Prevalence Of Hypothyroidism In Patients Research Articles

The association of lymphocyte with hypothyroidism in obstructive sleep apnea

PurposeObstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common sleep-breathing disorder. Numerous investigations have found a strong inherent relationship between OSA and hypothyroidism. Studies suggest that lymphocytes may be involved in the development of hypothyroidism in patients with OSA. This study aimed to assess the association between lymphocytes and hypothyroidism in OSA patients.Patients and methodsThis study involved 920 patients with OSA who underwent nocturnal sleep monitoring, thyroid function testing, and routine blood tests. In patients with OSA, logistic regression analysis indicated independent predictors of hypothyroidism. The cutoff level of lymphocyte count was determined using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis to predict the occurrence of hypothyroidism in individuals with OSA.ResultsThis study comprised 920 OSA patients (617 males and 303 women), 879 with normal thyroid function, and 41 with hypothyroidism, with a hypothyroidism incidence of 4.46%. In the entire OSA population and male OSA patients, the number of lymphocytes was significantly higher in the hypothyroid group than in the control group (p = 0.002 and 0.020, respectively). In addition, among the OSA population younger than 60 years old and patients with mild to moderate OSA, lymphocytes were found to be considerably more in the hypothyroid group than in the euthyroid group. Lymphocyte count, ESS, and sex were all independent predictors of hypothyroidism development in OSA patients. According to ROC curve analysis, the risk of hypothyroidism increases with increasing lymphocyte count in the total patient population, with an optimal diagnostic cutoff point of 2.5 (× 10*9/L).ConclusionsThe prevalence of hypothyroidism in patients with OSA increases as the number of lymphocytes increases. Lymphocyte count can be used as an independent predictor of the occurrence of hypothyroidism, and it has a diagnostic value for OSA combined with hypothyroidism.

Understanding the Relationship between Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Thyroid Disease.

The prevalence of hypothyroidism in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is high (22.4%). Thyroid hormones (THs) regulate many metabolic activities in the liver by promoting the export and oxidation of lipids, as well as de novo lipogenesis. They also control hepatic insulin sensitivity and suppress hepatic gluconeogenesis. Because of its importance in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, the involvement of thyroid dysfunction in the pathogenesis of NAFLD seems plausible. The mechanisms implicated in this relationship include high thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, low TH levels, and chronic inflammation. The activity of the TH receptor (THR)-β in response to THs is essential in the pathogenesis of hypothyroidism-induced NAFLD. Therefore, an orally active selective liver THR-β agonist, Resmetirom (MGL-3196), was developed, and has been shown to reduce liver fat content, and as a secondary end point, to improve nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. The treatment of NAFLD with THR-β agonists seems quite promising, and other agonists are currently under development and investigation. This review aims to shine a light on the pathophysiological and epidemiological evidence regarding this relationship and the effect that treatment with THs and selective liver THR-β agonists have on hepatic lipid metabolism.

Assessment of thyroid function in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in Kunming, China: A case-control study.

The present study aimed to analyze the prevalence of hypothyroidism in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In addition, the study aimed to elucidate the correlation of hypothyroidism with RA activity and to investigate the relationship between RA and thyroid dysfunction. A total of 314 patients were categorized into two groups according to thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level: RA without hypothyroidism and RA with hypothyroidism. All patients underwent routine laboratory investigation, including thyroid function testing, and complete clinical assessment. These included the determination of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate as well as the level of TSH, free triiodothyronine, free thyroxine, total triiodothyronine level, total thyroxine level, C-reactive protein, rheumatoid factor immunoglobulin (RF-Ig), RF-IgA, RF-IgG, RF-IgM, cyclic citrullinated peptide immunoglobulin G (CCP IgG), complement component 3, and complement component 4. Based on these data, thyroid function, and rheumatoid factor levels were analyzed. Curve estimation using linear regression revealed that CCP Ig level was significantly correlated with the TSH level (r=0.122, P=0.031). TSH level may be used as an auxiliary test to assess disease severity in patients with RA and to evaluate thyroid function. This evaluation parameter may be considered for determining clinical prognosis in patients with RA.

A STUDY ON PREVALENCE OF HYPOTHYROIDISM (CLINICAL/SUBCLINICAL) IN DIABETES MELLITUS AND CORRELATION OF HbA1C LEVELS WITH TSH LEVELS IN WESTERN UTTAR PRADESH

Background and Aims: Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus are more prone to thyroid disorders. Hypothyroidism The aim of this study was to study the prevalence of Hypothyroidism (Clinical/Subclinical) in Diabetic patients and to study the correlation of HbA1c levels with TSH levels. This is a prospective Methods: observational study that was conducted at departments of Medicine Rama medical College , Hapur, U.P between January 2021 to August 2022 were selected by using Random Sampling Techniques. 50 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus attending the out-patient department without any prior history of thyroid disease, were recruited for the study. Thyroid function test was done in all subjects using chemiluminescent immunoassay method. Prevalence of thyroid disorders was Results: found to be signicantly more in females, highest in the age group of 61-70 years, with duration of diabetes mellitus >10 years, and especially in those who had high FBS, PPBS and HbA1c levels signifying poor control of diabetes. There Conclusion: is a positive correlation with the incremental pattern of prevalence of hypothyroidism in patients with diabetes mellitus (30%). Patient who are suffering from diabetes mellitus should be screened for hypothyroidism and treated effectively because it helps in better control of diabetes

