Prevalence Of Impaired Fasting Glycaemia Research Articles

Prevalence of carbohydrate metabolism disorders and association with cardiovascular diseases in a large Siberian region

Aim. To study the prevalence of carbohydrate metabolism disorders in a repre - sentative sample of the working-age population of the Krasnoyarsk Krai aged 25-64 years and to identify the association of these disorders with cardiovascular pathology.Material and methods. A random representative sample within the all-Russian epidemiological study ESSE-RF included 1603 residents of the Krasnoyarsk Krai aged 25 to 64 years. The gradation of carbohydrate metabolism disorders was carried out on the basis of fasting plasma glucose level in accordance with the criteria of the American Diabetes Association (ADA). Hypertension (HTN) was defined as office BP ≥140/90 mm Hg or an indication of previous use of antihypertensive drugs. The presence of myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, coronary artery disease (CAD) was detected by anamnesis collection. Statistical processing was carried out using IBM SPSS v 22 and Microsoft Excel 2021 programs. When comparing differences by sex, age, level of education, and type of residence, differences was assessed by chi-squared test and considered significant at p≤0,05.Results. In total representative sample of Krasnoyarsk Krai population, 3,6% of participants indicated prior diabetes, while its prevalence naturally increased with age. The detection rate of fasting glucose of 5,6-6,9 mmol/l among individuals without prior diabetes (impaired fasting glycemia (IFG), as one of the criteria for prediabetes, according to ADA guidelines) was 22,5% of the general population. Fasting hyperglycemia (HG) ≥7,0 mmol/l without prior diabetes was registered in 3,8%. This figure can be roughly considered as the proportion of people with newly diagnosed diabetes. IFG and HG were significantly more common among men, as well as among those with primary and secondary education compared with higher education. In rural residents, all types of carbohydrate metabolism disorders were more common than in urban ones. Compared with the normoglycemic group, the presence of prior diabetes, IFG and GH was associated with a significantly higher prevalence of hypertension, CAD and stroke.Conclusion. The prevalence of IFG, fasting HG ≥7,0 mmol/l and diagnosed diabetes in a representative sample of the Krasnoyarsk Krai aged 25-64 years exceeds the national average, although it is consistent with the data of a number of other Siberian regions. The prevalence of both carbohydrate metabolism disorders in general and the percentage of possible undiagnosed diabetes increases with age. At the same time, there are more such individuals among those with primary and secondary education, as well as among rural residents. The approximate proportion of undiagnosed diabetes in the study population reaches 50%. Timely detection of carbohydrate metabolism disorders can contribute to the earlier implementation of active preventive measures and reduce the risk of cardiovascular events.

Prevalence and predictors of glucose metabolism disorders among People Living with HIV on combination antiretroviral therapy.

ObjectiveWe investigated prevalence and predictors of glucose metabolism disorders (GMDs) among People Living with HIV (PLWH) on efavirenz- and atazanavir/ritonavir-based combination antiretroviral therapy (cART).MethodsThis cross-sectional study involved adult PLWH on efavirenz- (n = 240) and atazanavir/ritonavir-based (n = 111) cART. The prevalence of GMDs was determined by fasting serum glucose, insulin, and homeostasis model assessment. A logistic regression model was used to determine predictors.ResultsThe overall prevalence of GMDs for all regimens was 27.6% (97/351) [95% CI 23.0–32.6%] s, with 31.1% (75/240) [95% CI 25.4–37.5%] for efavirenz-based and 19.8% (22/111) [95% CI 12.9–28.5%)] for atazanavir/ritonavir-based cART group. The prevalence of impaired fasting glycemia was significantly higher (p = 0.026) in the efavirenz- [(15.4%) (37/240); 95%CI (11.1–20.6%)] than atazanavir/ritonavir-based [(7.2%) (8/111), (95%CI (3.2–13.7%)] cART. However, no significant difference was observed in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance between the two regimens. Age ≥46 years old and specific type of ARV contained in cART, such as TDF, were independent predictors of GMD in both groups. Whereas the male gender and BMI category were predictors of GMDs among EFV-based cART group, AZT- and ABC- containing regimens and triglyceride levels were predictors in the ATV/r-based group.ConclusionsGMDs were highly prevalent among adults on EFV- than ATV/r-based cARTs. Age ≥46 years and TDF-containing cARTs are common predictors in both regimens. Close monitoring for impaired fasting glucose during long-term EFV-based cART is recommended for early diagnosis of type-2 diabetes and management.

