Prevalence Of Lifestyle Risk Factors Research Articles

A Comparative Study on the Prevalence of Lifestyle Risk Factors Among Users and Non-users of Any Health-Based Mobile App Among University Students in Chennai.

Introduction Adolescents and young adults are often neglected in terms of healthcare, despite forming a significant demographic and economic force. This study aims to compare the prevalence of lifestyle risk factors among users and non-users of health-based mobile apps among university students in Chennai. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2019 to June 2019, with a sample size of 680 undergraduate college students. A standardized WHO STEPwise approach to noncommunicable disease (NCD) risk factor surveillance (WHO STEPS) questionnaire was used to collect data on sociodemographic features, behavioral risk factors, and mobile app usage, along with physical measurements like height, weight, waist circumference, and blood pressure. Results About 238 (35%) study participants were regularly using health-based mobile apps, and 442 (65%) were not using any health-based mobile apps, of which 540 (79.41%) were between 22 and 24 years old, with the majority being female (362, 53.2%). The prevalence of various risk factors was higher among non-users of mobile health apps, except for physical activity, which was similar in both groups. On adjusted multivariable analysis, age category, place of current stay, and unhealthy diet were found to be significant. Conclusion This study helps assess the efficacy of health-based mobile apps in promoting healthy lifestyles among university students. Health-based mobile apps for delivering effective healthcare services are to be promoted among college students for a healthy lifestyle and well-being.

Lifestyle patterns, nutritional, and metabolic syndrome determinants in a sample of the older Iranian population

BackgroundChronic diseases and metabolic disorders are prevalent health concerns that often escalate with increasing age and thus affect older individuals. The proportion of the elderly population in Iran increased from 7.22% in 2006 to 12.0% in 2023. The current study aimed to evaluate lifestyle patterns and lifestyle risk factors among patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS) based on dietary, physical activity, and smoking, as well as MetS components.MethodsThis cross-sectional study included 582 older people with MetS living in Yazd, Iran. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to determine the lifestyle behaviors of diet patterns, smoking, and physical activity. Dietary intake was measured using a validated food frequency questionnaire, and dietary patterns were identified using principal component analysis (PCA). Clinical measurements of MetS components were examined using relevant guidelines.ResultsThe mean age of the participants was 72.71 years (SD = 5.57). Using PCA, two dietary patterns were identified: traditional patterns (e.g., fruits, fish, poultry, vegetables, meats, salt, and sugar sweetened beverages) and high-fat patterns (e.g., high-fat dairy). Applying LCA identified two classes of lifestyle patterns. About 35% (n = 204) of the participants were categorized in a low-risk class (I) and characterized by physical activity (0.93%, n = 190), a traditional pattern for diet (61%, n = 122), and zero probability of smoking. About 65% (n = 378) of the patients were categorized in high-risk class (II) and characterized by low physical activity levels (69%, n = 261), cigarette smoking (71.6%, n = 271), and a high-fat dietary pattern (56.9%, n = 215).ConclusionThe results of our study indicated two distinct classes within the patients. In class I, aging patients with MetS exhibited characteristics such as engagement in physical activity and having a traditional pattern for diet. Class II, with a higher prevalence of lifestyle risk factors, included individuals who engaged in cigarette smoking, displayed low physical activity (69%), and having a high-fat diet. The combination of these lifestyle factors exposed them to a heightened risk of developing MetS. The findings could guide healthcare professionals to be aware of the associations between different lifestyle risk factors and to focus on multiple behaviors at the same time.

Lifestyle Behaviors and Cardiometabolic Diseases by Race and Ethnicity and Social Risk Factors Among US Young Adults, 2011 to 2018.

