Prevalence Of Infectious Bursal Disease Research Articles

Infectious Bursal Diseases in Sonali Chicken in Joypurhat District of Bangladesh

The study was designed to investigate prevalence and risk factors of Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) in Sonali chicken in Joypurhat District of Bangladesh. Twenty-five sonali chicken farms with sum of 33,735 birds of various age groups from five different upazila were observed for Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD). The disease was diagnosed on the basis of history, clinical findings and postmortem lesions. The overall prevalence of IBD was 19.48% and mortality 5.85%. The highest prevalence 43.61% was significantly found (P<0.05) in Khetlal upazila and lowest 10.54% in kalai upazila. Chicken of 3 to 4 weeks age showed higher prevalence 21.68% than other age group. The prevalence was significantly higher in female 20.03% chicken than male 18.66%. Prevalence of IBD in sonali chicken was higher 46.15% in winter season and lowest 12.89% in rainy season. Vaccinated with AviPro® IB Ark (Elanco) significantly (P<0.05) reduces the prevalence and mortality rate of IBD. Prevalence was low in fumigated concrete farm. Treatment with a) Levofloxacine(10%) b) Vitamin-C (Ascorbic Acid-98%) c) Ph (Formic acid, Lactic acid, Propionic acid & HMTBa) d) Mollasses 5% e) Andopan significantly recovered the IBD infected chicken within 4±0.75 days. The necropsy findings of infected chicks revealed haemorrhages on thigh and breast muscles; enlarged, edematous, hyperemic and haemorrhagic Bursa of Fabricious followed by atrophy. In some cases, kidneys were found swollen. Therefore, it was concluded that susceptibility of chicks to IBD is influenced by its age, sex, season, vaccination and treatment with appropriate medicine have significant impact on Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD).

Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Infectious Bursal Disease in Chickens Managed Under Intensive and Backyard Production Systems in Western Oromia, Ethiopia.

BackgroundInfectious bursal disease (IBD) is a highly contagious viral disease challenging poultry industry throughout the world. It is also among the main obstacles in the different chicken production system in Ethiopia. This study was conducted with the aim of determining seroprevalence and associated risk factors of IBD in backyard and intensively managed chickens of the study area.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in selected districts of western Oromia on intensive and backyard production systems to investigate seroprevalence of IBD and associated risk factors from September 2020 to August 2021. A total of 384 chickens of either sex, 128 from each district, were included from three randomly selected peasant associations (PAs). In addition, 180 individual poultry keepers, of both sexes, and different educational backgrounds, were included for questionnaire survey (Supplementary Material). Data were analyzed using SPSS Version-20, and results were presented as percentages. The samples were processed by using (ProFLOKIBV, USA) indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (I-ELISA) kits.ResultsOut of 384 serum samples tested, 66.93% (n = 257) were found positive by indirect ELISA. The highest prevalence was recorded from Sasiga district Balo Bareda PA. Prevalence of IBD showed significant statistical association (p < 0.05) among owner education level, chicken rearing practice, origin and breed. Questionnaire survey results showed the majority of respondents lack sufficient knowledge about IBD and other chicken diseases. The practice of backyard chicken producers on vaccination and treatment of sick birds is limited.ConclusionIn conclusion, IBD is a major factor hindering production and health of birds. Proper vaccination programs coordinated with awareness creation of chicken owners on how to isolate and treat sick birds should be implemented.

