Prevalence Of Lifestyle Diseases Research Articles

The Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases: A Growing Threat to Global Health

The Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases: A Growing Threat to Global Health

Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases in Non-Acclimatized Lowlanders at High Altitude in subdivision Darjeeling district of Eastern Himalayan Region, India

Background: Lifestyle diseases including overweight, obesity, hypertension and metabolic syndrome leads toheart diseases, increased risk for insulin resistance, diabetes and stroke. Obesity is one of the lifestyle diseases declared as worldwide epidemic which is a major health burden. The study determine the association of lifestylediseases with Body Mass Indexinnon-acclimatized lowlanders at altitude of 7500 ft above sea level and to estimate effect of altitude on anthropometric and biochemical parameters.Methods: The total of 300 male age between 20-57 years studied. The present retrospective study was done using Annual Medical Examination documents which were recorded at plains and at high altitude. The anthropometric indexes observed using Asia-pacific criteria from the World Health Organization and biochemical parametersobserved using metabolic syndrome according to the American Heart Association.Conclusion: The present study comprises of maximum cases of young adults at plains and middle-aged at high altitude. The maximum overweight cases were found at high altitude and general obese cases found at plains. There is a slight risk of hypertension and deranged lipid profile at this altitude but no risk of polycythaemia. The present study’s indicator of abdominal obesity at high altitude is the waist-hip ratio. Increase in altitude causes changes in body mass index, blood glucose levels and lipid profile. Additionally, positive correlation found between lifestyle diseases such as central or abdominal obesity(r=0.33,P<0.05) and diastolic blood pressure (r=0.19,P<0.05) with Body Mass Index at high altitude. The present study agreed with the various studies from India and abroad.

Traditional processing methods for quality enhancement of indigenous basil seeds and formulation of functional flours

The changing food habits and lifestyle led to consumption of faulty diets with increased prevalence of life style diseases in India. This has spurred health consciousness among food consumers and enhanced the demand for functional foods. The indigenous underutilised clove and sweet basil seeds being rich source of fibre (36.23, 28.85%), protein (9.16, 8.55%), polyphenols (17.28, 17.71 mg GAE/g extract) and antioxidants (266.13 and 344.63 mg TE/g extract), exhibited vast potential for formulation of functional flours. Traditional processing methods such as roasting, fermentation and germination have significantly enhanced the nutritional and antioxidant properties of both the seeds. Among them, germination was found to be ideal processing technique with relatively higher fibre, protein, total mineral, phenolic contents, antioxidant capacity and less fat content. Henceforth, processing of basil seeds in a traditional way could significantly enhance their quality and promote their utilisation as functional ingredients for designing healthy foods.

Review of the Nutritional Status in Older Adult Population

The leading causes of death in older adults involve nutritional risk factors, heart disease, cancer, stroke and diabetes. Prevalence of lifestyle diseases, older adults consider themselves in good, very good or excellent health. Older adults want to remain independent and not burden others; they believe proper nutrition and sufficient exercise will help them maintain their autonomy and independence. To describe the diet, nutrition and general health status of the older adult population in Spain and their adherence to the traditional MD. A bibliographic search was performed in the following databases: PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar for original research articles, clinical trials, and observational studies published in the last 10 yrs. The articles were selected using filters and eligibility criteria. Many articles were found, and through applying the selection criteria, 21 articles were chosen for a full review. Older adults present a multitude of pathologies that are treated with drugs that with the help of an optimal diet would promote a better quality of life. Cognitive deterioration leads older adults to suffer a great loss of quality of life and must be alleviated in the best way possible. Most people meet dietary needs, but high body mass indexes are obtained. MD is a reference and a technique put into practice by this part of the population that is developed in most of life and helps them to have better aging.

