Prevalence Of IgE-mediated Food Allergy Research Articles

The Prevalence of IgE-Mediated Food Allergy and Other Allergic Diseases in the First 10 Years: The Population-Based, Longitudinal HealthNuts Study

There are limited longitudinal data on the population prevalence of allergic conditions during childhood, and few studies have incorporated the reference standard oral food challenge to confirm food allergy. To describe the population prevalence of IgE-mediated food allergy, eczema, asthma, and rhinitis at ages 6 and 10 years in Melbourne, Australia. The HealthNuts study recruited 5,276 1-year-old infants in Melbourne, Australia, with repeat assessments at ages 6 and 10 years. At ages 6 and 10 years, carers completed a questionnaire on symptoms and doctor diagnosis of allergic conditions (International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Children). Children were invited to attend a clinic assessment including skin prick test, lung function tests, and oral food challenges when indicated. To minimize the impact of attrition bias, prevalence estimates among participants at ages 6 and 10 years were weighted to reflect characteristics of the whole cohort at recruitment. In total, 4,455 and 4,065 families participated at ages 6 and 10 years, respectively (84% and 77% of the original cohort). Of those, 73% and 55% of participants ages 6 and 10 years, respectively, completed clinical assessments. Overall, 36.5% (95% CI, 34.8-38.2) and 38.2% (95% CI, 36.5-40.1%) of 6- and 10-year-olds had at least one current allergic disease, and around one third of those had two or more allergic diseases. Food allergy occurred in 6.4% (95% CI, 5.6-7.2) of 6-year olds and 6.3% (95% CI, 5.5-7.2) of 10-year-olds. Among infants with challenge-confirmed food allergy in infancy, 45% had persistent disease at age 10 years. The prevalence of current diagnosed asthma at ages 6 and 10 years were 12.1% (95% CI, 10.9-13.3) and 13.1% (95% CI, 11.9-14.4), respectively, current eczema decreased slightly from 15.3% (95% CI, 14.1-19.7) at age 6 years to 12.9% (95% CI, 11.7-14.2) at age 10 years, and current rhinitis increased from 15.1% (95% CI, 13.9-16.5) at age 6 years to 25.0% (95% CI, 23.4-26.7) at age 10 years. Allergic diseases affect 40% of primary school-age children; one third have multiple allergic diagnoses. Challenge-confirmed food allergy prevalence remains high, and 45% of infants with food allergy have persistent disease to age 10 years.

An Allergist's Approach to Eosinophilic Esophagitis

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic, inflammatory disease of the esophagus that produces a range of symptoms in both adults and children, from acid reflux to food bolus impaction. The diagnosis is confirmed by endoscopic biopsies showing 15 or more eosinophils per high-power field. The pathophysiology of EoE is believed to be either immune-mediated or antigen-mediated, ultimately resulting in a T helper 2 (T H2) immune response, eosinophilic inflammation, barrier dysfunction, and tissue remodelling. Since its recognition, EoE has been fundamentally linked to atopy, with early case reports drawing attention to this relationship. Patients with EoE tend to be highly atopic, demonstrating a higher incidence of allergic rhinitis, asthma and atopic dermatitis compared to healthy controls. There is also a high prevalence of IgE-mediated food allergies among these patients. A U.S.-based cross-sectional study reported that 32.4% of children and 37.3% of adults with EoE had an IgE-mediated food allergy to at least one food. More recent research has shown that 87% of a cohort of 92 EoE patients had comorbid atopic conditions. A review of 1,218 patients with EoE found that these patients have a 67-fold increased risk of anaphylaxis compared to that of the general population. With this in mind, allergists play a key role in controlling esophageal inflammation and addressing atopic comorbidities.

Mouse Models of Food Allergy in the Pursuit of Novel Treatment Modalities.

The prevalence of IgE-mediated food allergies has increased dramatically in the past three decades, now affecting up to 10% of the US population. IgE-mediated food allergy is an immunologic disease, involving a variety of cells, including B and T cells, mast cells, basophils, ILC2s, and epithelial cells. Mouse models of food allergy mimic the overall immunologic processes known to exist in humans. Due to the limitations of invasive sampling of human tissue and the similarities of the human and mouse immune systems, comprehensive pathogenesis studies of food allergy have been performed in mouse models. Mouse models have been effective in elucidating the roles of non-oral routes of sensitization and identifying key cells and molecules involved in allergic sensitization. Furthermore, the development of novel therapeutic approaches for food allergy has been accelerated through the use of pre-clinical mouse models. Despite the groundbreaking findings stemming from research in mice, there are continued efforts to improve the translational utility of these models. Here, we highlight the achievements in understanding food allergy development and efforts to bring novel treatment approaches into clinical trials.

