Prevalence Of Magnesium Deficiency Research Articles

Female magnesium deficiency and its management: review of current knowledge

Magnesium is an important cofactor for metabolic reactions involving more than 300 enzymes, regulating a series of fundamental processes, such as myocardial contraction and blood pressure control, glucose regulation, participation in neuromuscular transmission. The prevalence of magnesium deficiency in various cohorts of fertile age women comprises up to 73.8 %. In clinical studies it was demonstrated that magnesium deficiency is associated with diseases and states such as dysmenorrhea, premenstrual syndrome (PMS), polycystic ovary syndrome (POS), climacteric syndrome, osteoporosis, use of combined oral contraceptives (COCs) and menopausal hormone therapy (MHT). Magnesium supplementation in combination with basic therapy can positively affect course and outcome of such pathologies. Magnesium organic salts could be used for countering magnesium deficiency. Among such agents, magnesium citrate has some advantage used in combination with pyridoxine (vitamin B6) providing additional effects. Health care professionals should be guided by the criteria for Mg-containing preparation selection, defined by the Russian Society of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (RSOG).

Prevalence of magnesium deficiency in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus from infection over 10 years in Iraq, Al-Diwaniyah city

Prevalence of magnesium deficiency in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus from infection over 10 years in Iraq, Al-Diwaniyah city

Suggested Reference Ranges of Blood Mg and Ca Level in Childbearing Women of China: Analysis of China Adult Chronic Disease and Nutrition Surveillance (2015)

Background: Magnesium and calcium play a variety of biological roles in body functions. Reference values of these elements have not yet been systematically determined in China, especially in childbearing women. We proposed to establish the reference range of Mg, Ca, and Ca/Mg ratio in plasma and whole blood for 18–44 years healthy childbearing women in China. Method: A total of 1921 women of childbearing age (18–44 years) were randomly selected from the 2015 China National Nutrition and Health Survey by taking into account the regional types and monitoring points. Among them, 182 healthy women were screened out with a series strict inclusion criteria to study the reference ranges of elements. Fundamental indicators (weight, height, waist, blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, fast glucose, HbA1c, blood pressure, uric acid) and elements concentrations in plasma and whole blood were collected. The 2.5th to 97.5th was used to represent the reference range of Mg, Ca, and Ca/Mg ratio. Results: The reference range of Mg, Ca, and Ca/Mg ratio in plasma were 0.75–1.13 mmol/L, 2.27–3.43 mmol/L, and 2.41–3.44, respectively. Additionally, the reference range of Mg, Ca, and Ca/Mg ratio in whole blood were 1.28–1.83 mmol/L, 1.39–2.26 mmol/L, and 0.90–1.66, respectively. According to the established reference range, the prevalence of magnesium deficiency was 4.79% in 1921 childbearing women, 21.05% in type 2 diabetes, and 5.63% in prediabetes. Conclusion: The reference values of Mg, Ca and Ca/Mg proportion in plasma and entire blood of healthy childbearing women can be utilized as a pointer to assess the status of component lack and over-burden. The lower limit of plasma Mg is in good agreement with the recommended criteria for the determination of hypomagnesemia.

Magnesium deficiency in liver cirrhosis: a retrospective study

Background Magnesium, known as “the forgotten electrolyte”, is an essential element of life. Magnesium deficiency is implicated in many diseases, including liver cirrhosis. This study aimed to explore the prevalence of magnesium deficiency in liver cirrhosis and investigate the relationship between magnesium levels and complication of liver cirrhosis and clinical outcomes. Patients and methods Cirrhotic patients with serum magnesium levels measured were retrospectively identified from 2016 to 2017. Demographics, laboratory parameters, complications were collected. The Child-Pugh class, MELD score, and ALBI score were calculated. Results The mean serum magnesium level of all 152 patients was lower than the normal, including 92 patients diagnosed with magnesium deficiency. Compared to Child-Pugh class A, magnesium levels were significantly lower in the patients with Child-Pugh class B or C (F = 10.26, p < .05). Magnesium levels were also considerably lower in the group with MELD score ≥21, compared to the other two groups with MELD score < 15 or 15–20 (F = 6.59, p < .05). Similarly, magnesium levels were significantly lower in the group with ALBI score > −1.39 (grade 3), compared to the other two groups with ALBI with score ≤ −2.6 (grade 1) or > −2.6, ≤ −1.39 (grade 2) (F = 8.44, p<.001). Furthermore, magnesium levels were lower in cirrhotic patients with infection. Magnesium-deficient patients had lower transplant-free survival rates than non-deficient patients. Conclusion Magnesium deficiency is highly prevalent in cirrhotic patients. Magnesium deficiency is related to worse transplant-free survival, infection and the severity of liver cirrhosis.