Prevalence and risk factors for impaired glucose regulation among first-degree relatives of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Maiduguri, Northeastern Nigeria

Background/Purpose: Owing to genetic predilection of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), the risk of developing impaired glucose metabolism is thought to be higher in first-degree relatives (FDRs) of those with T2DM. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and impaired fasting glycemia (IFG) and its associated risk factors in FDRs of patients with T2DM. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study of 320 cases (FDRs of T2DM outpatients) aged ≥25 years (145 males and 175 females) and 160 controls (76 males, 84 females) who were age and sex matched. All subjects underwent anthropometric, physical activity, and laboratory assessments after an overnight fast. Oral glucose tolerance test with 75g anhydrous glucose was administered. Fasting plasma glucose of 6.1–6.9 mmol/L and 2-h post-fasting glucose value of 7.8–11.0 mmol/L were used to define IFG and IGT, respectively. Statistical analysis was carried out using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software, version 20 (SPSS, Chicago, Illinois), and P value of <0.05 was considered significant. Results: The mean (standard deviation) age of the cases and controls was 38.4 (12.3) and 38.9 (10.3) years, respectively, P = 0.66. The prevalence rates of both IGT and IFG in cases and controls were (28.1% vs. 18.1%, P = 0.019 and 10.3% vs. 5.6%, P = 0.0001). The prevalence of IGT and IFG was found to be higher among females, P < 0.05. Multivariate analysis revealed abnormal waist circumference, being FDR, and elevated systolic blood pressure as risk factors for both the IGT and IFG, P < 0.05. Conclusion: FDRs of patients with T2DM are at higher risk of IGT or IFG. The risk increases with the development of obesity and elevated blood pressure in them.

Prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus among adult population of District Srinagar

Over the previous 30 years, the status of diabetes has changed from being considered as a mellow issue of the elderly to one of the significant reasons for morbidity and mortality influencing the young and moderately aged individuals. The aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and impaired fasting glycemia (IFG) in the adult population, age ≥ 20 years of District Srinagar and determine its sociodemographic and lifestyle correlates. The study was conducted among the adult population of District Srinagar with a sample size of 580. A three-stage cluster random sampling design was used, and study participants were selected using a Kish grid method. Sociodemographic data, anthropometric data, and other data were collected as per the pretested semi-structured proforma. The participants were then subjected to fasting venous blood glucose estimation. The American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria 2015 were used for classifying the subjects as normal, pre-diabetic, and diabetics. The prevalence of T2DM was 9.8% and that of IFG was 22.2%,the majority of them (9.1%) had known T2DM. The prevalence of IFG and T2DM was statistically associated with increasing age (p < 0.001), marital status (p < 0.001), educational status (p < 0.001), high chocolates and carbonated drinks consumption (p < 0.001), level of physical inactivity (p < 0.05), body mass index (p < 0.001), family history of T2DM (p < 0.001), and smoking behavior and hypertension (p < 0.001). Our analysis suggests an increase in the prevalence of T2DM in District Srinagar.