Whole-cell pertussis vaccine in early infancy for the prevention of allergy in children.

Atopic diseases are the most common chronic conditions of childhood. The apparent rise in food anaphylaxis in young children over the past three decades is of particular concern, owing to the lack of proven prevention strategies other than the timely introduction of peanut and egg. Due to reported in vitro differences in the immune response of young infants primed with whole-cell pertussis (wP) versus acellular pertussis (aP) vaccine, we systematically appraised and synthesised evidence on the safety and the potential allergy preventive benefits of wP, to inform recommendation for future practice and research. To assess the efficacy and safety of wP vaccinations in comparison to aP vaccinations in early infancy for the prevention of atopic diseases in children. We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, and grey literature. The date of the search was 7 September 2020. We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and non-randomised studies of interventions (NRSIs) that reported the occurrence of atopic diseases, and RCTs only to assess safety outcomes. To be included studies had to have at least six months follow-up, andinvolve children under 18 years old, who received a first dose of either wP (experimental intervention) or aP (comparator) before six months of age. Two review authors independently screened studies for eligibility, extracted the data, and assessed risk of bias using standard Cochrane methods. We assessed the certainty of the evidence using GRADE. Our primary outcomes were diagnosis of IgE-mediated food allergy and all-cause serious adverse events (SAEs). Secondary outcomes included: diagnosis of not vaccine-associated anaphylaxis or urticaria, diagnosis of asthma, diagnosis of allergic rhinitis,diagnosis of atopic dermatitis and diagnosis of encephalopathy. Due to paucity of RCTs reporting on the atopic outcomes of interest, we assessed a broader outcome domain (cumulative incidence of atopic disease) as specified in our protocol.We summarised effect estimates as risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Where appropriate, we pooled safety data in meta-analyses using fixed-effect Mantel-Haenszel methods, without zero-cell corrections for dichotomous outcomes. We identified four eligible studies reporting on atopic outcomes, representing 7333 children. Based on a single trial, there was uncertain evidence on whether wP vaccines affected the risk of overall atopic disease (RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.62 to 1.17) or asthma only (RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.59 to 1.82; 497 children) by 2.5 years old.Three NRSIs were judged to be at serious or critical risk of bias due to confounding, missing data, or both, and were ineligible for inclusion in a narrative synthesis. We identified 21 eligible studies (137,281 children) that reported the safety outcomes of interest. We judged seven studies to be at high risk of bias and those remaining, atunclear risk. The pooled RR was 0.94 for all-cause SAEs (95% CI 0.78 to 1.15;I2 = 0%; 15 studies, 38,072children).For every 1000 children primed with a first dose of wP, 11 had an SAE. The corresponding risk with aP was 12 children (95% CI 9 to 13). The 95% CI around the risk difference ranged from three fewer to two more events per 1000 children, and the certainty of the evidence was judged as moderate (downgraded one level for imprecision). No diagnoses of encephalopathy following vaccination were reported (95% CI around the risk difference - 5 to 12 per 100,000 children;seven primary series studies; 115,271 children). The certainty of the evidence was judged as low, since this is a serious condition, and we could not exclude a clinically meaningful difference. There is very low-certainty evidence that a first dose of wP given early in infancy, compared to a first dose of aP, affects the risk of atopic diseases in children. The incidence of all-cause SAEs in wP and aP vaccinees was low, and no cases of encephalopathy were reported. The certainty of the evidence was judged as moderate for all-cause SAEs, and low for encephalopathy. Future studies should use sensitive and specific endpoints of clinical relevance, and should be conducted in settings with high prevalence of IgE-mediated food allergy.Safety endpoints should prioritise common vaccine reactions, parental acceptability, SAEs and their potential relatedness to the dose administered.

A Potential Role for Epigenetically Mediated Trained Immunity in Food Allergy.