Background Cardiometabolic health has been worsening among young adults, but the prevalence of lifestyle risk factors and cardiometabolic diseases is unclear. Methods and Results Adults aged 18 to 44 years were included from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2011 to 2018. Age-standardized prevalence of lifestyle risk factors and cardiometabolic diseases was estimated overall and by demographic and social risk factors. A set of multivariable logistic regressions was sequentially performed by adjusting for age, sex, social risk factors, and lifestyle factors to determine whether racial and ethnic disparities in the prevalence of cardiometabolic diseases may be attributable to differences in social risk factors and lifestyle factors. Appropriate weights were used to ensure national representativeness of the estimates. A total of 10 405 participants were analyzed (median age, 30.3 years; 50.8% women; 32.3% non-Hispanic White). The prevalence of lifestyle risk factors ranged from 16.3% for excessive drinking to 49.3% for poor diet quality. The prevalence of cardiometabolic diseases ranged from 4.3% for diabetes to 37.3% for dyslipidemia. The prevalence of having ≥2 lifestyle risk factors was 45.2% and having ≥2 cardiometabolic diseases was 22.0%. Racial and ethnic disparities in many cardiometabolic diseases persisted but were attenuated after adjusting for social risk factors and lifestyle factors. Conclusions The prevalence of lifestyle risk factors and cardiometabolic diseases was high among US young adults and varied by race and ethnicity and social risk factors. Racial and ethnic disparities in the prevalence of cardiometabolic diseases were not fully explained by differences in social risk factors and lifestyle factors.

Incidence, Risk Factors, and Temporal Trends of Small Intestinal Cancer: A Global Analysis of Cancer Registries

Small intestinal cancer is a rare cancer, with limited studies exploring its epidemiology. To our knowledge, this study is the first effort to comprehensively analyze the incidence, risk factors, and trends for small intestinal cancer by sex, age, and country. Global Cancer Observatory, Cancer Incidence in Five Continents Plus, and Global Burden of Disease were accessed to estimate the age-standardized rates of small intestinal cancer incidence (International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, Clinical Modification: C17) and prevalence of lifestyle risk factors, metabolic risk factors, and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Risk factor associations were assessed by linear and logistic regressions. Average annual percent change was calculated using joinpoint regression. A total of 64,477 small intestinal cancer cases (age-standardized rate, 0.60 per 100,000) were estimated globally in 2020, with a higher disease burden found in North America (1.4). Higher small intestinal cancer incidence was associated with higher human development index; gross domestic product; and prevalence of smoking, alcohol drinking, physical inactivity, obesity, diabetes, lipid disorder, and IBD (β= 0.008-0.198; odds ratios, 1.07-10.01). There was an overall increasing trend of small intestinal cancer incidence (average annual percent change, 2.20-21.67), and the increasing trend was comparable among the 2 sexes but more evident in the older population aged 50-74 years than in the younger population aged 15-49 years. There was a substantial geographic disparity in the burden of small intestinal cancer, with higher incidence observed in countries with higher human development index; gross domestic product; and prevalence of unhealthy lifestyle habits, metabolic disorders, and IBD. There was an overall increasing trend in small intestinal cancer incidence, calling for the development of preventive strategies.

Prevalence of Lifestyle Risk Factors among Students of Vocational High Schools

Background: A systematic study of the lifestyle of student youth making up the future economic and reproductive potential of the country is necessary to assess health risk factors and to develop appropriate measures of health promotion and disease prevention. Objective: To establish the prevalence of lifestyle risk factors among students of vocational high schools. Materials and methods: The prevalence of lifestyle risk factors was studied based on the results of anonymous surveys of vocational school students conducted in the city of Krasnodar in the years 2012 (n = 200) and 2022 (n = 224). Results: In 2022, lifestyle risk factors were found in 88.4 % of the respondents, which was 8.6 % less than in 2012 (p = 0.002). The most common factors among the students were imbalanced diet (80.4 %), low physical activity (45.5 %), and smoking (37.0 %). Over the ten years, the proportion of smokers decreased by 15.0 % (p < 0.001) while that of students with high physical activity and a healthy diet increased by 11.5 % (p = 0.02) and 7.1 % (p = 0.05), respectively. The specialty-specific analysis showed that alcohol consumption prevailed among woodworking machine operators (57.5 %), gas and electric welders (50.0 %), and assistant secretaries (41.2 %); imbalanced nutrition was a frequent finding in gas and electric welders, cutters (93.3 % each), and tailors (90.0 %); low physical activity was reported by 80 % of tailors, 53.3 % of pastry chefs, and 50 % of assistant secretaries; poor sleep duration was common among auto mechanics (63.3 %), assistant secretaries (44.1 %), and electric and gas welders (20.0 %). The prevalence of tobacco smoking was found to decrease by 40.2 % among assistant secretaries (p = 0.003), by 29.3 % among cutters (p = 0.028), and by 20.0 % among pastry chefs (p = 0.05). Conclusion: The high prevalence of lifestyle risk factors observed requires both comprehensive and systematic health promotion among adolescents and creation of conditions aimed at improving the culture of a healthy lifestyle, developing sustainable motivation for maintaining health and skills of healthy living.

