Prevalence Of Leisure-time Physical Activity Research Articles

Artificial intelligence to predict estimates of physical activity in small geographic areas

Abstract Background Artificial intelligence (AI) predictive models have been used to estimate the risk of a certain outcome occurring, using all available variables. Methods Using AI methods we have developed a small area estimation (SAE) technique to estimate the prevalence of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA), or who practices 150 minutes of LTPA per week, in small areas, in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, between 2009 and 2018, by the usage of k-means clustering. The VIGITEL, national telephone survey of Risk Factors for non-communicable diseases, was the main source. We applied available data to estimate prevalence of LTPA in 3300 census tracts, aggregated in 150 Primary Health Care (PHC) areas. The prevalence of PA was analyzed between two time periods, due to the low number of census tract interviews. With the available data, we estimate vulnerability clusters, derived from a Health Vulnerability Index (IVS), for the city of Belo Horizonte, according to socioeconomic, sanitation and health indicators, which measure the percentage of the population living in areas of vulnerability in the city. The index main purpose is to support public policy implementation. Results Nine clusters were identified according to the Silhouette coefficient analysis, i.e.: low (LO-0, LO-1), medium (ME-0, ME-1), high (HI-0, HI-1, HI-2) and very high) vulnerability (VH-0, VH-1. The prevalence of physical activity ranged from 23.7% (worst prevalence), in area of high vulnerability cluster (VH-1) to 45.5% in a low-risk cluster (LO-1) in period from 2009 to 2014. The prevalence of physical activity increased to 31.4% (high vulnerability cluster) to 52.81% (low-risk cluster) from 2014 to 2018. Conclusions The use of AI to estimate the prevalence of physical activity in small areas proved to be effective and highlighted important differences in the city. Thus, national surveys, with a small number of interviews per census sector, can be used to predict risks and health outcomes for small areas. Key messages • The study highlights the importance of using artificial intelligence to predict estimates of risk factors for chronic non-communicable diseases in small geographic areas. • The study showed less physical activity (PA) in areas of greater vulnerability. This can support health promotion policies and programs that encourage PA.

Leisure-time physical activity and cognitive function in the elderly community: population census

Adopting healthy habits, especially regular physical activity, is essential for healthy aging and cognitive health promotion. Objective: to describe the prevalence of leisure-time physical activity and its association with cognitive function in community-dwelling elderly. Methods: a cross-sectional, census-based study with individuals ≥ 60 years residing in Coxilha, Rio Grande do Sul in 2021. The level of physical activity, mental state, and sociodemographic characteristics were analyzed. Qualitative variables were presented in univariate frequency distributions and bivariate analysis through the chi-square test and Fisher's Exact Test. Results: Of the 519 elderly evaluated, only 11.4% were classified as physically active in their leisure time, being more common in elderly without cognitive decline (p=0.027). The other investigated variables did not show a significant association with the outcome (p>0.05). Conclusion: The prevalence of physically active elderly in leisure time is low, being more prevalent among those without cognitive decline.

Inequalities in Leisure-Time Physical Activity and Television Viewing According to Age Among a Brazilian Adult Population.

The present study aims to estimate leisure-time physical activity and television (TV) viewing curves according to age stratified by sex, area of residence, and socioeconomic position. Using data from the Brazilian National Health Survey, we estimated the prevalence of leisure-time physical activity and TV viewing according to continuous age. The estimates were calculated using fractional polynomials and stratified by sex, wealth, skin color, and area of residence. The sample included 87,376 adults (aged 18y or over). In general, leisure-time physical activity decreased according to age while TV viewing increased. Regarding behavior of curves according to stratifiers, for leisure-time physical activity the disadvantaged groups maintained a pattern of low physical activity across all age groups or presented the decrease earlier when compared to groups in social advantage. On the other hand, for TV viewing, women presented an increase in prevalence before men, and individuals living in the urban area and the wealthiest group were those with a higher increase according to age. Our findings may help researchers and policymakers further explore inequalities in physical activity across life in different settings, as well as develop sensitive cultural actions to support more vulnerable people to adopt public health recommendations.