The proportion of Hypothyroid in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Dr. Hasan Sadikin Hospital

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and thyroid dysfunction often coexist. Both diseases have overlapping pathomechanisms and increased risk along with advanced age. The prevalence of hypothyroidism in patients with T2DM is 12%-15% compared to 1.3%-4.6% of the general population. Glycemic control is an essential factor in developing hypothyroidism. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) levels are used to diagnose hypothyroidism because subclinical hypothyroidism commonly shows normal T4 and T3 levels. This study aimed to measure TSH levels in patients with T2DM. The study design was observational, descriptive, and cross-sectional. Researchers carried out TSH measurements by using leftover samples from T2DM patients. Subjects were recruited by consecutive sampling. The inclusion criteria were subjects > 35 years old who were diagnosed with T2DM. The exclusion criteria were subjects who were previously diagnosed with hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism. This study found that 11% of 71 subjects had elevated TSH levels. The subjects were 32 (45%) male and 39 (55%) female patients aged 38-72 years. Subjects with high TSH levels were between the ages of 49 and 72. There were 5 of 8 subjects (62.5%) with elevated TSH levels and poor glycemic control. The prevalence of hypothyroidism in T2DM was 11%. Thyroid stimulating hormone is recommended for T2DM, especially in patients over 50 with poor glycemic control.

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients With Related Organic Damage Are at High Risk of Hypothyroidism.

PurposeThe aim of this study included determining the prevalence of hypothyroidism in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), clarifying the clinical characteristics of SLE patients with hypothyroidism, and identifying the relationship between hypothyroidism and SLE-related organic damage. Another purpose was to analyze the relationship between SLE and thyroid autoantibody. We also intended to discuss the pathogenesis of hypothyroidism in SLE patients, which would provide clues for further investigation.MethodsThis study recruited 856 SLE patients and 856 age- and sex-matched healthy population and compared the prevalence of hypothyroidism between the cases and controls. Univariate and multivariate logistic analyses were applied to identify risk factors for hypothyroidism in SLE patients.ResultsSLE patients had higher prevalence of clinical hypothyroidism (9.10%) and TgAb+TPOAb- (10.40%) than controls. The prevalence of hypothyroidism was the highest in SLE patients aged 16-26 years (18.9%) and decreased with age. The prevalence of autoimmune hypothyroidism in SLE group was higher than that in the control group (64.4% vs. 51.5%, P=0.042), which was mainly due to TgAb; the prevalence of non-autoimmune hypothyroidism in SLE group was also significantly higher than that in the control group (67.3% vs. 47.8%, P<0.001). Based on multivariate analysis, the use of glucocorticoids/immunosuppressants, liver abnormality, lupus nephritis (LN), and cardiac insufficiency were independently associated with hypothyroidism in SLE patients.ConclusionThe prevalence of hypothyroidism in SLE patients was higher than that in controls and decreased with age. The results suggested that young SLE patients combined with LN, liver abnormality and cardiac insufficiency were at higher risk of hypothyroidism. According to the results of this study, we speculated that SLE might have impact on thyroid, and SLE might be one of the causes of hypothyroidism.

Prevalence of hypothyroidism and effect of thyroid hormone replacement therapy in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A population-based study.

BACKGROUNDNon-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is currently considered as the most common cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. Risk factors for NAFLD have been well-described, including obesity, type 2 diabetes mellites (T2DM), dyslipidemia (DLP) and metabolic syndrome. Hypothyroidism has been identified as an independent risk factor for the development of NAFLD, although the literature is inconsistentAIMTo evaluate the prevalence of hypothyroidism in patients with NAFLD, assess if it is an independent risk factor and explore the effect of thyroxine replacement therapy.METHODSOur cohort’s data was obtained using a validated, large, multicenter database (Explorys Inc, Cleveland, OH, United States) aggregated from pooled outpatient and inpatient records of 26 different healthcare systems, consisting of a total of 360 hospitals in the United States, and utilizing Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine-Clinical Terms for coding. We evaluated a cohort of patients with hypothyroidism and NAFLD. Multivariate analysis was performed to adjust for confounding risk factors including hypertension (HTN), T2DM, DLP, obesity and metabolic syndrome. SPSS version 25, IBM Corp was used for statistical analysis, and for all analyses, a 2-sided P value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Exclusion criteria were limited to age < 18 years.RESULTSAmong the 37648180 included individuals in this database who are above the age of 18 years, there were a total of 2320 patients with NAFLD (6.16 per 100000) in the last five years (2015-2020), amongst which 520 patients (22.4%) had hypothyroidism. Baseline characteristics of patients in this database are described in Table 1. Patients with NAFLD were also more likely to have obesity, T2DM, DLP, HTN, and metabolic syndrome (Table 2). While males and females were equally affected, patients in the age group 18-65 years as well as Caucasians seem to be at a higher risk. There was an increased risk of NAFLD among patients with hypothyroidism (OR = 1.587). Furthermore, thyroid hormone replacement was not associated with a decreased risk for developing NAFLD (OR = 1.106, C = 0.952-1.285, P = 0.303).CONCLUSIONHypothyroidism seems to be an independent risk factor for the development of NAFLD. Thyroid hormone replacement did not provide a statistically significant risk reduction. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effect of thyroid hormone replacement and assess if being euthyroid while on thyroid replacement therapy affects development and/or progression of NAFLD.