English

The present study is aimed at investigating clinical poultry diseases in an Upazila Government Veterinary Hospital of Bangladesh through passive surveillance and to know the frequency distribution of antimicrobial drugs prescription pattern. The study was conducted in Ramu Upazila Government Veterinary Hospital under Cox’s Bazar district of Bangladesh from February to March, 2016. A total of 180 cases including 73 broiler, 84 layer, 18 duck and 5 pigeon were included in this study. Diseases were diagnosed based on clinical history, clinical signs, post mortem lesions and rapid kit test. The most prevalent diseases were Newcastle disease (ND) 17.8% (95% CI 12-24%), colibacillosis 11.5% (95% CI 6-17%), infectious bursal disease (IBD) 10.8% (95% CI 6-16%) and aspergillosis 9.6% (95% CI 5-14%) in broiler and layer chickens; duck plague 69.6% (95% CI 49-90%) in duck and pigeon pox 13% (95% CI 0.2-24%) in pigeon. Regarding production type, the prevalence of colibacillosis, IBD and aspergillosis was significantly higher in broiler chickens (17.8, 19.2 and 16.4%) when compared with layer chickens (6.0, 3.6 and 3.6%) (p<0.05). On the contrary, ND and avian influenza (AI) were significantly greater in layer (27.4 and 10.7%) than broiler chickens (6.8 and 1.4%). Within age group, aspergillosis and omphalitis were higher at 1 to 10 days age groups while IBD and ND were greater in older age groups. In layer chickens, the prevalence of ND, AI, salmonellosis and fowl cholera were recorded higher in number between the ages of 9 and 83 weeks. Among the antibiotic drugs, ciprofloxacin (46.7%), colistin (42.2%), trimethoprim and sulphur drug (37.8%) were mostly prescribed to treat the diseases. Poor biosecurity practices and lack of appropriate laboratory diagnostic facilities are associated with these disease distributions in the study area. Strict biosecurity and continuous surveillance program can minimize the disease prevalence. Key words: Poultry diseases, veterinary hospital, antimicrobial drugs, Bangladesh, surveillance.

Assessment of antibody assay methods in determination of prevalence of infectious bursal disease among local chickens and guinea fowls in Kwara state, North Central Nigeria.

Aim:This study aimed to assess available assay methods for infectious bursal disease (IBD) diagnosis and seromonitoring in local birds. It also sought to know the prevalence of IBD antibodies among local chickens and guinea fowls in Kwara state, North Central Nigeria.Materials and Methods:Sera were obtained from local chickens and guinea fowls and IBD virus (IBDV) antibodies were assayed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), indirect hemagglutination (IHA) test, and agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test.Results:A total of 265 sera were obtained from local birds during dry and wet seasons. ELISA recorded the highest prevalence of 81.1% (215/265) while IHA and AGID detected IBDV antibodies in 183 (69.1%) and 122 (46%) birds, respectively. Significant differences were established for IBD-positive sera based on the assay method used, bird species, and seasons.Conclusion:This study indicated that ELISA is the most sensitive and reliable assay method while AGID is the least. It also showed that there is a high prevalence of IBDV antibodies among local birds which were not vaccinated, and this implies a high IBDV activity among these bird species in the study area. This may have significant epidemiological implications on the spread of the virus to exotic bird reared in the rural areas on a commercial scale. Thus, this study suggests continuous surveillance, awareness campaign, and advocacy for vaccination of indigenous birds against IBD.

Seroprevalence of Infectious Bursal Disease in Backyard Chickens of Six Districts of North Shewa Zones of Oromia and Amhara Regions, Ethiopia

A cross-sectional study and questionnaire survey was carried from November 2009 up to April 2010 in North Shewa zone of Oromia and Amhara regions to determine prevalence of Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) in unvaccinated backyard chickens using commercial ELISA kit. The study revealed that IBD was prevalent 84.2% (95% CI= 80.6 - 87.8, n=399) in the study areas. Seroprevalence distribution of IBD were 96.2% (95% CI= 93.5-99.0) and 73.8% (95% CI= 67.9-79.8) in Amhara and Oromia regions, respectively. Chickens in the Amhara region were nine times susceptible for IBD than Chickens of Oromia region. There is no significant difference among sex and age groups of study animals. The study revealed that IBD were common in district of Kewet 98.6% (95% CI= 95.7-101.4), Basena Werena 95.1% ( 95% CI= 88.4-101.8), Debre Brehan 94.7 %( 95% CI= 89.5-99.8), W Jarso 78.0% (95% CI= 69.4-86.6), Dagam 71.2% (95% CI= 58.7-83.6) and Kuyu 70.4% (95% CI= 59.7-81.1). It indicates that IBD virus is extensively circulating throughout the study areas. Questionnaire survey revealed that backyard poultry production was suffered from multifaceted diseases which contributed 61% death losses of the chickens at age of a day old to market age. Generally, IBD prevalence among the indigenous chicken was escalated with a possible devastated effect on the vulnerable population of backyard poultry. Therefore, it warrants the vaccine development and implementation for control mechanisms. You can submit your Manuscripts at: https://symbiosisonlinepublishing.com/submitManuscript.php