Mudanças nas doenças crônicas e os fatores de risco e proteção antes e após a terceira onda da COVID-19 no Brasil

Abstract The present study aimed to compare changes in risk and protective behaviors for non-communicable diseases (NCDs), self-reported morbidity, and preventive cancer tests prior to and at the end of the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. This study analyzes a historical series from the Surveillance System of Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey (VIGITEL) for the years 2006 and 2021. Trends were analyzed using linear regression, and the Student’s t test was used to calculate differences between years. A decline in the prevalence of leisure-time physical activity (PA) and PA while commuting; and increased prevalence of adults with insufficient PA practice, sedentary behavior, and physical inactivity were observed. A worsening of the indicators of overweight, obesity, and diabetes was also observed during the pandemic. Hypertension was stable during the period from 2009 to 2019 and increased during the years of the pandemic. There was a reduction in the coverage of preventive mammograms and cervical cytology exams, differing from the previous trend. In conclusion, the findings point to the worsening of NCD indicators. Therefore, health promotion actions are a priority in this context.

Profile of leisure-time physical activity and sedentary behavior in adults in Brazil: a nationwide survey, 2019.

to estimate the prevalence of leisure-time physical activity and sedentary behavior in adults in Brazil. this was a cross-sectional, population-based study carried out in a sample of 88,531 Brazilians, using data from the 2019 National Health Survey; leisure-time physical activity (overall and aerobic exercise) was measured according to the World Health Organization guidelines; the weighted prevalence and respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) of physical activity, physical inactivity and sedentary behavior were estimated. according to the selected sample, 26.4% (95%CI 25.9;27.1) of Brazilian adults were physically active, 14.0% (95%CI 13.5;14.4) were insufficiently physically active and 59.5% (95%CI 58.8;60.2) were physically inactive; sedentary behavior ≥ 6 hours was reported by 30.1% (95%CI 29.5;30.8) of the population; only 8.6% (95%CI 8.2;8.9) met the recommendations for muscle-strengthening activities. most Brazilian adults were physically inactive and did not meet international recommendations for leisure-time physical activity and reduction in sedentary behavior.

Trend in physical activity patterns of pregnant women living in Brazilian capitals.

ABSTRACTOBJECTIVES To describe the trend of physical activity (PhA) in four domains performed by pregnant women living in Brazilian capitals and the Federal District (FD) and to verify the association between sociodemographic factors and the practice of leisure-time physical activity between 2007 and 2017.METHODS Time trend study carried out with data from the Surveillance System of Risk Factors for chronic diseases by telephone survey (Vigitel). A total of 3,730 pregnant women were interviewed in the period, considering sociodemographic variables (age, macro-region, work, marital status, schooling, skin color) and physical activity in the four domains (leisure-time, work, commuting, domestic – yes/no). For pregnant women who performed leisure-time physical activity, its duration was inquired, expressed in the variable PhA ≥ 150 minutes/week (yes/no). The time trend was evaluated by variance-weighted linear regression (average annual variation was expressed in percentage points – pp) and the association of sociodemographic factors with leisure-time physical activity by Poisson regression, with prevalence ratio (PR) estimation.RESULTS The prevalence of pregnant women with 12 years of schooling or more increased in the analyzed period (+1.37 pp/year), as well as the prevalence of pregnant women with more than 35 years of age (+1.11 pp/year) and those who work (+0.75 pp/year). The prevalence of leisure-time physical activity by pregnant women increased from 29.3% in 2007 to 37.6% in 2017 (+1.37 pp/year), and of PhA ≥ 150min/week from 2.3% to 20.6% (+2.33 pp/year), respectively, and there was a reduction in domestic physical activities from 63.9% to 38.9% (-1.65 pp/year). The prevalence of leisure-time physical activity was higher among pregnant women with more than 12 years of schooling (PR = 2.22; 95%CI: 1.73–2.84) as compared to those with less than 8 years of age, and lower among black/brown/indigenous pregnant women, compared to white/yellow ones (PR = 0.87; 95%CI: 0.78–0.97). The prevalence of PhA ≥ 150min/week increased according to years of schooling and age.CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of leisure-time physical activity and its performance for ≥ 150 minutes/week increased in the analyzed period, and both were directly associated with greater schooling.

Use of an Elevated Avenue for Leisure-Time Physical Activity by Adults from Downtown São Paulo, Brazil.

Leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) is associated with access and use of public open spaces. The President João Goulart Elevated Avenue, currently denominated Minhocão, is a facility for leisure activities that is open for people during the night and weekends. The aim of this study was to examine if the prevalence of LTPA among individuals living in the surroundings of Minhocão is different according to proximity to, and use of, the facility. We conducted a cross-sectional study with cluster sampling with people aged ≥18 years who lived in households up to 500 m, and between 501 m and 1500 m of Minhocão. The survey was conducted between December 2017 and March 2019 using an electronic questionnaire. We conducted a bivariate analysis and Poisson regression to examine possible differences in LTPA according to the proximity of residences and use of Minhocão. The analysis used post-stratification weights. A total of 12,030 telephone numbers of people were drawn (≤500 m = 6942; and >500 m to ≤1500 m = 5088). The final sample included 235 residents who returned the questionnaires. There was a higher prevalence of individuals engaging in at least 150 min per week of LTPA among users than non-users (Prevalence Ratio = 2.19, IC95% 1.66 to 2.90), independently of sex, age, education, the distance of houses to nearest accesses and number of barriers. The main five barriers related to the usage of the Minhocão were safety issues in and around the Minhocão, rainy weather, lack of vegetation, and lack of facilities. People who used the park had higher prevalence of all types of LTPA than non-users. The results can serve to inform government decision-making on the future of Minhocão.

Physical activity in birth cohorts of three Brazilian cities (Ribeirão Preto, Pelotas, and São Luís): A cross-sectional study.

To describe the prevalence of physical activity among subjects from birth cohorts of three cities located in different regions of Brazil according to sociodemographic characteristics and sex, comparing the relationships within and between cohorts. Cross-sectional study involving 12,724 adolescents and young adults who participated in five birth cohorts: Ribeirão Preto [1978/79 (37/39 years old in 2016) and 1994 (22 years in 2016)]; Pelotas [1982 (30 years in 2012) and 1993 (22 years in 2015)], and São Luís [1997/98 (18/19 years in 2016)]. Leisure-time physical activity was evaluated with questionnaires (insufficiently active: <150 min/week and active: ≥150 min/week) and moderate and vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was objectively measured by accelerometry. Those, in each city, were evaluated accordingly to skin color, socioeconomic classification, and study/work activities. The prevalence of leisure-time physical activity ranged from 29.2% at 30 years old in Pelotas to 54.6% among adolescents from São Luís. The prevalence of leisure-time physical activity was higher among younger people (54.6% in São Luís 1997), while the same was not observed for total physical activity. MVPA (3rd tercile) was higher in the cohorts from Pelotas and São Luís. The prevalence of leisure-time physical activity and MVPA was higher in men. The data showed that the variation in physical activity was associated with sex and sociodemographic conditions in all cohorts. Sociodemographic characteristics should be considered when promoting leisure-time physical activity and actions aimed at young people, and adults who are more socioeconomically vulnerable should be encouraged.

Socioeconomic and Gender Inequalities in Leisure-Time Physical Activity and Access to Public Policies in Brazil From 2013 to 2019.

This study aims to describe changes in gender and wealth inequalities in leisure-time physical activity (PA) of Brazilians during a 6-year interval. It also aims to evaluate inequalities regarding PA public programs awareness, participation, and access to public spaces for PA. Data from 2 population-based surveys conducted in 2013 and 2019 were used. Leisure-time PA prevalence was assessed considering those reporting ≥150minutes per week. The authors evaluated gender inequalities calculating differences and ratios, and wealth inequalities using the slope index of inequality and the concentration index- assessing changes over time. National levels of leisure-time PA increased from 2013 to 2019, and an increase in inequalities was observed; women and the poorest groups still presented lower prevalence. A decline in socioeconomic inequalities was observed from 2013 to 2019 regarding the availability of public spaces and awareness about public programs. However, outcomes remained more common among the richest group. Inequalities did not vary for participation in public programs. Although leisure-time PA increased from 2013 to 2019 at a national level, there were no improvements in gender inequalities, and wealth inequalities worsened over time. Indicators of public strategies for PA increased for the population, but inequalities remain.