Risk factor clustering in men and women with CHD in the Southern Cone of Latin America

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Other. Main funding source(s): This work was supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) grant number HHSN268200900029C. Background Presence of multiple risk factors (RF) increases the risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and this is especially important in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). Purpose The current study investigates sex differences in the presence of multiple cardiovascular RF in subjects with established CHD in the southern Cone of Latin America. Methods We analyzed cross-sectional data from the 634 participants aged 35-74 with CHD from the community-based CESCAS Study. We calculated the prevalence for counts of cardiometabolic (hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity, diabetes) and lifestyle (current smoking, unhealthy diet, low physical activity, excessive alcohol consumption) RF. Differences in RF number between men and women were tested with age-adjusted Poisson regression. We identified the most common RF combinations among participants with ≥ 4 RF. We performed a subgroup analysis by educational level. Results The prevalence of cardiometabolic RF ranged from 76.3% (hypertension) to 26.8% (diabetes), and the prevalence of lifestyle RF from 81.9% (unhealthy diet) to 4.3% (excessive alcohol consumption). Obesity, central obesity, diabetes and low physical activity were more common in women, while excessive alcohol consumption and unhealthy diet were more common in men. Close to 85% of women and 81.5% of men presented with ≥ 4 RF. Women presented with a higher number of overall (relative risk (RR) 1.05, 95% CI 1.02-1.08) and cardiometabolic RF (1.17, 1.09-1.25). These sex differences were found in participants with primary education (RR women overall RF 1.08, 1.00-1.15, cardiometabolic RF 1.23, 1.09-1.39), but were diluted in those with higher educational attainment. The most common RF combination was hypertension/dyslipidemia/obesity/unhealthy diet. Conclusion Women in the CESCAS study showed a higher burden of multiple cardiovascular RF. Sex differences persisted in participants with low educational attainment, and women with low educational level had the highest RF burden.

Prevalence, trends and distribution of lifestyle cancer risk factors in Uganda: a 20-year systematic review

BackgroundCancer is becoming an important public health problem in Uganda. Cancer control requires surveillance of lifestyle risk factors to inform targeted interventions. However, only one national Non-Communicable Disease (NCD) risk factor survey has been conducted in Uganda. This review assessed the prevalence, trends and distribution of lifestyle risk factors in Uganda.MethodsThe review identified studies up to January 2019 by searching Medline, Embase, CINAL and Cochrane databases. Further literature was identified from relevant websites and journals; scanning reference lists of relevant articles; and citation searching using Google Scholar. To be eligible, studies had to have been conducted in Uganda, and report prevalence estimates for at least one lifestyle cancer risk factor. Narrative and systematic synthesis was used to analyse the data.ResultsTwenty-four studies were included in the review. Overall, unhealthy diet (88%) was the most prevalent lifestyle risk factor for both males and females. This was followed by harmful use of alcohol (range of 14.3% to 26%) for men, and being overweight (range of 9% to 24%) for women. Tobacco use (range of 0.8% to 10.1%) and physical inactivity (range of 3.7% to 4.9%) were shown to be relatively less prevalent in Uganda. Tobacco use and harmful use of alcohol were more common in males and more prevalent in Northern region, while being overweight (BMI > 25 kg/m2) and physical inactivity were more common in females and more prevalent in Central region. Tobacco use was more prevalent among the rural populations compared to urban, while physical inactivity and being overweight were more common in urban than in rural settings. Tobacco use has decreased overtime, while being overweight increased in all regions and for both sexes.ConclusionThere is limited data about lifestyle risk factors in Uganda. Apart from tobacco use, other lifestyle risk factors seem to be increasing and there is variation in the prevalence of lifestyle risk factors among the different populations in Uganda. Prevention of lifestyle cancer risk factors requires targeted interventions and a multi-sectoral approach. Most importantly, improving the availability, measurement and comparability of cancer risk factor data should be a top priority for future research in Uganda and other low-resource settings.