Risk factors and comorbidities associated with magnesium deficiency in pregnant women and women with hormone-related conditions: analysis of a large real-world dataset

BackgroundAn accumulating body of literature indicates that magnesium deficiency is associated with a number of hormone-related conditions (HRC) in women, and epidemiological studies are needed to assess its prevalence and risk factors. Here, we present a secondary analysis of data pooled from four large observational studies that assessed magnesium deficiency among pregnant women and women with HRC across the Russian Federation.MethodsThe main objective of this analysis was to estimate the prevalence of magnesium deficiency in this population and to describe risk factors and comorbidities associated with low serum magnesium. Univariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the risk factors and comorbid conditions associated with an increased risk of low serum magnesium level.ResultsA total of 983 pregnant women and 9444 women with HRC were eligible for analysis. Prevalence of hypomagnesemia (magnesium serum level cut-off < 0.66 mmol/L/< 0.8 mmol/L) was 34.0%/78.9% in pregnant women and 21.4%/54.8% in women with HRC. The highest prevalence of magnesium deficiency was observed for osteoporosis and climacteric syndrome. Risk factors included diastolic blood pressure, previous pregnancy complications, infections and edema for pregnant women, and age, body mass index, and various comorbidities for women with HRC.ConclusionsThese results confirm the high prevalence of hypomagnesemia in pregnant women and women with HRC and underline the importance of routine screening, since risk factors are mostly non-specific.

Cellular structure of thymus in drug-induced deficiency of magnesium

The timeliness of the work is due to the prevalence of magnesium deficiency associated with the use of drugs that contribute to the excretion of magnesium from the body. The aim of the work is to elucidate the cell-mediated reaction of the thymus to magnesium deficiency caused by the administration of furosemide. Magnesium deficiency was modeled by intraperitoneal administration of furosemide to experimental rats. The amount of magnesium and sodium in the blood and thymus tissue was determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, the cell composition of the thymus was evaluated on histological sections. It is shown that at furosemide load the amount of magnesium decreases in the blood, but increases in the tissue of the thymus gland. The areas of the structural zones of the thymus (subcapsular zone, cortex, medulla), their percentage; cortical/medullary ratio were calculated. Cell density, lymphocyte count large, medium and small lymphocytes, reticular epithelial cells, macrophages, mast cells, apoptotic cells, thymic corpuscle were counted in each structural zone per unit area (100 μ2). In experimental animals the amount of magnesium in the blood decreases, but in the thymus tissue increases, there is leukocytosis and lymphocytosis, eosinophilia. Revealed histo- and cytostructural morphological rearrangements indicate a change in the functional activity of the gland. It was shown that the furosemide-induce deficiency of magnesium the area of the medulla increases, the number of macrophages and apoptotic elements increases; without affecting on the mast cells, but their secretory activity increases. There are size thymic corpuscle and the number of cells in them increases. Thus, the furosemide load is accompanied by magnesium imbalance, proinflammatory changes induce, is accompanied by a proapoptotic action and stimulates the starting of a macrophage reaction and degranulation of mastocytes in the thymus.

Hyperhomocysteinemia: A Risk Factor for Cognitive Decline in mTBI Patients

Our quest was to find an answer for "Why are some people able to recover 100% from a concussion/traumatic brain injury while others tend to have prolonged symptoms after their concussion/traumatic brain injury?" The prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia in general is 5%-7% with increasing evidence showing higher prevalence of HHcy as age increases. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 41.6% in the American population. The prevalence of vitamin B-12 deficiency is at least 40% in the patients of the Americas. With recent data, the prevalence of magnesium deficiency is around 10%-30% of the population. Hyperhomocysteinemia due MTHFR gene mutation B-12, B-6, magnesium, and folic acid deficiency is well established. A retrospective study involving 45 patients was conducted in order to correlate the persistent symptoms concussion head injury/traumatic brain injury and their bio nutraceutical deficiency. This data provides evidence that a patient's Homocysteine levels are significantly linearly related with their MoCA scores (t = -5.837, df = 34, p-value = 1.403e-06, [95% CI: -0.8406114 to -0.4936554]). In the mTBI group, for every 1 umol/L increase in Homocysteine levels, there is a 0.54217 decrease in MoCA scores. mTBI patients that had Homocysteine levels greater than 14 umol/L were 76% more likely to experience cognitive decline. The mean MoCA score of mTBI patients is significantly lower than the mean MoCA score of patients in the control group (t = -3.2898, df = 67, p-value = 0.0016, [95% CI: -6.710893 to -1.642642]). The mean Homocysteine levels of mTBI patients are significantly greater than the mean Homocysteine levels of patients in the control group (t = 2.2182, df = 85, p-value = 0.0292, [95% CI: 0.3039847 to 5.5603010]). mTBI patients should be routinely screened for serum homocysteine, vitamin D, B12, B6 and magnesium levels to know their risk for cognitive decline.