Leisure-time physical activity among older adults in Brazil: results from the Brazilian National Health Survey – 2013

Introduction: Health behaviors are fundamental for healthy aging. In this sense, the practice of physical activity is one of the most beneficial factors for the health of individuals. Objective: To describe the prevalence of leisure-time physical activity among the older adults and analyze in terms of sociodemographic characteristics, national regions, Federative Units of Brazil, and types of physical activity practiced. Methods: Study utilizing data from the Brazilian National Health Survey - 2013. Leisure-time physical activity was analyzed with two distinct cutoff points: 1) Some physical activity - 10 or more minutes/week; 2) Meeting recommended 150 minutes/week of physical activity. Results: Nearly 21% of the older adults completed some physical activity, and 13.2% reached the physical activity recommendations. There was no difference in the prevalence of physical activity between men and women. Individuals aged 60-69 years and those with higher income were more active than their peers. As for the national regions, the North had the lowest prevalence of physically active older adults. Among all regions, walking was the most frequent form of physical activity practiced. Conclusion: The prevalence of older adults who practiced some physical activity and reached the physical activity recommendations was low, with walking being the most common form of physical activity. Older adults with higher age, low socioeconomic status and from the Northern Brazilian regions were the least active.

Time Trends and Sociodemographic Inequalities in Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors Among Brazilian Adults: National Surveys from 2003 to 2019.

The authors analyzed time trends and sociodemographic inequalities in different physical activity and sedentary behavior domains between 2003 and 2019. A secondary analysis of data from 5 cross-sectional Brazilian epidemiological surveys (World Health Survey-2003, National Household Sample Survey-2008/2015, and Brazilian Health Survey-2013/2019) conducted among a nationally representative sample of Brazilian adults. The authors used data on different domains of physical activity (leisure, commute, total transport, and total physical activity) and sedentary behavior (TV viewing and other types of screens) that were available in the different surveys. Gender, age group, country region, ethnicity, type of area and city, and quintiles of income and educational achievement were used as sociodemographic correlates. The prevalence of leisure-time physical activity increased over time (2008: 7.0% vs 2019: 26.5%). There was also an increased trend of social inequality in leisure-time physical activity. A trend of reduction was observed for active commuting (2008: 35.0% vs 2019: 21.8%), while total transport physical activity was stable (2013: 49.5% vs 2019: 49.6%). Directions of findings were opposite for sedentary behavior, with reduced trend for >3 hours per day of TV viewing (2008: 34.8% vs 2019: 21.8%) and increased trend for >3 hours per day of other types of screen time (2008: 6.4% vs 2019: 22.2%). A positive trend exists in leisure-time physical activity, but there was also an increase in social inequalities for physical activity in Brazil.

Increase in Regular Leisure-Time Physical Activity in Spanish Adults Between 1987 and 2017

The prevalence of leisure-time physical activity has increased in recent decades, but values differ significantly among countries. Owing to the improvement of living standards, a higher frequency of leisure-time physical activity is expected in Western countries such as Spain, but there is a lack of research involving large, representative samples during a prolonged temporal frame to confirm this tendency. Individual representative data from the 1987, 1993, 1995, 1997, 2001, 2011, and 2017 rounds of the Spanish National Health Survey were used. Statistical analyses were conducted from April 9, 2020 to May 5, 2020. A total of 114,813 participants (aged 43.9 [SD=16.7] years, 51.8% women) were included in the study. Crude linear trends in regular monthly and weekly leisure-time physical activity were estimated together using linear regression models across the survey years, which also served to estimate the regression coefficients (β) and 95% CIs for every year change. All age groups experienced significantly increased prevalence of regular leisure-time physical activity-either several times a month or several times a week-over time (p<0.001 for trend). Participants aged 16-17 years had the highest increase in the annual prevalence of regular leisure-time physical activity (β=0.8, 95% CI=0.7, 1.0). Additional adjusted multivariable logistic regression confirmed these trends. This study shows an increase in regular leisure-time physical activity among the adult Spanish population during the period from 1987 to 2017. Younger participants consistently presented higher prevalence levels than older participants.

Leisure time physical activity among Brazilian adults: National Health Survey 2013 and 2019.

