseases. Results, based on a sample of 21,007 participants from the 2011-2012 National Health Survey of Spain, show a differential influence of the geosocial environment on the four health risk factors. Accounting for census tracts substantially increases the discriminatory power regarding at-risk alcohol consumption, unbalanced diet, and leisure-time sedentarism but not tobacco consumption. However, the socioeconomic characteristics of the tracts played a minor role. Further research on the specific geosocial contextual variables explaining variability in these risk factors is necessary.

Prevalence of main risk factors of diabetic foot among diabetic patients attending specialized center for diabetes in Baghdad, Iraq 2013

Introduction: Diabetic foot is one of the most disabling complications with substantial morbidity. It remains the most common reason for hospital admission, impairs quality of life, engenders high treatment costs and is the most important risk factor for amputation. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of diabetic foot among diabetic patients and the prevalence of main related risk factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed in Specialized Center for Diabetes in Baghdad - Iraq in which 410 diabetic patients age range 30–83 years were selected using convenient sample from 1st June - 31st September 2013. Data was collected by direct interview using a questionnaire, physical examination, patients' records and laboratory investigations. The data was analyzed using Minitab software version 16. Results: Among 410 diabetic patients, females (56.83%) and males (43.17%). The prevalence of diabetic foot among diabetic patients was 19.27%. The following risk factors showed a statistically significant association with diabetic foot development: male gender (P = 0.047), duration of diabetes mellitus (P = 0.001), history of bare foot (P = 0.001), non-self-cleaning of foot (P = 0.001), hypertension (P = 0.006), irregular visits to diabetes center (P = 0.016) and uncontrolled level of HbA1c (P = 0.001). Applying binary logistic regression analysis revealed an independent significant association with diabetic foot development with: history of barefoot (AOR = 2.95), non-self-cleaning of foot (AOR = 2.24), male gender (AOR = 2.17), duration of diabetes mellitus (AOR = 1.37) and uncontrolled level of HbA1c level (AOR = 5). Conclusions and recommendations: There is a high prevalence of diabetic foot among diabetic patients. The study recommends implementing the knowledge of main risk factors into preventive policies and investing more financial support on training programs in primary health care and specialized centers, patient education and DF problem awareness programs.

PP.32.05] HYPERTENSION AND TYPE II DIABETES IN FIRST GENERATION CHINESE MIGRANTS SETTLED IN THE SOUTH OF EUROPE

Objective: Despite concern about the epidemic of hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus in China, no data is available on health care needs of Chinese migrants settled in the South of Europe. In the last decades migration flows from China to Europe have been mainly directed towards Italy and Spain, and Chinese are now the third largest overseas-born population in Italy. Health needs of Chinese communities, are of special interest for health policies, strategies and plans. The objective of this study was to estimate prevalence of main risk factors among first-generation Chinese migrants living in Prato (Italy) in the age group 35 to 59 years. Design and method: Cross-sectional study. Population based samples of Chinese first-generation migrants living in Prato (n = 1200) and Italian adults (n = 291) were recruited. Measurements were performed by Chinese and Italian staff personnel. Primary outcome measure was hypertension, secondary measure being type 2 diabetes. Prevalence were based on direct standardization using the 2001 WHO World Standard Population. Associations with exposures (including age, gender, BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, education level, total cholesterol, triglycerides) were examined using logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of hypertension age-standardized according to the 2001 WHO population in the age range 35 to 59 years was 25.3% (95% Cl 24.3 to 26.4) among Chinese with 19.9% (95% Cl 18.0 to 21.8) among Italian participants (age- and sex-adjusted OR 1.57; 95 % Cl 1.10 to 2.2). Age standardized prevalence of type 2 diabetes was 12.9% (95% Cl 12.1 to 13.7) among Chinese and 6.6% (95% Cl 5.4 to 7.8) among Italian participants (age- and gender-adjusted OR 2.51; 95% Cl 1.55 to 4.08). In both Chinese and Italian adults, higher BMI was associated with hypertension, higher waist-hip ratio being associated with type 2 diabetes.Conclusions: The limited information available on Chinese communities living in Europe highlights the strength of the present study. The high prevalence of main risk factors observed among first-generation Chinese migrants living in the South of Europe far from being a threat can be a turning point for implementation of specific health promotion programs.