Comparative Study on Newcastle Disease and Infectious Bursal Disease in Chicken Submitted to Upazilla Veterinary Hospital, Bogra Sadar, Bangladesh

The study was conducted on 123 chickens submitted to Upazila Veterinary Hospital, Bogra Sadar for the detection of Newcastle disease (ND) and Infectious Bursal disease (IBD) during the period of 9th February to 8th April 2017. On the basis of history and postmortem examination findings, the prevalence of ND and IBD was 8.13% and 23.58%, respectively. The morbidity was 6.19% and 3.69% in ND and IBD, respectively. The mortality of ND and IBD was 4.00% and 2.009%, respectively. The main pathological lesions observed in this study were pinpointed hemorrhage in the proventricular gland, thickness of proventriculus wall, hemorrhage in the duodenum in case of ND and hemorrhages on thigh and breast muscles; inflamed, edematous, hyperemic and hemorrhagic bursa of Fabricious in IBD. The study also showed that the chickens of more than 30 days old and chickens within 15-30 days old were highly susceptible to ND (27%) and IBD (44%), respectively.

A cross sectional study of Infectious Bursal Disease and Newcastle Disease in poultry in Narsingdi district of Bangladesh

Objective: A cross sectional study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) and Newcastle Disease (ND) in poultry of Narsingdi district, Bangladesh. Materials and methods: Post mortem of a total of 208 dead birds were done for the diagnosis purpose. Different poultry species included in this study included broilers, layers, pigeon, duck etc. Results: Among the examined birds, 38% were found to be affected with IBD, and 11% were affected with ND. Age of the birds for both IBD (19.95; 95%CI: 16-23) and ND (122.23; 95%CI: 98.62-145.83); and flock size only for IBD (1317; 95%CI: 1175-1460) was found significantly associated. The chicks aging between 16-23 days and flock size between 1175-1460 were found to be the most susceptible group to IBD, and adult poultry (98.62-145.83 days old) was mostly susceptible to ND. Conclusion: IBD and ND are highly prevalent in the study area. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct effective control measures to reduce the prevalence of these diseases. This study can help in designing appropriate control measures considering risk factors of these diseases. http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2016.c181

Prevalence of Diseases in Commercial Chickens at Sylhet Division of Bangladesh

The study was undertaken to determine the prevalence diseases in commercial chickens in Sylhet region of Bangladesh. Among the diseases prevalence of infectious bursal disease (IBD) is higher (22%) followed by colibacillosis (14.03%), Newcastle disease (ND) (13.84%), salmonellosis (12.18%), chronic respiratory disease (CRD) (11.66%), coccidiosis (7.87%), aspergillosis (7.2%), omphalitis (5.31%), fowl cholera (2.70%), fowl pox (0.28%), nutritional deficiency (0.23%), lymphoid leucosis (0.14%) and some mixed infections like salmonellosis plus E. coli (1.14%), IBD plus coccidiosis (0.71%), ND plus colibacillosis (0.71%). According to the age groups, disease prevalence was recorded as 33.41% among the age group of 21-35 days followed by 8-20 days age group (21%), 61- above days age group (17.49%), 36-60 days age group (15.92%) and 0-8 days age group (12.18%) of commercial chickens. The distribution and proportionate occurrence of diseases in chickens of Bangladesh indicated that the diseases frequently occurred in summer season (39.85 %) followed by winter (32.80%) and rainy season (27.35%).