The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence of leisure-time physical activity in 2013 and 2019 according to sociodemographic characteristics in Brazilian adults. We analyzed data from the National Health Surveys conducted in 2013 and 2019. Prevalence of leisure-time physical activity (150+ minutes per week in physical activities) was calculated according to gender, age, education, race/skin color, Federative Units, and regions of Brazil in 2013 and 2019. Poisson regression models and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were used to compare leisure-time physical activity across different groups in 2013 and 2019. The proportion of Brazilian adults active in leisure-time increased from 22.7% (95%CI 22.06-23.34) in 2013 to 30.1% (95%CI 29.44-30.67) in 2019. The prevalence of leisure-time physical activity increased between 2013 and 2019 in 23 of the 27 Federative Units in Brazil. Both in 2013 and in 2019, the proportion of active people during leisure time was higher in men, young people, with a high level of education and individuals with white skin color. Overall, the magnitude of the observed differences in leisure-time physical activity between sociodemographic groups slightly decreased from 2013 to 2019. Despite the increase in the prevalence of leisure-time physical activity among Brazilian adults in the last six years, marked sociodemographic inequalities persist. The success of future public policies to promote physical activity in leisure must be evaluated from the perspective of social determinants of health and the reduction of inequalities in the practice of physical activity.

Spatial analysis of leisure-time physical activity in an urban area.

To analyze the spatial distribution of the prevalence of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) in a Brazilian urban area and its association with the characteristics of the physical and social environments. A cross-sectional study conducted with data from the Surveillance System for Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Diseases from the years 2008-2010, in Belo Horizonte, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The outcome was the practice of LTPA and the independent variables were residential and population density, the density of places for physical activity, homicide rates, average family income, and health vulnerability index. The spatial scanning technique was employed to identify clusters with a high prevalence of PA at leisure time. The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare variables inside and outside the cluster. The sample included 5,779 participants, 33.3% (SE = 0.73) of whom reported sufficient PA during leisure time. We identified a significant cluster of a high prevalence of LTPA. After adjustments, the cluster presented a radius of 3,041.99 meters and 603 individuals, and 293 (48.6%) of them reported sufficient LTPA. The probability of performing sufficient LTPA in the cluster was 27% higher (PR = 1.27; p = 0.002) than in the coverage areas of primary healthcare units outside the cluster. There was a higher density of places for LTPA practice, higher population and residential density, and higher family income in the cluster. The results evidenced a cluster of high prevalence of LTPA in a privileged physical and socioeconomic environment in Belo Horizonte, even after adjustments, demonstrating that reducing inequalities can increase LTPA.

Musculoskeletal disorders and level of physical activity in welders.

Welders demonstrate a high prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), as indicated by high rates of illness-related absenteeism. Leisure time physical activity (LTPA) could be a preventive strategy. However, little is known about LTPA prevalence and its association with MSDs among welders. The aim of this study was to analyse the prevalence of MSD and LTPA levels among welders and to identify risk factors for the main disorder of low back pain (LBP). The following data were collected from 145 welders from 34 companies in the German steel industry: individual factors (demographics, health behaviour), job-related factors (welding process, welding hours per day, employment years, shift work, ergonomic tools) and MSD (Nordic questionnaire). LTPA (International Physical Activity Questionnaire) was calculated to determine the metabolic equivalent of task (MET) per week as an objective measure of energy expenditure. Prevalence and multivariate regression analysis were calculated to determine odds ratios (ORs). The 12-month prevalence of LBP was 71%, for neck pain 61% and for shoulder pain 55%. Forty-two per cent of the participants accumulated <600 MET/week. The multivariate regression model revealed LTPA <600 MET/week (OR 3.4, 95% CI 1.05-10.85) and neck pain in the previous 12 months (OR 5.2, 95% CI 2.02-13.56) to be significantly associated with LBP. The results show a high prevalence of MSDs and thus a strong requirement for intervention. Therefore, LTPA should be prioritized and employers should encourage access to regular activity.

Leisure-time Physical Activity and Fruit and Vegetable Intake of Young Adult Millennials.

This study aimed to identify the prevalence of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) and fruit and vegetable intake (FVI) behaviors and to examine relationships between biological, sociocultural, and psychological personal factors and these behaviors among young adult Millennials aged 20 years to 32 years. Descriptive and inferential statistics were performed on data from the 2013-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Of the 1,137 respondents, 47% met the recommendations for LTPA, and only 13% and 17% met the recommendations for intake of fruits and vegetables, respectively. Engagement in LTPA was associated with being male, race/ethnicity, and increased education and income. Obesity, measured by body mass index, and poor perceived health status were associated with not meeting the recommendations for LTPA. Increased education was associated with meeting the recommendations for vegetable intake. No other regression models were significant. These findings suggest contemporary young adults would benefit from health promotion efforts.