Risk factor clustering in men and women with CHD in the Southern Cone of Latin America

BackgroundPresence of multiple risk factors (RF) increases the risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and this is especially important in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). The current study investigates sex differences in the presence of multiple cardiovascular RF in subjects with established CHD in the southern Cone of Latin America. MethodsWe analyzed cross-sectional data from the 634 participants aged 35–74 with CHD from the community-based CESCAS Study. We calculated the prevalence for counts of cardiometabolic (hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity, diabetes) and lifestyle (current smoking, unhealthy diet, low physical activity, excessive alcohol consumption) RF. Differences in RF number between men and women were tested with age-adjusted Poisson regression. We identified the most common RF combinations among participants with ≥4 RF. We performed a subgroup analysis by educational level. ResultsThe prevalence of cardiometabolic RF ranged from 76.3% (hypertension) to 26.8% (diabetes), and the prevalence of lifestyle RF from 81.9% (unhealthy diet) to 4.3% (excessive alcohol consumption). Obesity, central obesity, diabetes and low physical activity were more common in women, while excessive alcohol consumption and unhealthy diet were more common in men. Close to 85% of women and 81.5% of men presented with ≥4 RF. Women presented with a higher number of overall (relative risk (RR) 1.05, 95% CI 1.02–1.08) and cardiometabolic RF (1.17, 1.09–1.25). These sex differences were found in participants with primary education (RR women overall RF 1.08, 1.00–1.15, cardiometabolic RF 1.23, 1.09–1.39), but were diluted in those with higher educational attainment. The most common RF combination was hypertension/dyslipidemia/obesity/unhealthy diet. ConclusionOverall, women showed a higher burden of multiple cardiovascular RF. Sex differences persisted in participants with low educational attainment, and women with low educational level had the highest RF burden.

Is elevated ALT associated with lifestyle risk factors? A population-based survey.

Given the high prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and the role of Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in diagnosing liver injury along with the increasing prevalence of lifestyle risk factors, we aimed to evaluate the association between serum ALT level and lifestyle risk factors in a population-based survey. This was a population-based study conducted in rural and urban areas of Iran in 2016. Cluster sampling method was applied to enroll a total of 31,050 participants aged ≥ 18. Demographic data, anthropometric measures, and laboratory samples were gathered. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed using three different cut-off levels for elevated ALT to assess the relationship between elevated ALT and lifestyle risk factors. The prevalence of elevated ALT was significantly higher in men with elevated body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WTH), hip circumference, and salt consumption, likewise, in women with higher BMI and WTH. In the multivariate logistic model adjusted for age and sex, high WTH (adjusted odds ratio: 1.73; 95% CI 1.52-1.96), BMI > 25 (1.51; 95% CI 1.29-1.76), hip circumference (1.26; 95% CI 1-1.58), and current smoking (0.67; 95% CI 0.56-0.8) were associated with elevated ALT levels using American cut-off (ALT > 33U/L for male and ALT > 25U/L for female). Only physical measurements (BMI, WTH) but not lifestyle risk factors were related to the increased ALT regardless of the selected cut-offs. As elevated ALT was associated with several lifestyle risk factors, stewardship programs should be established to modify lifestyle risk factors, such as abdominal obesity and physical inactivity. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40200-022-01137-6.