Prevalence and Correlates of Glucose Homeostasis Abnormalities in the Far-North Region Cameroon

Background: Evidence indicates a growing burden of glucose homeostasis abnormalities (namely type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and prediabetes) in Cameroun. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and correlates of glucose homeostasis abnormalities (GHA) in the Far-North region of Cameroon, where these variables have not been explored so far. Methods: We included in this population-based cross-sectional survey 461 participants living urban area (Maroua) and 428 dwellers living in rural area (Tokombere) aged at least 18 years, using a multistage-cluster sampling frame. In all participants, we recorded sociodemographic, medical history, clinical data and fasting blood (capillary) glucose (FBG). Diabetes was considered for FBG ≥ 126 mg/dL or being on glucose-lowering medications, and impaired fasting glycemia (IFG) for FBG 100 - 125 mg/dL. Results: The overall age-standardized prevalence of GHA, IFG and diabetes was 33.6%, 21.7% and 11.9%, respectively. Those data were similar between urban and rural areas. Determinants of GHA were age, overweight/obesity, abdominal obesity and hypertension. IFG was only related to abdominal obesity, while diabetes was related to age, family history of diabetes, overweight/obesity, abdominal obesity and hypertension. Conclusion: Glucose homeostasis abnormalities are alarmingly high in Far North Cameroon. Efforts are needed to promote healthier lifestyles and initiate diabetes-screening campaigns in Cameroon.

Blood Glucose Disorders and Access to Health Care Services Among Adults Aged 30 to 69 Years in Chi Linh, Hai Duong, Vietnam.

Planning for control of diabetes in Vietnam needs valid information about the burden of diseases in general population. This study employed a cross-sectional design among population aged 30 to 69 years to measure the burden of type 2 diabetes and gaps in access to health care to explore the negative effects of rapid economic growth and urbanization in Chi Linh in recent years. A total of 594 adults were interviewed and had their fasting blood glucose tested. Results indicated that the prevalence of impaired fasting glycaemia was 11.8% and of diabetes was 12.1%. Only 16.8% diabetes cases detected in this study were diagnosed before, indicating a high level of unmet needs for detecting/managing diabetes in Chi Linh population. Significant associated factors with abnormal blood glucose included age and body mass index level. Without effective intervention programs for diabetes control and management, its burden will continue raising in the coming years. Chi Linh need to strengthen the diagnostic/treatment services at primary health care levels to ensure that people at early stage of raised blood pressure, raised blood glucose can be detected and provided with proper management to avoid serious complications, and to reduce hospital overload at central level.

Abstract # OR-15: Prevalence of Impaired Fasting Glycemia and Related Risk Factors in Population at Risk For Type 2 Diabetes According to the Ada Criteria: Risk Study Results–III

Abstract # OR-15: Prevalence of Impaired Fasting Glycemia and Related Risk Factors in Population at Risk For Type 2 Diabetes According to the Ada Criteria: Risk Study Results–III

Prevalence and correlates of diabetes mellitus in Uganda: a population-based national survey.

We analysed fasting blood glucose (FBG) and other data collected as part of a population-based nationwide non-communicable disease risk factor survey, to estimate the prevalence of impaired fasting glycaemia (IFG) and diabetes mellitus and to identify associated factors in Uganda. The nationwide cross-sectional survey was conducted between April and July 2014. Participants were adults aged 18-69 years. A multistage stratified sample design was used to produce a national representative sample. Fasting capillary glucose was measured to estimate glycaemia. Data were managed with WHO e-STEPs software and Epi Info. Stata(®) survey procedures were used to account for the sampling design, and sampling weights were used to account for differential probability of selection between strata. Of the 3689 participants, 1467 (39.8%) were males, and 2713 (73.5%) resided in the rural areas. The mean age was 35.1 years (standard deviation = 12.6) for males and 35.8 years (13.2) for females. The overall prevalence of IFG was 2.0% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.5-2.5%), whereas that of diabetes mellitus was 1.4% (95% CI 0.9-1.9%). The prevalence of IFG was 2.1% (95% CI 1.3-2.9%) among males and 1.9% (95% CI 1.3-2.6%) among females, whereas that of diabetes mellitus was 1.6% (95% CI 0.8-2.6%) and 1.1% (95% CI 0.6-1.7%), respectively. The prevalence of IFG was 2.6% (95% CI 1.4-3.8%) among urban and 1.9% (95% CI 1.3-2.4%) among rural residents, whereas that of diabetes mellitus was 2.7% (95% CI 1.4-4.1) and 1.0% (95% 0.5-1.6%), respectively. The majority of participants identified with hyperglycaemia (90.5% IFG and 48.9% diabetes) were not aware of their hyperglycaemic status. Factors associated with IFG were region of residence, body mass index and total cholesterol; factors associated with diabetes mellitus were age, sex, household floor finish and abdominal obesity. The prevalence of IFG and of diabetes mellitus is low in the Ugandan population, providing an opportunity for the prevention of diabetes. The majority of persons with hyperglycaemia were not aware of their hyperglycaemic status, which implies a likelihood of presenting late with complications.