The prevalence of IgE-mediated food allergy is increasing at a rapid pace in many countries. The association of high food allergy rates with Westernized lifestyles suggests the role of gene-environment interactions, potentially underpinned by epigenetic variation, in mediating this process. Recent studies have implicated innate immune system dysfunction in the development and persistence of food allergy. These responses are characterized by increased circulating frequency of innate immune cells and heightened inflammatory responses to bacterial stimulation in food allergic patients. These signatures mirror those described in trained immunity, whereby innate immune cells retain a “memory” of earlier microbial encounters, thus influencing subsequent immune responses. Here, we propose that a robust multi-omics approach that integrates immunological, transcriptomic, and epigenomic datasets, combined with well-phenotyped and longitudinal food allergy cohorts, can inform the potential role of trained immunity in food allergy.

Activation-induced cytidine deaminase plays crucial role in ovalbumin-induced food allergy and promoted by IL-21

The prevalence of IgE-mediated food allergy is increasing in the whole wide world which often causes skin and gastrointestinal tract symptoms, or even fatal anaphylactic shock. However, the evaluation of food allergens remains difficult, and the mechanism of food allergy is still not fully clear. To study the gene expression profile in food allergy animal models and identify the regulatory mechanism of the crucial genes, two administration routes were used to build animal models in our study. OVA-specific IgE and IL-4 levels were tested by ELISA, transcriptome profiling was carried out by microarray, and the regulatory mechanism of the highest expressed gene was studied in the primary spleen cells. We found that activation-induced cytidine deaminase (Aicda) is the highest expressed gene in the allergic mice, IL-21 can dramatically enhance the expression of Aicda in the lymph node microenvironment, and IL-17A can promote this effect significantly though it has only limited influence by itself. At last, we illuminated that the promotion of IL-21 on Aicda is partially through STAT3. In summary, our results suggest that IL-21 and IL-17A may play important role in the expression of Aicda as well as food allergy.

Maternal triacylglycerol signature and risk of food allergy in offspring

The prevalence of IgE-mediated food allergy (FA) is increasing worldwide, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We sought to examine the role of maternal lipidomic profiles in risk of FA development in offspring and to investigate the potential modification effects by timing of first solid-food introduction. This report included 1068 mother-child dyads from the Boston Birth Cohort. Maternal lipid metabolites in plasma were assessed by using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Food sensitization (FS) was defined as a specific IgE level of 0.35 kU/L or greater to any of the 8 common food allergens determined by using ImmunoCAP. FA was defined based on FS, clinical symptoms, and food avoidance. Logistic regression was applied to analyze associations between maternal metabolites and risk of FS and FA in offspring and to explore potential effect modifications. Of the 1068 children, 411 had FS, and 132 had FA. Among the 209 metabolites, maternal triacylglycerols (TAGs) of shorter carbon chains and fewer double bonds were associated with greater risk of FA, whereas TAGs of longer carbon chains and more double bonds were significantly associated with lower risk of FA in offspring. These associations were stronger in children with delayed solid-food introduction (≥7months of age) than those with earlier solid-food introduction (P=.010 for interaction between the maternal TAG score and timing of solid-food introduction). No significant association was found for FS. This is the first study to demonstrate a link between maternal TAGs and risk of FA in offspring and potential risk modification by timing of solid-food introduction.

The Reliability of Self-reported Food Allergy in Thai Adults

The prevalence of IgE-mediated food allergies in children has been increasing, in particular self-reported food allergy, while the data in adults are lacking. This study aimed to determine the reliability of self-diagnosed IgE-mediated food allergies in Thai adults Adult patients who were referred for evaluation of presumed food allergy to the Allergy Clinic, Samitivej Sukhumvit Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand, between January 2015-December 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. Ninety-five patients were evaluated. Sixty-four were female (67%). The mean age at presentation was 33 years (20-76). The history of atopic diseases, known food allergy and family history of atopy were present in 19 (20%), 4 (4%) and 8 (8%), respectively. Eighty patients (84%) presented with various dermatologic symptoms of which urticaria accounted for about half (36 patients). Anaphylaxis was found in 4 patients (4%). Twenty-two patients (23%) reported shellfish as the culprit while 12 patients (13%) reported multiple food allergies and 44 patients (46%) had no food in suspicion. Twenty-three patients (24%) underwent allergy testing in which commercial skin prick test (CSPT), fresh food skin prick test (FFSPT), specific IgE levels and open food challenge were performed in 17, 3, 9 and 2 patients, respectively. Only 4 patients (4%) had confirmed IgE-mediated food allergy by CSPT and/or specific IgE levels in 3 patients and FFSPT in 1 patient. Most adult patients presented with dermatologic reactions in self-reported food allergy. However, the clinical correlation was poor. Proper evaluation and reassurance might be beneficial to reduce unnecessary referral, investigations and food avoidance.