Urban-rural disparities in blood pressure and lifestyle risk factors of hypertension among Indian individuals.

This study aims to assess the urban-rural difference in prevalence of hypertension (HT) and to explore the disparities in lifestyle risk factors of HT among urban and rural individuals aged 15-49 years in India. The cross-sectional data collected as a part of the fourth round of National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4) was analysed in this observational study. NFHS-4 was conducted between January 2015 and December 2016 amongst men aged 15-54 years and women aged 15-49 years. In order to maintain uniformity, age group of 15-49 years was considered. Descriptive analyses were performed for sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. Binary logistic regression was conducted to assess the predictors of HT in men and women in urban and rural settings. The presence of HT was considered as the outcome variable. The overall age adjusted prevalence of HT was 17.2% and was greater in urban (18.3%) than in rural population (15.5%). The age adjusted prevalence was also higher in males (18.2%) as compared to females (16.1%). Age and wealth were associated with HT in both urban and rural population. Education and dietary habits played a role in all except rural men. Alcohol consumption, diabetic status and marital status were significantly associated with HT in both urban and rural women. Occupation was associated with HT only in urban women. The study has shown higher HT prevalence in urban areas despite higher prevalence of lifestyle risk factors in rural settings. This calls for more robust screening and health education in the entire population, especially in rural areas.

The characteristics of life-style of medical students

The object of the study was students of medical university. The survey was implemented in remote mode using the Google Forms. The relative values and their confidence intervals were calculated using the Wilson method. MS Excel 2019 and IBM SPSS Statistics 19 software were used to statistical process the research results. It is established that only every tenth student observed recommended duration of night sleep. The youths were about 1.7-4.6 times more likely to violate rules of personal hygiene as compared with girls. The unreasonable diet and low motor activity were more typical for girls. The prevalence of active tobacco smoking and nicotine use in dosage more than 0.1 mg/day among youths was 1.4 and 2.0 times higher than among girls, respectively (p<0.05). More than a half of respondents consume alcoholic beverages daily. At that, 44.12% of girls do not maintain sexual life, while among youths there were 1.5 times less of such individuals. The condoms during sexual contacts are obligatory used by 52.18% of youths that is 1.3 times more often than among girls. Almost three-quarters of medical students have insufficient alertness about their health and are characterized by irresponsible medical behavior. The gender differences in prevalence of lifestyle risk factors among medical students were revealed.

Is Cohort Representativeness Passé? Poststratified Associations of Lifestyle Risk Factors with Mortality in the UK Biobank.

The UK Biobank (UKB) has been used widely to examine associations between lifestyle risk factors and mortality outcomes. It is unknown whether the extremely low UKB response rate (5.5%) and lack of representativeness materially affects the magnitude and direction of effect estimates. We used poststratification to match the UKB sample to the target population in terms of sociodemographic characteristics and prevalence of lifestyle risk factors (physical inactivity, alcohol intake, smoking, and poor diet). We compared unweighted and poststratified associations between each lifestyle risk factor and a lifestyle index score with all-cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer mortality. We also calculated the unweighted to poststratified ratio of HR (RHR) and 95% confidence interval as a marker of effect-size difference. Of 371,974 UKB participants with no missing data, 302,009 had no history of CVD or cancer, corresponding to 3,298,958 person years of follow-up. Protective associations between alcohol use and CVD mortality observed in the unweighted UKB were substantially altered after poststratification, for example, from a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.63 (0.45-0.87) unweighted to 0.99 (0.65-1.50) poststratified for drinking ≥5 times/week versus never drinking. The magnitude of the poststratified all-cause mortality hazard ratio comparing least healthy with healthiest tertile of lifestyle risk factor index was 9% higher (95% confidence interval: 4%, 14%) than the unweighted estimates. Lack of representativeness may distort the associations of alcohol with CVD mortality, and may underestimate health hazards among those with cumulatively the least healthy lifestyles.