The prevalence of prediabetes, diabetes, and insulin resistance among urban obese children of south Andhra Pradesh in India

Obesity is increasing rapidly in developing countries undergoing rapid nutrition and lifestyle transition. Obesity and associated insulin resistance are considered the main risk factors for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus, regardless of genetic predisposition. The aim of this study is to analyze the prevalence of prediabetes (impaired fasting glycemia (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)), diabetes, and insulin resistance in obese children/adolescents. In this prospective study, a total of 224 obese children/adolescents were recruited. All patients underwent oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) with blood samples at 0 and 2 h. Fasting insulin and lipid profiles were also estimated in each case. The prevalence of IFG, IGT, and type 2 DM in obese children was found to be 8.33 % (6/72), 9.72 % (7/72), and 1.38 % (1/72), respectively. Similarly, the prevalence of IFG, IGT, and type 2 DM in obese adolescents was found to be 9.86 % (15/152), 15.78 % (24/152), and 1.97 % (3/152), respectively. The prevalence of insulin resistance in obese children was 33.33 % (24/72) and adolescents was 47.36 (72/152). Also, 2-h plasma glucose (P = 0.014) was significantly elevated in the insulin-resistant group compared to the group without insulin resistance in obese children/adolescents. IGT and insulin resistance are highly prevalent in obese children/adolescents. Therefore, obese children/adolescents are more prone to prediabetes and type 2 DM is to be screened by OGTT.

Type 2 diabetes-related genetic risk scores associated with variations in fasting plasma glucose and development of impaired glucose homeostasis in the prospective DESIR study.

Genome-wide association studies have firmly established 65 independent European-derived loci associated with type 2 diabetes and 36 loci contributing to variations in fasting plasma glucose (FPG). Using individual data from the Data from an Epidemiological Study on the Insulin Resistance Syndrome (DESIR) prospective study, we evaluated the contribution of three genetic risk scores (GRS) to variations in metabolic traits, and to the incidence and prevalence of impaired fasting glycaemia (IFG) and type 2 diabetes. Three GRS (GRS-1, 65 type 2 diabetes-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs]; GRS-2, GRS-1 combined with 24 FPG-raising SNPs; and GRS-3, FPG-raising SNPs alone) were analysed in 4,075 DESIR study participants. GRS-mediated effects on longitudinal variations in quantitative traits were assessed in 3,927 nondiabetic individuals using multivariate linear mixed models, and on the incidence and prevalence of hyperglycaemia at 9years using Cox and logistic regression models. The contribution of each GRS to risk prediction was evaluated using the C-statistic and net reclassification improvement (NRI) analysis. The two most inclusive GRS were significantly associated with increased FPG (β = 0.0011mmol/l per year per risk allele, p GRS-1 = 8.2 × 10(-5) and p GRS-2 = 6.0 × 10(-6)), increased incidence of IFG and type 2 diabetes (per allele: HR GRS-1 1.03, p = 4.3 × 10(-9) and HR GRS-2 1.04, p = 1.0 × 10(-16)), and the 9year prevalence (OR GRS-1 1.13 [95% CI 1.10, 1.17], p = 1.9 × 10(-14) for type 2 diabetes only; OR GRS-2 1.07 [95% CI 1.05, 1.08], p = 7.8 × 10(-25), for IFG and type 2 diabetes). No significant interaction was found between GRS-1 or GRS-2 and potential confounding factors. Each GRS yielded a modest, but significant, improvement in overall reclassification rates (NRI GRS-1 17.3%, p = 6.6 × 10(-7); NRI GRS-2 17.6%, p = 4.2 × 10(-7); NRI GRS-3 13.1%, p = 1.7 × 10(-4)). Polygenic scores based on combined genetic information from type 2 diabetes risk and FPG variation contribute to discriminating middle-aged individuals at risk of developing type 2 diabetes in a general population.