Apheresis in food allergies.

The prevalence of IgE-mediated food allergy and anaphylaxis has risen rapidly in developed countries, and countries with rapid industrialization may follow. Therapies include elimination diets, Oral ImmunoTherapy, and the administration of biologics, but high serum IgE levels may preclude their use. Consequently, decreasing IgE becomes a rational approach and could be obtained by immunoapheresis. The aim of this review is to evaluate the rationale and advantages of immunoapheresis. The majority of the available adsorbers remove aspecifically all classes of immunoglobulins. Recently, IgE-specific adsorbers have been approved. Data on immunoapheresis for the treatment of allergic diseases with pathologically elevated IgE levels are emerging. In atopic dermatitis, this therapy alone seems to be beneficial. IgE-selective apheresis appears to be sufficient to reduce the risk of anaphylaxis in multiple food allergy (MFA) and, when IgE titers are high, to open the way to treatment with Omalizumab. Prospective studies, with well designed protocols, are needed to assess the efficacy, tolerability, and cost-effectiveness of immunoapheresis in the field of food allergy.

Prevention of food allergy

The past few decades have witnessed an increase in the prevalence of IgE-mediated food allergy (FA). For prevention strategies to be effective, we need to understand the causative factors underpinning this rise. Genetic factors are clearly important in the development of FA, but given the dramatic increase in prevalence over a short period of human evolution, it is unlikely that FA arises through germline genetic changes alone. A plausible hypothesis is that 1 or more environmental exposures, or lack thereof, induce epigenetic changes that result in interruption of the default immunologic state of tolerance. Strategies for the prevention of FA might include primary prevention, which seeks to prevent the onset of IgE sensitization; secondary prevention, which seeks to interrupt the development of FA in IgE-sensitized children; and tertiary prevention, which seeks to reduce the expression of end-organ allergic disease in children with established FA. This review emphasizes the prevention of IgE-mediated FA through dietary manipulation, among other strategies; in particular, we focus on recent interventional studies in this field.

Maternal antenatal folate levels and offspring risk of IgE‐mediated food sensitisation

Background The prevalence of IgE-mediated food allergy has increased in the developed world, particularly among children less than 5 years of age. Widespread folate supplementation during pregnancy commenced in the 1980’s in an attempt to decrease the rate of neural tube defects. This introduction corresponded with the increase in inflammatory disease in children, including allergic conditions. Elevated maternal folate has been associated with allergic disease development in mice, yet there is conflicting evidence in humans as to whether elevated levels, associated with folic acid supplementation in pregnancy, may be associated with allergic airway disease in children.

Epidemiology of IgE-mediated food allergy

Despite the large number of foods that may cause immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated reactions, most prevalence studies have focused on the most common allergenic foods, i.e. cow’s milk, hen’s egg, peanut, tree nut, wheat, soya, fish and shellfish. Food allergy peaks during the first two years of life, and then diminishes towards late childhood as tolerance to several foods develops. Based on meta-analyses and large population-based studies, the true prevalence of food allergy varies from 1% to >10%, depending on the geographical area and age of the patient. The prevalence of food allergy in South Africa (SA) is currently being studied. The prevalence of IgE-mediated food allergy in SA children with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis is 40%; however, this represents a high-risk population for food allergy. Preliminary data from the South African Food Sensitisation and Food Allergy (SAFFA) study, which is investigating food allergy in an unselected cohort of 1 - 3-year olds, show a prevalence of 11.6% sensitisation to common foods. Food allergy was most common to egg (1.4%) and peanut (1.1%). Food allergy appears to be the most common trigger of anaphylactic reactions in the community, especially in children, in whom food is responsible for ≥85% of such reactions. In adults, shellfish and nut, and in children, peanut, tree nut, milk and egg, are the most common triggers of food-induced anaphylaxis.

