Prevalence Of Low-density Lipoprotein Research Articles

Association of Male Gender and Younger Age at Diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes with more Atherogenic Lipid Profile

Background – Recognition of cardiovascular (CVD) risk profile and its patterns at the time of diagnosis of diabetes would enable adoption of most appropriate primary prevention strategies to reduce morbidity and mortality from vascular disease. We aimed to study the prevalence and pattern of modifiable CVD risk factors in patients at the time of diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. Methods- In this single center, cross sectional study, 412 newly diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes were studied on prevalence of low density lipoproteins (LDL), triglycerides (TG), high density lipoproteins (HDL) and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) . Prevalence of each risk factor was determined according to the American diabetes association criteria. Associations of each risk factor (dependent variable) with gender, age at onset of diabetes, waist circumference (WC) and body mass index (BMI) (independent variables) were studied using logistic regression. Results – Males accounted for 71% of sample and Mean (SD) age 49(11) years. The most prevalent lipid abnormality was LDL > 100 mg (81%) and low HDL and raised TG were detected in 17.1%, 18.5%. SBP> 140 mm Hg and DBP > 90 mm Hg were prevalent in 15% and 12%. Male gender (OR 7.98 – 95% CI 4.39 -14-49) and younger age at onset of diabetes (OR 0.95 95% CI 0.93 -0.98) were significantly associated with lower HDL. The younger age was significantly associated with adverse TG levels (OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.93-0.95) . Significant associations were detected with SBP and DBP with age (OR 1.09, 95% CI 1.05 - 1.13) and OR 1.062 95% CI 1.006 - 1.121). Discussion – Adverse LDL levels are present in 8 out of 10 patients at the time of diagnosis of diabetes. Modifiable CVD risk factors vary according to the age at onset of diabetes with more atherogenic dyslipidemia prevalent in younger and elevated blood pressure in older patients.

Low-Density Lipoprotein Subclass Distribution Pattern and Adiposity-Associated Dyslipidemia in Postmenopausal Women

Objective: A predominance of small, dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles (subclass pattern B) is associated with increased risk for coronary heart disease and is characterized by elevated triglycerides and depressed high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentrations. The present analysis was undertaken to assess the impact of LDL subclass distribution pattern and adiposity on serum lipids in postmenopausal women.Methods: Anthropometric measurements and fasting lipid data were obtained from 254 postmenopausal women 70 years of age or younger, not receiving sex hormone replacement, who were participating in a clinical trial designed to assess the influence of hormone replacement regimens on coronary heart disease risk markers.Results: The prevalence of LDL subclass pattern B was 32%. Triglyceride levels were higher and HDL cholesterol lower (both p<0.001) in women with pattern B vs. pattern A, but total and LDL cholesterol levels did not differ. LDL subclass pattern contributed independently to the variance in HDL cholesterol (p<0.001) and loge triglyceride (p<0.001) concentrations explained by anthropometric variables (waist circumference or body mass index). Compared to women with LDL subclass pattern A and waist circumference below the median value of 83.0 centimeters, those with pattern B and waist ≥83.0 centimeters had markedly lower HDL cholesterol levels [44.0 (41.6–47.4) vs. 57.2 (54.1–60.3) mg/dL, mean (95% CI)] and increased triglyceride concentrations [geometric mean 147.8 (131.6–165.7) vs. 95.4 (88.2–102.5) mg/dL].Conclusions: These data suggest that adiposity and LDL subclass distribution pattern are independent determinants of plasma triglyceride and HDL cholesterol concentrations in postmenopausal women.

The hypertriglyceridemia of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is associated with an increased prevalence of low density lipoprotein subclass pattern B.

Plasma low density lipoproteins (LDL) comprise multiple discrete subclasses, differing in size, density, and chemical composition. Gradient gel electrophoresis of LDL has demonstrated three common subclass patterns based on the predominant LDL subclass: large LDL, designated subclass pattern A; small LDL particles, designated subclass pattern B; and an intermediate pattern. Genetic studies have demonstrated that these patterns are inherited, but several lines of evidence suggest that environmental factors are important in the phenotypic expression of the pattern. The LDL B pattern is associated with increased levels of plasma triglyceride, reduced high density lipoprotein (HDL), and obesity. To better define the role of environmental factors on LDL phenotypic expression, we determined LDL patterns in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), an infection characterized by hypertriglyceridemia and weight loss. Similar to previous studies, plasma triglyceride levels were increased, whereas plasma cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol levels were decreased in the AIDS subjects compared to those in age-matched controls. The percentage of AIDS subjects with the LDL B phenotype was increased 2.5-fold, demonstrating an increased prevalence of the LDL B phenotype in an acquired form of hypertriglyceridemia. For each LDL phenotype in AIDS, serum triglyceride levels were higher than the same phenotypic pattern in controls, with the most marked elevations in triglycerides found in AIDS subjects with the LDL B phenotype. In contrast to what was observed in controls, HDL cholesterol levels were decreased in all AIDS subjects and were unrelated to LDL pattern. Total and LDL cholesterol levels were higher in controls with the LDL B phenotype than in those with the LDL A phenotype, but there was no difference in total and LDL cholesterol in AIDS subjects with LDL B compared to A. On multiple regression analysis in subjects with AIDS, plasma triglyceride levels, age, and HDL cholesterol all contribute to the occurrence of the LDL B phenotype, but elevations in plasma triglyceride levels are the strongest independent predictor. Body mass index was not a predictor of LDL B phenotype in AIDS. These results suggest that disturbances in triglyceride metabolism that are caused by AIDS lead to the appearance of the LDL subclass B phenotype and provide further evidence that environmental or disease states that perturb lipid metabolism can produce an increased prevalence of the LDL B phenotype.

The hypertriglyceridemia of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is associated with an increased prevalence of low density lipoprotein subclass pattern B

The hypertriglyceridemia of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is associated with an increased prevalence of low density lipoprotein subclass pattern B