Race modifies putamen connectivity in Alzheimer’s disease

AbstractBackgroundAfrican Americans (AAs) are twice as likely to develop Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) in their lifetime than Non‐Hispanic Whites (NHWs), but exhibit slower decline and lower tau in the presence of dementia. Increased prevalence of lifestyle risk factors for AD including of type 2 diabetes and vascular disease do not fully account for this disparity. To uncover biological mechanisms that contribute to these differences, we must continue to characterize the biomarker profile of AAs. Functional neuroimaging is a biomarker that warrants further characterization by race. Previous work identified increases in connectivity in AAs with dementia within the default mode network (DMN), an area that exhibits decreased connectivity in NHWs with dementia. This study investigated putamen functional connectivity differences between AAs and NHWs to determine whether they may be race‐specific regions vulnerable to disease. Previous research identified a relationship within AAs between putamen volumes and tau.MethodWe obtained structural and resting‐state functional MRI from 72 AAs and 65 NHWs. We defined regions in the left and right hemispheres in the putamen, as well as posterior cerebellum, superior frontal, and precentral gyri (as these regions are structurally connected to the putamen), and calculated connectivity between the putamen and each other region for both hemispheres. We constructed a multivariate model with connectivity values as outcome variables, and race, age, gender, and diagnosis as independent variables, and included a race x diagnosis interaction.ResultOf the functional connectivity pairs we investigated, connectivity patterns among diagnostic categories between the posterior cerebellum and anterior putamen were significantly different between races such that in AAs, connectivity was higher in mild cognitive impairment compared to controls (t(43)=2.44, p=0.02), and lower in individuals with AD compared to MCI (t(13)=2.39, p=0.03).ConclusionAAs exhibited disease‐related connectivity patterns, but in novel regions. Putamen to cerebellum connectivity patterns are consistent with studies that have identified increased DMN connectivity in individuals with mild cognitive impairment, followed by lower connectivity in Alzheimer’s disease. The race‐specific decreased putamen connectivity in AAs lends further support to the compensatory role of the DMN in previous studies indicated by an increase in connectivity as AD burden increased.

Is Cohort Study Representativeness &lt;i&gt;Passé&lt;/i&gt;?&amp;nbsp; Matching the UK Biobank Sample to Target Population Characteristics and Recalculating the Associations between Lifestyle Risk Factors and Mortality

Background: The UK Biobank (UKB) has been used widely to examine the associations between lifestyle risk factors (LRF) and mortality outcomes. It is unknown if the extremely low UKB response rate (5·5%) and lack of representativeness materially affects the magnitude and direction of observed associations. Methods: We used post-stratification to match the UKB sample to the target population in terms of age, sex, education, and prevalence of LRFs (physical inactivity, alcohol intake, smoking, fruit and vegetable intake, and obesity). We compared unweighted and post-stratified associations between each LRF and tertiles of a lifestyle index score with all-cause, CVD, and cancer mortality. We also calculated the unweighted/post-stratified ratio of hazard ratios and 95%CI (RHR) as a marker of statistically significant effect sizes difference. Findings: Out of 371,974 UKB participants with no missing data, 302,009 had no history of CVD or cancer, corresponding to 2,345142 person years of follow-up. The protective associations between alcohol use and CVD mortality observed in the unweighted UKB were attenuated to the null after post-stratification, e.g. from an HR of 0·63 (0·45 to 0·87) unweighted to 0·99 (0·65 to 1·50) post-stratified for drinking ≥5 times/week compared to never drinker. The post-stratified all-cause mortality HRs were consistently lower than the unweighted estimates across obesity groups. The magnitude of the post-stratified all-cause mortality HR comparing the least healthy with the healthiest tertiles of the lifestyle risk factor index was 9% higher (95%CI: 2% to 18%) than the unweighted estimates. Interpretation: Lack of representativeness may lead to spurious cardio-protective associations of alcohol; may under-estimate health hazards among those with the least healthy lifestyles; and may exaggerate the risks of BMI-defined obesity. Funding Statement: This study did not receive specific funding. Declaration of Interests: None of the authors reported a conflict of interest related to this study. Ethics Approval Statement: All participants consented to the use of their de-identified data, including access to their health-related records, for research.

Incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes by occupation: results from all Swedish employees

Aims/hypothesisThe workplace is a potentially important arena for prevention of type 2 diabetes and the first step is to identify occupations where the disease is common and/or risk is high. Therefore, our aim was to analyse incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes across all occupational groups in Sweden.MethodsThis nationwide study included all Swedish citizens born between 1937 and 1979 and gainfully employed between 2001 and 2013 (N = 4,550,892), and followed for a diagnosis of diabetes from 2006 to 2015 (n = 201,717) through national registers. Prevalence in 2013 (mean age 51 years; range 35–67) and age-standardised incidence (per 1000 person-years) were analysed across the 30 most common occupations among men and women. Information on BMI, physical fitness and smoking was obtained through the National Conscription (mean age 18) and Medical Birth Registers (mean age 29).ResultsPrevalence of type 2 diabetes was 5.2% in men and 3.2% in women; in men it was highest among motor vehicle drivers (8.8%) and in women it was highest among manufacturing workers (6.4%). Incidence varied dramatically across occupational groups. In men, it was highest among manufacturing workers (9.41) and professional drivers (9.32) and lowest among university teachers (3.44). In women, incidence was highest in manufacturing workers (7.20) and cleaners (6.18) and lowest in physiotherapists (2.20). We found major differences in the prevalence of being overweight and smoking and in the level of physical fitness across these occupational groups even at young ages.Conclusions/interpretationProfessional drivers, manufacturing workers and cleaners have a threefold increased risk of type 2 diabetes compared with university teachers and physiotherapists. These differences most likely reflect dramatic differences in the prevalence of lifestyle risk factors. If workplace interventions could reduce weight and increase physical activity among employees in these occupations, major health gains may be made.

Prevalence of Lifestyle Related Risk Factors for Non-communicable Diseases among Adolescents of an Urban Community in Mumbai

Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCD) have emerged as the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. There are certain lifestyle related risk factors responsible for major NCDs. Lifestyle risk factors can be easily modified if detected early in life. Hence, this study was undertaken to find out the prevalence of such lifestyle related risk factors among adolescents. Method: A cross-sectional study was carried out among adolescents. Data was collected by interview method using semi-structured questionnaire. Information was asked regarding tobacco and alcohol use, dietary practices, physical activity and family history of NCDs. Physical measurements were recorded using standardised methods. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 20.0. Results: 227 adolescents participated in the study. 55 (24.2%) reported ever use of tobacco, of whom only 9 (3.9%) were females. No significant association was found between tobacco use and monthly per capita income. 23 (10.13%) of ever tobacco users were school dropouts. History of school dropout was significantly associated with tobacco use (p<0.001). Parental use of tobacco was significantly associated with tobacco use among the adolescents (p<0.001). None of the respondents reported alcohol use. Daily fruit consumption was reported by 1 (0.4%) respondent. Daily vegetable consumption was reported by 216 (95.2%) respondents. 36 (15.6%) reported doing vigorous activity for 60 minutes daily. 19 (8.4%) reported family history of NCDs. 15 (6.6%) were found to be overweight and 4 (1.8%) were found to be obese. Conclusion: The study highlights high prevalence of lifestyle risk factors among adolescents which needs to be corrected.