EVALUATION OF CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS PREVALENCE AND EFFICACY OF THEIR CORRECTION IN PHYSICIANS. ESTIMATION OF PHYSICIANS’ EXPERTISE IN UP-TO-DATE CLINICAL GUIDELINES. RESULTS OF THE “PHYSICIAN’S HEALTH AND EDUCATION” STUDY

Aim. To evaluate cardiovascular risk factors prevalence among physicians of therapeutic profile (cardiology , internal medicine, neurology , endocrinology etc), to estimate awareness of physicians about their own cardiovascular risk, and to simultaneously assess their expertise in up-to-date clinical guidelines. Material and methods. A total of 638 physicians working in out-patient and in-patient clinics of Moscow, Moscow region, St-Petersburg, Nizhniy Novgorod, Vladivostok, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Krasnodar and Perm were included into the study. The mean age of participants was 46 years. The mean professional experience – 20.4 years. We made an assessment of main cardiovascular risk factors, and conducted interactive inquiry , which included questions about preventive and treatment measures for cardiovascular diseases. Results. Arterial hypertension (HT) was revealed for the first time in 178 physicians, 150 physicians indicated HT in anamnesis. Only 64 physicians had target levels of blood pressure. Hypercholesterolemia rate was 45%. The prevalence of obesity and overweight were 22% and 39%, respectively. Inquiry showed that 53% of physicians primarily use clinical guidelines to choose treatment options. 76% and 88% of physicians considered it possible to achieve target levels of blood pressure and of low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, respectively. Conclusion. Prevalence of main risk factors among physicians was similar to that in the total population; correction of those risk factors was not satisfactory. Knowledge of cardiovascular risk problems and necessity of their correction was adequate in the whole; however physicians often failed to apply their knowledge to practice.

Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in a middle-income country and estimated cost of a treatment strategy

BackgroundWe assessed the prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in a middle-income country in rapid epidemiological transition and estimated direct costs for treating all individuals at increased cardiovascular risk, i.e. following the so-called "high risk strategy".MethodsSurvey of risk factors using an age- and sex-stratified random sample of the population of Seychelles aged 25–64 in 2004. Assessment of CVD risk and treatment modalities were in line with international guidelines. Costs are expressed as US$ per capita per year.Results1255 persons took part in the survey (participation rate of 80.2%). Prevalence of main risk factors was: 39.6% for high blood pressure (≥140/90 mmHg or treatment) of which 59% were under treatment; 24.2% for high cholesterol (≥6.2 mmol/l); 20.8% for low HDL-cholesterol (<1.0 mmol/l); 9.3% for diabetes (fasting glucose ≥7.0 mmol/l); 17.5% for smoking; 25.1% for obesity (body mass index ≥30 kg/m2) and 22.1% for the metabolic syndrome. Overall, 43% had HBP, high cholesterol or diabetes and substantially increased CVD risk. The cost for medications needed to treat all high-risk individuals amounted to US $45.6, i.e. $11.2 for high blood pressure, $3.8 for diabetes, and $30.6 for dyslipidemia (using generic drugs except for hypercholesterolemia). Cost for minimal follow-up medical care and laboratory tests amounted to $22.6.ConclusionHigh prevalence of major risk factors was found in a rapidly developing country and costs for treatment needed to reduce risk factors in all high-risk individuals exceeded resources generally available in low or middle income countries. Our findings emphasize the need for affordable cost-effective treatment strategies and the critical importance of population strategies aimed at reducing risk factors in the entire population.

Cancer mortality in Italian migrants to Canada.

The present study reports on the analysis of cancer mortality in Italian first-generation migrants resident in Canada, deceased in the period between 1964-1985 (5,801 males: 3,267 females). Mortality in migrants is compared to that of the host population as well as to that in the migrants' country of origin. This is carried out both on a national level (Italy), and on a regional level with those regions that have made the greatest contribution to the Italian migratory flow (Southern Italy). Compared with the Canada-born population, significantly higher risks were evident for nasopharynx, stomach, liver and gallbladder tumors in migrants. Lower risks were observed for the oral cavity, esophagus, colon, rectum, pancreas (females), larynx, lung, melanoma, breast, ovary, prostate, bladder (females), and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in migrants. This is consistent with that evidenced in the comparison between Italy and Canada. The data are discussed in relation to the results of other studies on Italian migrants and the prevalence of main risk factors.