Leisure-Time Physical Activity Among Chinese Adults - China, 2015.

What is already known on this topic? Leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) such as sports, fitness, and recreation, is well documented to prevent chronic disease and improve health. The age-adjusted prevalence of regular LTPA was only 11.9% among Chinese adults in China in 2010. It has been reported that the age-adjusted LTPA prevalence increased from 7.13% in 2000 to 11.79% in 2011. What is added by this report? According to the latest available data, in 2015, the prevalence of LTPA and regular LTPA was 19.7% and 12.5% in adults aged 18 years old and above, respectively. Both LTPA and regular LTPA were lower in rural areas than in urban areas, higher in people with higher socioeconomic position, and varied across provinces. What are the implications for public health practice? To promote more people, especially those with lower socioeconomic position to participate in LTPA, great efforts are required to strengthen national and local policy initiatives, financial support, sports facility construction, and health education, especially in rural areas and in western China.

Fatores associados à atividade física de lazer entre idosos do município de São Paulo

Objective: Analyze the prevalence of Leisure-time Physical Activity in the Sufficient Leisure Domain (PASL) among elderly people living in the city of Sao Paulo and its association with sociodemographic characteristics, health behaviors, and morbidity. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with a sample of 693 elderly people (≥60 years old), living in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil, whose sociodemographic data, health behavior and morbidity were extracted from the system Surveillance of Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Diseases through Telephone Survey, referring to the year 2017. Descriptive statistics, association tests by chi-square, simple crude and adjusted logistic regression, by age, gender, and education, as well as multiple regressions were performed. Results: Prevalence of PASL among the elderly interviewed was 22.5% (n=156). Among the elderly with education >12 years, there was a greater chance of being active (OR=2.47; 95% CI 1.58-3.85) in relation to those with 0-8 years of study, as well as among those who presented a “good” health condition (OR=2.96; 95% CI 1.12-7.76) and “very good” (OR=5.14; 95% CI 1.86-14.23) in relation to those who reported having “Bad/very bad health/don't know. Conclusion: In the general context, it can be inferred that one in four elderly people living in the city of Sao Paulo practices enough physical activity during leisure. Among the elderly, the prevalence was higher among the younger ones, male, with a partner, white, higher education, with an occupation, which reported “very good” health condition, reported not having chronic diseases, consuming alcohol, and not being smoker.

Leisure-time physical activity and sports in the Brazilian population: A social disparity analysis.

ObjectivesTo estimate the prevalence of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) or sports in the Brazilian population according to demographic and income variables.MethodsData from 60,202 Brazilian individuals (18 years and over) were analyzed, belonging to the National Health Survey 2013 sample. The prevalence of different modalities of LTPA and sports was estimated according to age, sex, skin color and income. The adjusted prevalence ratios were estimated by Poisson regression.ResultsOf every thousand Brazilians, 695 do not practice LTPA or sports. Walking is the most practiced LTPA (98/1000), followed by soccer (68/1000) and weight training (45/1000). For poor and black men, the most frequent LTPA was soccer, and, for women, gymnastics and walking. The prevalence of weight training and gymnastics was higher for white people compared with black people. All LTPA practices were more prevalent in individuals with higher income, except for soccer. Running on a treadmill and weight training had, respectively, 24.7 and 6.4 times higher prevalence in the richer quartile.ConclusionsThe study allowed identifying the type of LTPA and sport reported as the most frequent by the Brazilian population according to age, sex, skin color, and income, detecting strong social disparities in these practices.

Built and Social Environment by Systematic Social Observation and Leisure-Time Physical Activity Report among Brazilian Adults: a Population-Based Study.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between built and social environment and leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) among adults living in an urban center. The individual data was from the household survey and the environmental data was assessed through systematic social observation by trained observers on street segments of respondents' residences. The relationship between environmental factors and LTPA was examined using multilevel logistic regression. The prevalence of LTPA was 30.2% (95% CI 27.4-32.9%). Individuals living in census tracts with higher walking environment indicators (OR = 1.20; 95% CI 1.02 to 1.40) and safety (OR = 1.18; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.38) were more likely to be active during leisure time, even after adjusting for individual variables. Improving the built and social environment is an important step for achieving higher levels of LTPA in the population in a middle-income country.