Prevalence of Infectious Bursal Disease (Gumboro) Antibodies in Village Chickens in Gombe State, Northeastern Nigeria

Prevalence of Infectious Bursal Disease (Gumboro) Antibodies in Village Chickens in Gombe State, Northeastern Nigeria

Antiviral effects of the constituents derived from Chinese herb medicines on infectious bursal disease virus

Context: The prevalence of infectious bursal disease has brought about enormous financial losses to the world poultry industry. Chinese herb medicines can provide valuable materials for discovery and development of new drugs.Objective: To screen constituents derived from Chinese herb medicines for their antiviral activity against infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) in vitro.Materials and methods: Twenty constituents derived from Chinese herb medicines and B87 strain of IBDV were used. The 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) and 50% effective concentration (EC50) were determined by visualization of cytopathologic effect (CPE) and 3-(4,5-dimethyithiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide (MTT) test on chicken embryo fibroblast. Selectivity index (SI) and inhibition ratio (%I) were calculated from the data obtained from the MTT test.Results: Antiviral assays showed dipotassium glycyrrhizinate and ligustrazine hydrochloride among the 20 constituents tested exhibited significant inhibitory activity against IBDV in a dose-dependent manner. EC50 of dipotassium glycyrrhizinate and ligustrazine hydrochloride were 663.2 ± 268.4 and 92.52 ± 21.13 µg/mL, and SI were >4.52 and >21.62, respectively. The time-of-addition and virucidal assay indicated that anti-IBDV activity of the two constituents could be due to their inhibiting virus replication and/or inactivating virus directly. The inhibition of virus attachment was not observed in the adsorption inhibition assay. Dipotassium glycyrrhizinate and ligustrazine hydrochloride exhibited more than 70% and 80% inhibition of IBDV, respectively, at the maximum safe concentration.Discussion and conclusion: We believe that dipotassium glycyrrhizinate and ligustrazine hydrochloride can be used to develop a new anti-IBDV compound, and it is worth applying the constituents in clinical practice.

English

Cross-sectional study was conducted from November, 2009 to May, 2010 to determine the seroprevalence of infectious bursal disease (IBD) in backyard chickens and&nbsp;to identify the likely potential risk factors&nbsp;in selected sites in Central Oromia, Ethiopia.&nbsp;The study methods involved collection of serum samples, questionnaire surveys, and serological task conducted in laboratories.&nbsp;Accordingly, a total of 276 local backyard chickens were sampled. The sampling involved all chickens at different age groups of both sexes and with no history of previous vaccination against IBD.&nbsp;The samples were processed by using ProFLOK&reg; PLUS indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Out of 276 serum samples tested, 227 were positive for indirect ELISA technique and the overall prevalence of IBD in the study area was found to be 82.2% (227/276). The prevalence of IBD was significantly influenced by site (X2&nbsp;= 44.353, P = 0.000). However, no significant difference was observed between age groups (X2&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.535, P = 0.464) and sex (X2&nbsp;= 0.25, P = 0.870). The questionnaire also revealed that all the chickens raised in the household were non-vaccinated (100%), majority of them (70%) used own source of replacement chickens and 60% of the house hold poultry producers have no information about the disease. Furthermore, 70% of the farmers did not use disinfectants. Therefore, it can be concluded that IBD have high prevalence in Central Oromia, Ethiopia, and serious attention is warranted. &nbsp; Key words:&nbsp;Seroprevalence, infectious bursal disease (IBD), indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), backyard chickens, Central Oromia Ethiopia.