The role of magnesium in the treatment of symptoms climacteric syndrome

According to epidemiological studies, about 30% of residents in Russia receive less than 70% of the daily magnesium intake, while magnesium deficiency manifests much more often in women than in men. The prevalence of magnesium deficiency is 1.3 times higher among the female population. Women are more sensitive to magnesium deficiency and normally have higher deposited concentrations of this element. Objective of the study: evaluate the effectiveness of magnesium in the management of menopausal syndrome symptoms. Materials and methods: 30 female patients, aged 47 to 57 years, with various menopausal syndrome symptoms underwent clinical and laboratory examination. In addition to the general clinical examination, all patients underwent atomic absorption spectroscopy to determine serum Mg2+ ions concentrations. All patients received menopausal hormone therapy in combination with magnesium supplement using Magnesium Diasporal 300. Results and discussions: The severe climacteric symptoms relief and an increase in the serum magnesium levels were recorded against the background of the therapy.

HORMONAL CONTRACEPTION AND MAGNESIUM DEFICIENCY: A SUBANALYSIS OF THE MAGYN STUDY

The use of estrogen-containing hormonal drugs facilitates excretion of magnesium ions. It is therefore important to characterize women who use hormonal contraceptives, and to test correlation between the use of hormonal contraception -(HC) and the magnesium deficiency (MgD). Objectives. To create a profile of HC-using women who enrolled in the MAGYN study. Materials and Methods. The study included the disease registry (MgD in women with hormone-dependent diseases) and the data on safety and effectiveness of magnesium supplementation with a combination of magnesium citrate and pyridoxine. The standard questionnaire and biochemical determination of serum magnesium were used to diagnose MgD. The severity of MgD symptoms was evaluated using a 10-point visual analogue scale; the quality of life was assessed using the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire after four weeks of therapy. Results. Among the total of 9168 women in the MAGYN study, hormonal contraceptives were used by 1528 women (16.7%). Of these women, combined estrogen-progestin single-phase contraceptives were used in 66.2% cases, a vaginal ring with a combination of estrogen and progestogen – 11.7%, and oral combined estrogen-gestagenic two-phase medications – 10.9%. The most common complaints among the women on hormonal contraception were fatigue, nervousness, irritability, state of chronic stress; those symptoms were significantly more frequent in women with confirmed MgD. The prevalence of MgD in the group of women receiving hormonal contraception was 67%. Conclusion. The present study demonstrates high prevalence of MgD in women using hormonal contraception. Correcting MgD significantly improves the women’s health and their quality of life. Since the nutrition profile, behavior patterns, quality of life and social preferences of women may depend on urban population size, larger studies are warranted in cities with a population of >250 thousand to obtain the data relevant to the entire country.

Clinical significance of low serum magnesium in pregnant women attending the University of Benin Teaching Hospital

Magnesium level is known to decline during pregnancy. A suggested role for magnesium deficiency in conditions like pre-eclampsia and pre-term birth has prompted studies with conflicting evidence. The primary objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of hypomagnesemia in pregnancy, while the secondary objectives attempted to define maternal and fetal outcome due to hypomagnesemia. A pilot study was performed to determine the mean serum magnesium level for the population of female patients attending the University of Benin Teaching Hospital. The result of the pregnant population in the pilot study was used as a reference for hypomagnesemia in this study. Thereafter, a prospective cohort study of antenatal women recruited in the second trimester and followed-up till delivery and 1 week post-partum was done. Serum magnesium estimates were done with samples collected at recruitment and delivery. The magnesium levels determined at recruitment were used to divide the subjects into two groups of hypomagnesemic and normomagnesemic patients. Their sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were used to generate a database for analysis. The prevalence of magnesium deficiency was 16.25%. Hypomagnesemia was significantly correlated with the occurrence of pre-eclampsia ( P = 0.011), leg cramps ( P = 0.000) and pre-term birth ( P = 0.030). A logistic regression analysis showed that hypomagnesemia had an Odds ratio of 22 for pre-eclampsia. There was no maternal mortality or early neonatal death. Pre-eclampsia and pre-term birth are associated with hypomagnesemia in pregnancy; hence, magnesium supplementation or magnesium-rich diet consisting of green leafy vegetables, soy milk and legumes may improve outcome.

FOCUS ON MAGNESIUM BASED DRUGS

Magnesium deficiency in the organism is one of the most common human deficiency states. The prevalence of magnesium deficiency is about 15%, and suboptimal magnesium level is observed more than in 30% of people in the general population. Clinical signs of hypomagnesaemia are observed in 40% of patients in general care hospitals, in 70% of patients - in intensive care units, and magnesium deficiency occurs in 90% of patients with acute coronary syndrome. Magnesium metabolic disorders in the organism accelerate significantly development of complications of coronary heart disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, asthma and a number of neurological and psychiatric diseases. The value of this macro in the body is well studied, and its daily need is identified depending on age and sex. It is known that magnesium intake with the food does not cover an organism need. It is a rationale for preventive and therapeutic use of magnesium based drugs in various diseases. Organic salts of magnesium are recommended for these purposes. Magnesium metabolic disorders, approaches to pharmacotherapeutic correction of magnesium deficiency, advantages of magnesium salts of orotic acid are reviewed.