The lactase persistence genotype is associated with body mass index and dairy consumption in the D.E.S.I.R. study

ObjectiveThe T allele of a functional polymorphism (rs4988235: LCT-13910 C>T), close to the lactase gene, correlates with lactase persistence (LP) in adults. The LP genotype (TT+TC) has been associated with a higher BMI in European populations in cross-sectional studies. In the French D.E.S.I.R. cohort, a high consumption of dairy products was associated with a lower body weight gain over 9-years, and with a lower incidence of high plasma glucose levels and/or the metabolic syndrome. Our aim was to test in this study, the association of rs4988235 with BMI and related metabolic diseases, in interaction with dairy product consumption. MethodsAmong 5212 subjects from D.E.S.I.R., 3575 Caucasians born in mainland France were genotyped and followed over 9years. ResultsThose with the LP genotype (frequency: 78.5%) had a higher dairy product consumption, at inclusion and at year-9 (P<0.001). They also had a higher BMI at both time points (difference=0.3kg/m2, P=0.05), but this effect was restricted to medium/high dairy product consumers (difference=0.5kg/m2, P=0.006). This genotype was also associated with the metabolic syndrome (IDF definition), but this association disappeared after adjustment for BMI. In the whole population, the C allele was associated with a higher prevalence of impaired fasting glycemia and/or type 2 diabetes. ConclusionsThe lactase persistence genotype was shown to be associated with a higher BMI in a longitudinal study, mainly in those consuming high amounts of dairy products. The association of the C allele, responsible for lactase non-persistence, with the risk of hyperglycemia needs to be replicated.

Coronary Heart Disease in a Remote Area

A study on coronary heart disease (CHD) in a remote area, Ceningan Island,was conducted.The nutrition states based on BMI were underweight,19.3%; normoweight, 54.9%; and overweight at risk, 13.3%; obese I, 9.5%; and obese II, 3.0%. The prevalence of impaired fasting glycemia (IFG), 15.1%; diabetes mellitus (DM), 6.9%; metabolic syndrome (MetS), 6.8%; and CHD, 11.5%. Age, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, levels of total cholesterol; low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, apolipoprotein (Apo)A, ApoB, Apo B/A ratio were found higher among subjects with old myocardial infarction (OMI) than subjects without CHD; while BMI and waist circumference were lower among subjects with OMI than subjects without CHD. Conclusion: traditional risk factors such as age, blood pressure, and cholesterol, and Apo were related to CHD in the remote area.

Diabetes mellitus in genetically isolated populations in Jordan: prevalence, awareness, glycemic control, and associated factors