Association of Junk Food Consumption, Daily Screen Time and Daily Physical Activity with Overweight and Obesity among School Children Aged 8-10 Years- A Cross-sectional Case-control Study

Introduction: The prevalence of obesity among school children in Kerala is on a steady rise. Consumption of food with high glycaemic index, change in sleep patterns, reduced physical activity and the use of screen has been linked to obesity in children. Published literature on this association is scarce from urban Thiruvananthapuram, hence, the present study. Aim: To identify the association of various risk factors such as frequency of junk food consumption, dietary preferences, physical activity and daily screen time and weight related disorders among school going children (8-10 years) in Thiruvananthapuram. Materials and Methods: The present cross-sectional casecontrol study was conducted in one Rural Government School (Venjaramoodu Government Upper Primary School) and one Urban Private School (S.N. Public School, Chenkottukonam) of Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India, and enrolled school going children aged 8-10 years with higher than recommended Body Mass Index (BMI) for age as cases, age and gendermatched children with normal BMI as controls. Participants with BMI above 23rd and below 27th adult equivalent for age and gender were considered overweight and those above 27th adult equivalent for age and gender were considered as obese. A structured questionnaire was sent home with the children, and the parents were requested to answer the questions along with written informed consent. Socio-demographic parameters, anthropometric measurements were obtained by trained staff, dietary habits, and details regarding physical activity and screen usage were collected. Variables were categorised according to the standard recommendations by World Health Organisation (WHO) and Indian Association of Paediatrics (IAP). Variables were expressed as frequencies and the tests of significance used were Chi-square test and Odds ratio, to express the strength of association between parameters. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean age of cases and controls was nine years. A total of 708 school children were screened and 352 participants (175 cases and 177 controls) were enrolled in the present study. The BMI of cases was 29.3 kg/m2 and of controls was 20.2 kg/ m2 . Higher than recommended screen time (p<0.001), more frequent junk food consumption (p<0.001) and lack of physical activity (p<0.001) were found to be significantly associated with obesity and overweight. Dietary preference was not associated with obesity or overweight and obesity and overweight was more common in children studying in private schools (p<0.001). Conclusion: Reducing screen time, reducing junk food consumption and increasing physical activity will help in reducing the prevalence of life style diseases among school children. Further evaluation is necessary to determine the factors contributing to the increased prevalence of these disorders in private schools.

Metabolic Syndrome– An Ayurvedic Perspective

The prevalence of lifestyle diseases like hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and obesity, has been exponentially increasing. Metabolic Syndrome (MS) is a lifestyle disorder that has become a major public-health challenge around the world, owing to rising obesity and sedentary lifestyles. Abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and hyperlipidaemia were the common pathological conditions involved in MS. Ayurveda is the science intended for employing the measures of healthy life. There is no direct reference of metabolic syndrome in Ayurveda classics. Different scholars have different opinion about the nearest possible diseases. Some scholars included it in Medapradooshaja vikaras, while others classified it as Sthoulya upadravas or Avaranajanya vikaras. In Charaka Samhita, lack of physical activity and unhealthy eating habits which are the causes of lifestyle diseases are mentioned in Santharpaneeyam adhyayam. Aetiology and symptomatology of Santharpanajanya vikaras shows a remarkable similarity with metabolic syndrome, since it includes sedentary lifestyle and dietary factors. Therefore, MS can be included under the broad umbrella of Santhartanajanya vikaras and Ayurveda can put forward a better management strategy by reassessing the metabolic syndrome on the basis of Santharpanajanya vikaras

Prevalence of lifestyle diseases in Maharashtra: A comparison between NFHS-5 and NFHS-4 surveys.

ABSTRACTBackground:Lifestyle diseases are non-communicable diseases (NCDs) of long duration and slow progression and are result of combination of genetic, physiological, environmental and behavioural factors. NCDs kill approximately 41 million people (71% of global deaths) worldwide each year, which includes 14 million premature deaths aged between 30 and 70 years.Aim:The aim of this study is to compare prevalence of obesity, diabetes and hypertension in Maharashtra as per NFHS-4 (2015–16) and NFHS-5 survey (2019–20).Methods:This study was based on the data from the fifth round of National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5) and fourth round of National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4) for the state of Maharashtra. NFHS-5 survey for Maharashtra was conducted from 19 June 2019 to 30 December 2019.Results:Prevalence of Diabetes was observed as 12.4% among women and 13.6% among men, prevalence of hypertension was observed 23.1% among women and 24.4% among men and prevalence of increased Waist Hip ratio was seen 44.5% among women and 40.7% among men.Conclusion:It has been noted that the lifestyle diseases are on the rise as compared with the last decade. The policy makers should focus all these diseases as the need of the hour.