The Potential Link between Gut Microbiota and IgE-Mediated Food Allergy in Early Life

There has been a dramatic rise in the prevalence of IgE-mediated food allergy over recent decades, particularly among infants and young children. The cause of this increase is unknown but one putative factor is a change in the composition, richness and balance of the microbiota that colonize the human gut during early infancy. The coevolution of the human gastrointestinal tract and commensal microbiota has resulted in a symbiotic relationship in which gut microbiota play a vital role in early life immune development and function, as well as maintenance of gut wall epithelial integrity. Since IgE mediated food allergy is associated with immune dysregulation and impaired gut epithelial integrity there is substantial interest in the potential link between gut microbiota and food allergy. Although the exact link between gut microbiota and food allergy is yet to be established in humans, recent experimental evidence suggests that specific patterns of gut microbiota colonization may influence the risk and manifestations of food allergy. An understanding of the relationship between gut microbiota and food allergy has the potential to inform both the prevention and treatment of food allergy. In this paper we review the theory and evidence linking gut microbiota and IgE-mediated food allergy in early life. We then consider the implications and challenges for future research, including the techniques of measuring and analyzing gut microbiota, and the types of studies required to advance knowledge in the field.

Prevalence of IgE-mediated Food Allergy in Korean schoolchildren: A Population-based Study

Although the prevalence and causes of food allergy vary by geographic location, large well-designed epidemiological studies in Asia are lacking. The purpose was to evaluate the prevalence of IgE-mediated food allergy in the general population of Korean schoolchildren. A population-based, cross-sectional study was conducted in 2010 using a stratified two-stage cluster-sampling design. In this survey, 4,003 children aged 6-7 years and 4,112 students aged 12-13 years were randomly selected, and the presence of food allergy was determined by a questionnaire survey and assessment of specific IgE. "Probable immediate-type food allergy" was reported in 2.0% of 6-7-year-olds and 3.6% of 12-13-year-olds. In children aged 6-7 years, the prevalence of "confirmed IgE-mediated food allergy" was 0.3%, and the prevalence of "possible IgE-mediated food allergy" was 0.3%. By contrast, 0.6% and 1.0% of children aged 12-13 years had "confirmed IgE-mediated food allergy" and "possible IgE-mediated food allergy," respectively. In 6-7-year-old children, egg was the most frequent causative food associated with a "confirmed" or "possible IgE-mediated food allergy." In 12-13-year-old children, crustaceans were the most frequent cause of "confirmed IgE-mediated food allergy," and fruit was most frequently involved in "possible IgE-mediated food allergy." This is the first nationwide population-based study of food allergy in Korean schoolchildren. Unlike in Western countries, the prevalence of IgE-mediated food allergy seems to be low, and peanuts/tree nuts are not common causes, whereas crustaceans are frequent triggers.

Prevalence of Food Allergy Among Preschool Children in Northern Thailand

Background: The epidemiology and clinical spectrum of food allergies (FA) confirmed by oral food challenge tests (OFC) in the Southeast Asian countries are limited. The aim of the present study was to examine the prevalence and characteristics of FA among preschool children in northern Thailand. Methods: Five hundred and forty-six children aged 3–7 years living in Chiang Mai, Thailand participated in this study. A cross-sectional parent questionnaire survey was conducted. Families with children reporting FA were invited to undergo further investigations with skin prick testing, serum specific IgE, and OFC. Results: A total of 452 out of 546 questionnaires (82.8%) were returned. Forty-two children (9.3%) were reported to have FA. The five leading allergic foods reported were shrimp, cow's milk, fish, chicken eggs, and ant eggs. The most commonly reported symptom was a skin rash (78.0%), followed by abdominal pain and vomiting (31.1%). Anaphylaxis was found in two children (3.4%), from ant eggs allergy. Eighteen children underwent OFC; five of them were positive to shrimp, fish, and crab. Either skin prick test or serum-specific IgE was positive in these children. Factors associated with parent-reported FA included personal and family history of atopic dermatitis. Conclusions: The prevalence of IgE-mediated FA confirmed on OFC was ≥1.11% (95% confidence interval: 0.41–2.98%). The most common causative food was shrimp. Ant eggs were a unique food allergen causing severe reactions in preschool children in northern Thailand.