ObjectivesDiabetes mellitus is one of the most common non-communicable diseases globally. This study seeks to estimate the prevalence of impaired fasting glycemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus in genetically isolated populations in Jordan: the Circassians and Chechans. Research Design and MethodsData were analyzed from a cross-sectional study that included a random sample of adult Circassians and Chechans. A subject was defined as affected by diabetes mellitus if diagnosis was known to patient or, according to the American Diabetes Association definition. Impaired fasting glucose was defined as a fasting serum glucose level of ≥6.1 mmol/L (100 mg/dl) but <7 mmol/L. HbA1c >7% was defined as ‘unsatisfactory’ metabolic control. ResultsThe prevalence of impaired fasting glycemia was 18.5% for Circassians and 14.6% for Chechans. Prevalence of diabetes was 9.6% for Circassians and 10.1% for Chechans. The prevalence of impaired fasting glycemia and diabetes were significantly higher in men, older age groups, married, subjects of lower educational level, past smokers, and subjects with obesity. Low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was the most common abnormality in the two populations. ConclusionsThe homogenous, genetically isolated Circassian and Chechan populations sharing the same environmental influences suggest a role for genetic risk factors for diabetes. Thus these two populations are suitable for additional genetics studies that may lead to the identification of novel risk factors for type 2 diabetes. In addition, more than half of patients with diabetes were with unsatisfactory control. Therefore, they are likely to benefit from programs encouraging healthy weight and physical activity.

Prevalence of Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, Impaired Fasting Glycemia, and Diabetes in Selected Villages of Bali, Indonesia

Aims/Introduction. To know the prevalence of obesity, metabolic syndrome, impaired fasting glycemia and diabetes in the population of Bali. Materials and Methods. A cross-sectional study enrolling 1840 subjects, aged 13-100 years with male-to-female ratio of 972/868, were studied at seven villages across the island of Bali. Results: The prevalence of central obesity was 35% (male, 27.5%; female, 43.4%); metabolic syndrome (MS), 18.2% (male, 16.6%; female, 20.0%); impaired fasting glycemia (IFG), 13.1% (male, 14.3%; female, 12.4%); and diabetes mellitus (DM), 5.9% (male, 6.1%; female, 5.7%). The subjects who had 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 components of MS were 34.6%, 23.8%, 13.0%, 4.3%, and 0.9% respectively. The population in two tourist areas (Legian and Ubud) had the highest prevalence of central obesity (61.2% and 70.1%), but they did not necessarily have a higher prevalence of DM. The two tourist areas (Legian, 24.1%; and Ubud, 21%) as well as Sangsit village (23.3%) have the highest prevalence of MS. Conclusions. The prevalence of obesity, MS, IFG and DM were comparatively low. Analysis across the villages revealed that higher prevalence of central obesity was not necessarily associated with higher prevalence of DM. There is a need to further study the risk of obesity on MS and DM in tourist areas of Bali.

Relationship between age and metabolic disorders in the population of Bali

Background/PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine the association between age and metabolic disorders in the population of Bali. MethodA cross-sectional study was conducted on metabolic syndrome (MS) as defined on the basis of recommended parameters for diagnosis of the syndrome in the population of seven villages of Bali comprising six villages and one suburban area. At least three of the five parameters must be present for the diagnosis. Three hundred ten elderly people aged 60 years or more, with a male:female ratio of 168:142, of 1840 subjects were recruited in the study. The criteria for obesity were based on the 2000 World Health Organization recommendations for Asia Pacific population, for prediabetes [impaired fasting glycemia (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance] and diabetes mellitus (DM) by American Diabetes Association (2009), and for MS by a joint statement of International Diabetes Federation, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, American Heart Association, World Heart Federation, International Atherosclerosis Society, and International Association for the Study of Obesity (2009). ResultsThe prevalence of IFG and DM were twofold in the elderly as compared with those in the younger-aged groups (21.4 vs. 11.7; 11.7 vs. 4.8, respectively). Blood pressure and fasting blood sugar levels were higher in the elderly than in the younger-aged group (133/81 mmHg vs. 117/76 mmHg; 102.7 mg/dL vs. 93.0 mg/dL, respectively; p<0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels between both groups. Waist circumferences were lower among the elderly than among younger-aged groups (75.8 cm vs. 80.9 cm; p<0.001). The elderly, with lower waist circumference, revealed significantly higher prevalence of MS as compared with the younger-aged group {22.9% vs. 17.3%; p=0.026; prevalence risk 1.423 [confidence interval (CI)=1.043G–1.944]}. The subjects who had 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 components of MS were 34.6%, 23.8%, 13.0%, 4.3%, and 0.9%, respectively. The prevalence risk of each component of MS for the occurrence of MS were: elevated triglyceride [30.2 (CI=14.5G–63.1)], elevated fasting blood sugar [8.5 (CI=4.5G–15.8)], increased waist circumference [8.1 (CI=4.3G–15.0)], reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [4.4 (CI=2.4G–7.9)], and elevated blood pressure [3.7 (CI=1.9G–7.2)]. ConclusionsIt could be inferred that in comparison with the younger-age group, the elderly had higher (twice) prevalence of IFG and DM, lower prevalence of central obesity, but higher prevalence of MS. Old age (60 years and more) had 1.4-fold risk for MS as compared with that in the younger-aged group, and elevated triglyceride levels appeared to be the most important risk factor for MS.