Prevalence, combinations and associations of components of MetS among adults aged 40 years and above from rural Kerala: a cross-sectional study

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a growing public health concern worldwide. A nation-wide diabetes screening campaign by the union health ministry found rural areas of selected district of Kerala had16% prevalence of lifestyle diseases. One of the objectives of WHO developed action plan for global implementation of strategies in prevention and control of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) advocates identifying MetS, a simple clinical tool, for predicting diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases among population. The study aimed to estimate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components among the adults aged 40 and above from rural Kerala and to determine the association with socio-demographic characteristics like co-variables of the study population.Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted among adult subjects aged 40 and above from rural field practice areas visiting RHTC. Socio-demographic profile, personal habits and history on NCDs recorded. Blood pressure and abdominal circumference measured. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), triglyceride (TG), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels were estimated. Modified NCEP-ATP III (SAS), 2009 criteria was used to diagnose MetS. Study variables were analysed for associations and comparison of means with appropriate statistical methods.Results: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) was 29.3%. 57.9% elevated FPG, 37% Triglyceridemia, 24% sub-optimal HDL, 38.3% abdominal obesity, 38.3% elevated BP, 52% insulin resistance were recorded. Among MetS subjects 50% were in 50-59 years age group and MetS had statistically significant association with age (p value 0.005).Conclusions: Moderate prevalence of metabolic syndrome among rural subjects needs strengthening health education and screening services on NCDs.

Prevalence of obesity and need for screening using tools like Indian Diabetes Risk Scale in Diabetes prevention among medical students

Introduction: The prevalence of lifestyle diseases in increasing throughout the world. They are increasingly taking over communicable diseases as the major cause of morbidity and mortality. Medical students usually have sedentary lifestyle coupled with high level of stress, owing to academic requirements. Hence, they are at a much higher risk of developing lifestyle diseases. Materials and Methods: Study subjects were administered a validated questionnaire to collect information related with the components of IDRS. Based on the score, they were divided into high risk, moderate risk and low risk. Data was analysed using the SPSS version 21. Result: Half of all the students were in the moderate risk group. The rest was distributed among low risk (17.33 %) and high risk (27.33%). Among those with low risk of developing T2DM, 73% were males, whereas females constituted 70.7% of those with high risk of developing T2DM. The association of developing T2DM was also highly significant with obesity. Statistically significant association of high T2DM risk were found with gender being female, family history of T2DM and BMI≥23 Kg/m2 Conclusion: IDRS has been shown to be an effective tool for screening populations. Hence, regular programs with IDRS along with blood sugar and lipid profile of moderate and high risk group along with stress management can be effective in supporting medical students to cope with demanding study and work conditions among medical students and doctors.

Serum GGT and serum ferritin as early markers for metabolic syndrome.

Background:In India, the prevalence of lifestyle diseases like diabetes, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome (MetS) is showing an upward trend. Gamma glutamate transferase (GGT) and ferritin increase oxidant stress in the body through their role in glutathione homeostasis and iron metabolism, respectively. The increase in oxidant stress increases the inflammatory load, a risk factor for metabolic syndrome. These parameters are cheap, patient-friendly, and available in routine diagnostic labs compatible for follow-up, relieving the already overburdened healthcare system.Methodology:In a case-control study, samples of 77 cases of metabolic syndrome and 77 age and sex-matched controls were analyzed for serum GGT (by modified IFCC) and serum ferritin (by CLIA). Statistical analysis was done by SPSS 20.0 version.Results:The mean ± SD for ferritin and GGT were 101.58 ± 84.20 ng/dL and 36.67 ± 26.40 IU/L, respectively in cases, whereas in control group these values were 38.38 ± 29.26 ng/dL and 16.5 3 ± 6.79 IU/L (P < 0.001). Positive and significant correlation was seen between GGT with TG (r-value- 0.376/P-value-0.001) and GGT with waist circumference (r-value- 0.298/P-value- 0.022). A positive and significant correlation was seen between GGT and ferritin in cases with an r-value of 0.307 (P-value - 0.01).Conclusion:The increased values of GGT and ferritin in cases suggest an inflammatory load. The positive and significant correlation between GGT and triglyceride indicates its role in increasing oxidants’ stress leading to inflammation and the development of MetS. The association of ferritin with MetS though insignificant may be considered as a biomarker.

Cardiovascular, muscular, and skeletal adaptations to recreational team handball training: a randomized controlled trial with young adult untrained men.