Infectious bursal disease: seroprevalence and associated risk factors in major poultry rearing areas of Ethiopia

The study was conducted in eight districts of Ethiopia with the objectives of determining the seroprevalence and associated risk factors of infectious bursal disease (IBD). From the total of 2,597 chicken serum samples examined using ELISA, 83.1 % were found positive. The highest seroprevalence was found at Mekele (90.3 %) while the lowest was recorded at Gondar district (69.8 %). These differences among the study areas were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Highest seroprevalence was found in crossbreed of chicken (91.4 %) while the lowest was recorded in indigenous breed of chicken (81.4 %). This difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05) among the three breeds of chickens, but sex was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). The seroprevalence of the disease was found high in young (≤ 8 weeks) age group (86.6 %) while the lowest prevalence was recorded in adults (>8 weeks) (72 %). This is also statistically significant (p < 0.05) between young and adult age groups. The prevalence of IBD in different production system indicated that higher seroprevalence was recorded in intensive production system (85.9 %) while the lowest was recorded in extensive production system (81.6 %). This difference is also statistically significant (p < 0.05).

Does Trichomes on the Plant Epidermic Surface Disturb Ants Locomotion?

Fifty broiler farms of district Peshawar suspected for infectious bursal disease (IBD) were studied during the period of 25 th September to 20 th October 2007. On the basis of history and detailed postmortem pathological lesions, the prevalence of IBD in district Peshawar was 7.75% and was highest in town 3 of Peshawar district (8.085%). The mortality and morbidity rates were found to be 6.38% and 1.35%, respectively. In district Peshawar the highest mortality rate was recorded in town 1 of district Peshawar with 7.037% and morbidity was highest in town 2 with 1.847%. The major macroscopic lesions observed in this study were hemorrhages on thigh and breast muscles, kidneys were found swollen and principal lesions were in the bursa of fabricious which appeared inflamed, edematous, hyperemic and finally hemorrhagic and atrophied. Four weeks old broilers were highly susceptible to IBD (38%) followed by 3 rd week (28%) and 5 th week (28%) and no clinical case was found positive for IBD in first two weeks of age.

Prevalence and Economic Losses Due to Infectious Bursal Disease in Broilers in Mirpur and Kotli Districts of Kashmir

A systematic investigation was performed on the outbreaks of Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) using data compiled during the years 1997 and 1998 from 50 broiler farms in Mirpur and Kotli districts. Average mortality due to IBD was 15.31±1.04% with a coefficient of variation of 48.04%. Farms located at various places and vitamin supplementation had no effect on mortality caused by IBD. Season, floor space/broiler, age of the bird, immunization schedule, interval between two batches, presence of coccidiosis in a flock and hygienic status of the farm had a significant effect (p 0.09m /broiler) or optimally utilized housing (13.04±1.06%; 0.09m /broiler). 2 2 Significantly higher (p<0.05) losses were found in broilers at the age above 32 days (17.66±1.51%) than in broilers at 19-23 days of age (12.42±1.97%). Prevalence of IBD was higher (p<0.05) in those flocks immunized only once in their production life (23.03±1.27%) than in those produced under a standar d immunization schedule (7.61±4.89%). Losses due to IBD were also higher when the duration between two batches was one week (22.28±10.28%) than at four week duration between two batches (12.80±2.78%). Insignificant differences were assessed in losses due to IBD when inter flock interval was either 2 or 3 week periods. Significantly higher (p<0.05) losses were found due to IBD in flocks experiencing coccidiosis problem (17.90±1.20%) than those having no coccidiosis problem before the onset of IBD (12.73±1.85%). Losses were less in flocks maintained under good hygienic conditions (6.03±1.33%) than those under poor hygienic conditions (21.63±2.19%). Mean economic losses due to IBD per broiler flock of 1734.50±119.91 and a flock of 1000 birds were Rs. 7846.87±1169.81/ and Rs. 4523.99±447.56/, respectively. Economic losses/year for the aforementioned flocks was Rs. 31701.38±2345.36/- and Rs. 18276.96±2388.91/-, respectively. Optimal utilization of floor space/broiler, protection of birds from extreme climatic conditions, following recommended immunization schedule, maintenance of good hygienic conditions at the farm and a flock interval of at least more than one week are suggested as important factors for reducing losses due to IBD in broilers in Mirpur and Kotli districts of Kashmir.