Elevada frecuencia de dislipidemia y glucemia basal alterada en una población Peruana de altura

We performed a cross sectional study in Lari (3600 m), a highland rural community from Arequipa, Peru. We evaluated a body mass index (BMI), glycemia and lipid profile in 74 over 18 year persons. The mean age was 51.7 ± 18.0 years, 62.2% were women, mean of BMI was 25.6 ± 3.7. Prevalence of hypercholesterolemia was 40.6%, "low HDL" in 77% of the population (93.5% in women vs 50% in men, p <0.001) and elevated level of LDL was 71.7%. The prevalence of impaired fasting glycemia was 27%. In conclusion, we found high prevalence of impaired fasting glycemia, hypercholesterolemia and especially "low HDL" in high altitude rural natives. These findings must be considered to realize interventions in high altitude populations to avoid future cardiovascular complications.

Study on the risk of age-related diabetes mellitus among 8280 cases with metabolic syndrome patients and normal persons in Beijing.

To investigate the impact of age on patients with metabolic syndrome (MS) and normal persons. Data was gathered from 8280 persons including 4873 males and 3407 females who were randomly selected. All subjects were divided into normal group and MS group. According to the interval of ten years, the subjects were divided into seven age groups, to calculate the difference of impaired fasting glycaemia (IFG) between patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and normal people, as well as the related portions. (1) The risk of IFG and DM appeared to be different among age groups among the target subjects as well as in the normal and the MS groups (P < 0.05). (2) Among the whole subjects, the overall prevalence of IFG was increasing with age. The prevalence of DM had an increasing trend with age augment in 20 - 79 years group, whereas a decreasing trend appeared in people over 80 years of age. (3) For normal persons, the prevalence of IFG and DM were all increasing with age augment in 20 - 79 years group, and then decreasing with age augment in the over-80-years group. (4) For MS patients, the prevalence of IFG had an increasing trend with age augment in 20 - 69 years group, whereas a decreasing trend appeared in people over 70 years of age. There was no tendency of variation with age augment in DM. (1) For normal persons, high prevalence rates of IFG and DM were correlated to age augment, especially in senior persons. (2) For MS patients, high prevalence of IFG was also correlated to age augment, but no association between prevalence of DM and age augment was seen. (3) Age from 70 to 79 years appeared to be in high risk with MS.

Oral glucose tolerance test in Italian overweight/obese children and adolescents results in a very high prevalence of impaired fasting glycaemia, but not of diabetes