Clinical Aspects of Pediatric Food Allergy and Failed Oral Immune Tolerance

Food allergy seems to represent a new spectrum of disease that has elicited significant community concern and extended waiting lists for allergists and gastroenterologists alike. The apparent rise in prevalence of IgE-mediated food allergy (and associated risk of anaphylaxis) has been postulated to result from effects of a "modern lifestyle" but as yet clear environmental risk factors have not yet emerged. Family history seems to contribute to risk suggesting that gene-environment interactions will be important for identifying a subpopulation with increased susceptibility to any identified lifestyle effects. Non-IgE-mediated food allergy (including food-induced enteropathies and colitides, eosinophilic esophagitis, and Crohn's disease) with potentially similar environmental triggers resulting in diverse immune dysregulatory mechanisms. The evidence underpinning the putative rise in food allergy is discussed and potential mechanisms of disease explored. Clinical aspects of various food allergic conditions including non-IgE-mediated food allergy are outlined.

EpidemAAITO: Features of food allergy in Italian adults attending allergy clinics: a multi‐centre study

Studies of the prevalence of different types of food allergy in adults are lacking. To define the prevalence of IgE-mediated food allergies in Italian adults attending allergy clinics and to assess possible differences associated with geographical position and/or dietary habits. Seventeen allergy outpatient clinics scattered throughout Italy participated to a multi-centre study in 2007. The number of atopic subjects and of food allergic patients along with clinical features were recorded by pre-defined criteria. Patients with unequivocal history of food allergy confirmed by positive skin prick test were included as cases. Twenty five thousand six hundred and one subjects were screened; 12,739 (50%) were atopic, and 1079 (8,5%) had IgE-mediated food allergy. Sixty four percent of patients were females. Overall, the most frequent food allergy was the pollen-food allergy syndrome (55%), which was associated with oral allergy syndrome in 95% of cases and whose frequency decreased southbound. Forty-five percent of patients had a type 1 food allergy, in most cases (72%) caused by fruits and vegetables, and generally associated with a history of systemic symptoms. Type 1 food allergies represented 96% of food allergies in the South. Lipid transfer protein (LTP) accounted for 60% of sensitizations and caused most primary food allergies in all areas. Plant-derived foods cause most food allergies in Italian adults. The pollen-food allergy syndrome is the most frequent type of food allergy followed by allergy to LTP whose frequency increases southbound. The pattern of allergy to certain foods is clearly influenced by specific geographic features such as pollen exposure and dietary habits.

Diagnosis and treatment of atopic dermatitis in children and adults: European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology/American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology/PRACTALL Consensus Report

There are remarkable differences in the diagnostic and therapeutic management of atopic dermatitis practiced by dermatologists and pediatricians in different countries. Therefore, the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology and the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology nominated expert teams who were given the task of finding a consensus to serve as a guideline for clinical practice in Europe as well as in North America. The consensus report is part of the PRACTALL initiative, which is endorsed by both academies.

Monitoring of IgE-mediated food allergy in childhood.

The prevalence of IgE-mediated food allergy (FA) in childhood varies from 6% to 8% in the first year of life compared to 1% to 2% in adults. In contrast to adults, FA in childhood, often part of the "allergic march", resolves in more than 85% of children, especially those with hypersensitivity to cow's milk and egg. This paper explains the rationale for continuing care for childhood FA and describes how children should be monitored for resolution/persistence of FA. A clinical, multidisciplinary approach and management algorithm based on relevant, peer-reviewed original research articles and reviews using the keywords anaphylaxis, atopic eczema, children, milk allergy, double-blind placebo-controlled food challenge, egg allergy, epinephrine, failure to thrive, food allergy, food challenge, food hypersensitivity, immunoglobulin E, nutrition, natural history, paediatrics, peanut allergy, prevalence, psychosocial factors, quality of life, radioallergosorbent test, and tolerance from years 1966 to 2003 in MEDLINE. Additional studies were identified from article reference lists. A combination of outcome measures, a multidisciplinary approach involving a dietitian and allergy nurse specialist, and a management algorithm are useful tools in clinical management. Prospective studies of non-selected children, optimally from birth cohorts, are needed to evaluate the effects of such management programmes regarding FA in childhood.

Prevalence of IgE-Mediated Food Allergy Among Children withAtopic Dermatitis

Prevalence of IgE-Mediated Food Allergy Among Children withAtopic Dermatitis