The prevalence of lifestyle diseases has escalated, and effective exercise training programmes are warranted. This study tested the hypothesis that regular participation in small-sided team handball training could provide beneficial health effects on cardiovascular, skeletal, and muscular parameters in young adult untrained men. Twenty-six untrained 20-30-year-old men were randomly allocated to either a team handball training group (HG; n = 14), which completed 1.9 ± 0.3 training sessions per week over 12 weeks, or an inactive control group (CG; n = 12). Physiological training adaptations were assessed pre- and post interventions by DXA scans, blood samples, muscle biopsies, and physical tests. The average heart rate during training was equivalent to 84 ± 4% of maximal heart rate. Compared to CG, HG displayed significant increases in VO2max (11 ± 6%), proximal femur bone mineral density (2 ± 1%), whole-body bone mineral content (2 ± 1%), intermittent endurance performance (32 ± 16%), incremental treadmill test performance (16 ± 7%) and muscle citrate synthase activity (22 ± 28%) as well as decreases in total fat mass (7 ± 7%) and total fat percentage (6 ± 7%) (all p < 0.05). There were no significant changes in muscle mass, blood pressure, resting heart rate, muscle hydroxyl-acyl-dehydrogenase activity, or blood lipids (all p > 0.05). Participation in regular recreational team handball training was associated with positive cardiovascular, skeletal, and muscular adaptations, including increased maximal oxygen uptake, increased muscle enzymatic activity, and improved bone mineralization as well as lower fat percentage. These findings suggest that recreational team handball training may be an effective health-promoting activity for young adult men.

Lifestyle factors and lifestyle diseases among rural population of Bengaluru rural district

Background: Rapid urbanization and industrialization is leading to increased lifestyle risk factors and thus lifestyle diseases. Lifestyle diseases are causing more number of deaths and disability worldwide in recent years. Recent studies have shown a higher risk of lifestyle diseases among rural population. Hence this study was conducted to assess the lifestyle factors and lifestyle diseases and to know the prevalence of lifestyle diseases among rural population. Study design and setting: Cross-sectional study in Rural Health Training Centre, Sapthagiri Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bengaluru.Methods: For a sample size of 108, systematic sampling was done and a questionnaire was administered. Data collected regarding lifestyle risk factors and diseases and analyzed using SPSS v 20. Results: 66 out of 108 participants (61.1%) had one or more lifestyle risk factors. Prevalence of lifestyle diseases was 37.03%. Hypertension was the most common disease with 27 (25%) cases followed by diabetes mellitus (16.7%) and asthma/COPD (7.5%). There was significant association between lifestyle factors like Tobacco and cigarette use, junk foods, overweight and obesity with lifestyle diseases. Conclusions: There is a need for population based program at primary level on lifestyle modification in the prevention of lifestyle diseases.

Morbidity Pattern and its Determinants among Tribal People in Kerala

While Kerala has been hailed for its development in social sectors, the available data show the remarkable finding that Kerala’s morbidity is the highest in India. Literature reveals two major streams of argument for this, one questioning the comparability of the reported rates of morbidity and the other admitting that the higher rates of morbidity actually represent the situation. The present study analyses the pattern of morbidity in Kerala, tries to analyse the morbidity pattern and finds out the reasons for highest morbidity in highest Monthly Per Capita Consumption Expenditure (MPCE) group and lower morbidity in ST households. The paper argues that the prevalence of lifestyle diseases among highest MPCE group is one critical reason for the high morbidity rates in Kerala. It also proposes urgent interventions on behalf of the government that can effectively counter the high rates of infectious diseases among ST households.

Overview of the Prevalence and Associated Risk, Factors of Lifestyle Diseases in University Students

Background: The prevalence of lifestyle diseases is increasing rapidly in Youths (17 - 25 yrs). Factors such as poor diet, little or no physical exercise, and smoking are major contributors to this increase. Lifestyle diseases in youths present a timeline challenge as disease duration is longer and financial burden more costly. Aim: To analyse and synthesize published literature on the prevalence of and risk factors associated with four lifestyle diseases—obesity, hypertension, diabetes and cancer—in university/college students worldwide. Results: The literature indicates that among lifestyle diseases in university/college students, overweight/obesity (Body Mass Index > 25 kg/m2) had the highest prevalence of 45.6% and duration of approximately 5 years. Cardiovascular diseases and hypertension had lower prevalence rates but prehypertension which lingers >4 years was at 32.0%. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) had a fairly high prevalence in college students (21.7%); type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was found in much lower percentage (12.95%). Cancer had the lowest prevalence of >2% but was increasing in most regions based on the presence of multiple risk factors. Conclusion: Increase prevalence of these diseases in youths indicates that young people are at high risk of developing these diseases due to poor early lifestyle habits. Early corrective measures can reduce the burden of many lifestyle diseases.