Very few studies on glucose abnormalities in European overweight/obese children and adolescents are available, and scientific evidence on the value of standard oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in childhood is lacking. We therefore aimed to establish prevalence and features of impaired fasting glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) in a large cohort of Italian overweight/obese children and adolescents and to assess the validity of standard OGTT in the paediatric population. This is a 1-year observational study conducted on 736 (535 overweight/obese and 201 normal weight) consecutive paediatric patients attending the outpatient clinic of Paediatric Endocrine Unit. Clinical and biochemical parameters were collected for all participants. All overweight/obese subjects underwent OGTT. We observed a high prevalence of IFG (7.66%), more than twice that observed in other European children, but a low prevalence of IGT (3.18%) and T2D (0.18%). IFG was useless to predict IGT, having very low predictive value (7.3%) and sensitivity (17.6%). Compared to normal weight children, overweight/obese subjects showed significant differences in most metabolic and clinical parameters. In the overweight/obese group, having hyperglycaemia was associated to significantly higher blood pressure, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance, insulin and triglycerides. In our children, the prevalence of IFG is higher than that reported in other European cohorts, whereas T2D is rare. IFG appears not useful to detect IGT in childhood. Paediatric diagnostic cut-points, glucose load and timing of sampling need to be further validated to define glucose abnormalities in obese children that, compared with normal weight subjects, already are characterised by a different metabolic phenotype.

An increase in prevalence of diabetes mellitus in Jordan over 10 years

Objective This study aimed to determine the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and impaired fasting glycemia (IFG), identify their associated factors, determine how the prevalence of type 2 DM has changed over 10 years, and assess the awareness and state of control of diabetes in Jordan. Methods Data were analyzed from a cross-sectional study that included a random sample of 1121 Jordanians aged 25 years and above. A subject was deemed affected by DM if this diagnosis was known to the patient or if his or her condition complies with the American Diabetes Association definition. IFG was defined as a fasting serum glucose level of ≥6.1 mmol/l (110 mg/dl) but <7 mmol/l. HbA 1c >7.5% was defined as “unsatisfactory” metabolic control. Results The age-standardized prevalence of diabetes and IFG was 17.1% and 7.8%, respectively, with no significant differences between women and men. Of the 195 diabetic subjects, 146 (74.9%) had been previously diagnosed. More than half (54%) of those previously diagnosed were found to be with unsatisfactory glycemic control. Compared to the 1994 survey, there was a significant increase in the prevalence of diabetes by 31.5%. Increase in age, increase in body mass index, and having a family history of diabetes were associated with increased odds of diabetes and IFG. While the level of education had no effect on IFG, higher level of education was associated with a decrease in the odds of having diabetes. Conlusion The prevalence of type 2 diabetes and IFG is high in Jordan and is increasing. More than half of the patients with diabetes have unsatisfactory control. Therefore, they are likely to benefit from programs aimed at encouraging behaviors toward achieving optimum weight as well as physical activity behaviors. Physicians caring for patients with diabetes may need to adopt a more vigorous approach for diabetes control.

High prevalence of glucose intolerance even among young adults in south India

India is experiencing an epidemic of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in young adults. This study reports the prevalence of glucose intolerance, and insulin profiles, and their relationship to lifestyle factors in 2218 young adults (aged 26–32 years; 997 urban, 1221 rural) in south India. They were drawn from a cohort of 10,691 individuals born during 1969–1973 in Vellore and nearby villages. Family history, socio-economic status, physical activity and tobacco and alcohol use were recorded. Oral glucose tolerance tests were performed for diagnosis (WHO recommendations). Insulin resistance and secretion were derived from plasma insulin concentrations. Median BMI was 20.0 kg/m 2. The prevalence of Type 2 DM and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) was higher in urban than in rural subjects (3.7% versus 2.1%, p = 0.02; 18.9% versus 14.3%, p = 0.002, respectively), while prevalence of impaired fasting glycaemia (IFG) was similar in urban and rural populations (3.8% versus 3.4%, p = 0.04). Type 2 DM, IGT, IFG or higher insulin resistance and increment were associated with higher socio-economic status (more household possessions) and higher percentage body fat, body mass index and waist/hip ratio. Insulin increment was lower in men with higher alcohol consumption. Our data suggest high levels of glucose intolerance in young rural and urban adults highlighting an urgent need for preventive action to avert a public health catastrophe in India.