132 (PB-033) - Assessment of the prevalence of lifestyle risk factors for breast cancer in an area of socioeconomic deprivation

132 (PB-033) - Assessment of the prevalence of lifestyle risk factors for breast cancer in an area of socioeconomic deprivation

Contribution of chronic conditions to functional limitations using a multinomial outcome: results for the older population in Belgium and Brazil

BackgroundThe global phenomenon of population ageing is creating new challenges in both high and middle income countries, as functional limitations are expected to increase with age. The attribution method has been proposed to identify which conditions contribute most to disability using cross-sectional data. Although the original method was based on binary outcomes, we recently proposed an extension to multinomial responses, since different disability levels are often investigated in surveys. This is the first application of the extended method to evaluate differences in the contribution of chronic conditions to functional limitations in the older population of Brazil and Belgium.MethodsRepresentative data from individuals aged ≥65 years who participated in the 2008 or 2013 Health Interview Surveys in Belgium (N = 4521) or in the 2008 National Household Sample Survey in Brazil (N = 28,437) were analysed. Individuals were classified as without, moderate or severe functional limitations, based on three activities of daily living: eating, showering, and toileting. Six chronic conditions common to the surveys – diabetes, heart diseases, musculoskeletal conditions, depression, chronic respiratory diseases, and cancer – were included in the analysis. Separate multinomial additive hazards models by gender for each country were fitted.ResultsThe prevalence of moderate functional limitations was larger in men in Brazil (8.4%) compared to Belgium (6.0%) and similar in women (approximately 12.0%). Conversely, the severe prevalence in men was similar in the two countries (around 8.0%) and higher in women from Belgium (16.6%) than from Brazil (9.1%). Musculoskeletal conditions were the main contributors to the prevalence of functional limitations in men and women in Belgium but only in men and women with moderate functional limitations in Brazil. Depression and heart diseases contributed most to the severe prevalence of functional limitations in men and women in Brazil, respectively.ConclusionsOur findings provide a better understanding of differences in the prevalence of different levels of functional limitations in Brazil and Belgium. These differences can be related to differences in socioeconomic conditions, health care access and quality, disease diagnosis, stage of epidemiology transition, life expectancy, and the prevalence of lifestyle risk factors in the two countries.

High Prevalence of Potentially Modifiable Risk Factors in Patients Presenting for Ablation of Atrial Arrhythmias

Objectives: To identify the prevalence of lifestyle risk factors in patients presenting for ablation of atrial fibrillation. Methods: We prospectively reviewed 325 consecutive patients presenting for ablation of atrial fibrillation or flutter (AF) at The Alfred Hospital between February 2010 and November 2016. Data was extracted from compulsory pre-procedure health questionnaires (from Jan 2012), as well as scanned medical records from the remainder. Results: Patients undergoing AF ablation were male (72%), mean age 56.6+/- 11.3 years, left atrial dilatation (left atrial area >20cm2) in 86%, LV systolic dysfunction (LV ejection fraction < 50%) in 19% and LV hypertrophy (LV mass index >100 g/m2) in 36%. There was a high prevalence of potentially modifiable risk factors for atrial fibrillation including body mass index, overweight (25–29.9) in 128(45%) and obese (≥30) in 103(36%), regular alcohol consumption in 137(58%) and hypertension in 133(40%). There was a history of prior smoking in 47%, dyslipidaemia in 27%, obstructive sleep apnoea in 10% and Type II Diabetes in 9%. Coronary artery disease was present in 5%. Conclusion: In patients presenting for ablation of atrial fibrillation, there is a high prevalence of potentially modifiable lifestyle risk factors for AF, particularly obesity and alcohol consumption. Greater attention to these risk factors may improve the outcome or reduce the demand for catheter ablation.

Spouse with schizophrenia and risk of dementia.

Increased prevalence of lifestyle risk factors or shared etiology may underlie the association between schizophrenia and the subsequent risk of dementia. We explored the association between having a spouse with schizophrenia and the risk of dementia. We found a positive relationship between having a spouse with schizophrenia and vascular dementia in individuals without a mental disorder themselves but no association between having a spouse with schizophrenia and Alzheimer's dementia. As spouses share environmental risk factors and lifestyle, this might suggest that the excess risk of dementia in probands with schizophrenia could be ascribed to the unhealthy living environment among individuals with schizophrenia.