A study of food and nutrient intake of Punjabi adult males engaged in varied occupations

The combination of a healthy weight, prudent diet and daily physical activity clearly plays a role in primary, secondary and tertiary prevention of chronic diseases. Occupational level greatly influences the physical activity which in turn has significant effect on body composition. The present scenario of high prevalence of life style diseases is a serious threat to health and wellbeing of Punjabi community, the males being more prone due to their genetic pre-disposition. The study was conducted to determine the food and nutrient intake of adult males engaged in varied occupations. Thirty adult male subjects in the age group of 40 to 50 years from each category i.e. field workers, laboratory workers and office workers were selected from Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. The consumption of pulses, green leafy vegetables and other vegetables and fruits were inadequate while cereals, milk and milk products and fats and oils and sugars were adequate in all the three groups. Diets were inadequate for energy, protein but adequate for fat in all the three categories. The contribution of fats to total energy was higher i.e. more than 20 per cent in case of lab workers and office workers which was undesirable as it may lead to obesity and other degenerative disorders. Thiamine was found to be adequate while rest of the five vitamins namely niacin, folic acid, vitamin B 12 and vitamin C were inadequate in all the three groups. Iron intake was adequate in field workers but marginally inadequate in lab and office workers while calcium was inadequate in field workers. Excess consumption of food especially in the form of cereals, pulses, sugar, fats and oils resulted in gaining total body weight which may result in increased risk of degenerative diseases. Hence, it is recommended that people must be educated to consume adequate diet so as to achieve desirable body weights.

Assumptions about culture in discourse on ethnic minority health

This paper is interested in the way the concept of culture is deployed in documents aimed at investigating, informing on and promoting aspects of ethnic minority health. Within a health-political discourse focusing increasingly on individual lifestyles, ethnic minority health became subject to increased political and professional interest in the last decades of the twentieth and the first decade of the twenty-first century. Analysis of the discourse on ethnic minority health emerging in five texts addressing health professionals shows that the culture of ethnic minority citizens is primarily seen as contributing to low levels of knowledge about health and to adverse health behavior. Thus, the texts present cultural beliefs and practices as contributing to the high prevalence of lifestyle diseases among ethnic minority population groups. The analysis, however, demonstrates that a more nuanced discourse is evolving, taking the complexity of the culture concept into account. In accordance with Danish health-political priorities, the most recent text analyzed in this study promotes an individualistic approach to both ethnic minority and Danish ethnic majority citizens.

Governing women's active leisure: The gendered effects of calculative rationalities within Australian health policy

As part of the World Health Organisation's emphasis on increasing physical activity, countries such as Australia have developed new public health campaigns aimed at reducing the prevalence of lifestyle diseases (e.g. obesity, heart disease, diabetes). In response the Australian Federal and State governments implemented the Active Australia campaign (1997-2002) with the objective of increasing men and women's participation in active leisure pursuits and incidental activity. Drawing on the governmentality literature (Foucault, 1991; Dean, 1999; Rose, 1999) this article develops a feminist analysis of the implications of this increasing emphasis on promoting active leisure to women as a 'sedentary' population. It analyses the health-promotion rationalities and universal healthy lifestyle norms that inform the Active Australia campaign's attempts to mobilize women into being active. Within these policy discourses gender has been construed as a 'variable' shaping leisure behaviours, rather than central to the contemporary experience of feminine subjectivity and women's sense of physicality. A calculative logic is evident within active living policies that employ the self-management techniques of measured activity and self-scrutiny ('30 minutes a day, on most days'). This sets up a relation to self that is steeped in a mind/body opposition which privileges embodied activity as a form of biomechanical movement. In this way health policies ignore the embodied pleasures, meaningful social relationships and joyful potential of movement that women have identified in relation to leisure (Wearing, 1998). In contrast with the calculative discourses of physical activity, a feminist ethics of active living is explored in relation to the possibility of generating health policy discourses that embrace the lived body and the significance of pleasure in everyday well-being.