Prevalence of undiagnosed hypothyroidism in patients with gall bladder stones in Belagavi

Background: Contribution of hypothyroidism to gallstone formation is debated over years. With this background, the study intended to analyze the prevalence of undiagnosed hypothyroidism in patients with cholelithiasis. The aim is to understand the prevalence of hypothyroidism in patients with gallstones.Methods: A prospective, hospital-based study was done on 100 patients admitted for the management of gall stone disease in Belagavi. After initial screening, a detailed history was obtained with special reference to symptomatology and the risk factors as per proforma from patients meeting selection criteria. Thyroid function test was done on all eligible patients. Patients were divided into three groups of Euthyroid, Subclinical hypothyroid and clinical hypothyroidism. Statistical analysis used. Percentage of gall stones in different age groups and gender of the study population was calculated followed by prevalence of hypothyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism in all the patients included.Results: Among the study population, 40% were male and 60% were female. 23 of them have subclinical hypothyroidism and 6 of them were diagnosed with hypothyroidism. Majority of subclinical hypothyroid patients (39.13%) were aged 41-60 years. Hypothyroid symptoms were shown by the study population with unknown thyroid status.Conclusions: The prevalence of hypothyroidism in cholelithiasis is 29% in the study and is significant. The study demands further studies to consider hypothyroidism as a cause /risk factor for biliary calculus.

Особливості перебігу цукрового діабету 2-го типу у поєднанні з гіпотиреозом

Вступ. Останні десятиліття характеризуються значним збільшенням частоти захворювань органів ендокринної системи зі зміною структури, насамперед випадків поліендокринопатій, особливе місце серед яких займають поєднання цукрового діабету (ЦД) і тиреопатій. Збільшення частоти поєднання ЦД 2-го типу з гіпотиреозом впливає на особливості клінічного перебігу такої патології, залишається актуальною проблемою сучасної медичної науки. Мета дослідження: вивчення частоти гіпотиреозу у хворих на ЦД 2-го типу та встановлення клінічних особливостей перебігу ЦД 2-го типу у поєднанні з гіпотиреозом. Матеріали і методи. Проведено обстеження 179 хворих на ЦД у поєднанні з первинним гіпотиреозом, у тому числі 64 хворих на ЦД 1-го типу і 115 хворих на ЦД 2-го типу. Групу порівняння становили 62 хворі на ЦД без гіпотиреозу (з них 27 — із ЦД 1-го типу, 35 — із ЦД 2-го типу). Функціональний стан щитоподібної залози (ЩЗ) оцінювали за допомогою визначення базальних концентрацій тиреотропного гормона і вільної фракції тироксину. Результати. Встановлено, що пацієнти із ЦД 2-го типу та гіпотиреозом належали до більш старшої вікової категорії, ніж пацієнти з ЦД 1-го типу та гіпотиреозом. Так, вік пацієнтів у групі хворих на ЦД 1-го типу з гіпотиреозом становив 35,3 ± 9,5 року та у групі хворих на ЦД 2-го типу з гіпотиреозом — 47,6 ± 11,0 року. В усіх групах хворих відсоток жінок був значно вищим за чоловіків. Виявлено вірогідні відмінності щодо показника амплітуди глікемії — його збільшення у хворих на ЦД 1-го типу з гіпотиреозом. При поєднанні ЦД 2-го типу з гіпотиреозом показники ліпідного обміну були вищими, ніж при ЦД 2-го типу без тиреоїдної патології. Це підтверджує вплив гіпотиреозу на ліпідний обмін та обумовлює підвищення ризику прогресування серцево-судинних ускладнень за наявності двох захворювань. Висновки. Серед обстежених хворих гіпотиреоз траплявся у 2,4 раза частіше при ЦД 2-го типу, ніж при ЦД 1-го типу, що свідчить про більше число чинників ризику розвитку супутньої автоімунної патології за умов метаболічних порушень при ЦД 2-го типу. Інсулінорезистентність та гіперінсулінемія, що відзначаються при ЦД 2-го типу, сприяють проліферативним процесам, у тому числі й у тканині ЩЗ, а більш старший вік хворих на ЦД 2-го типу сприяє прогресуванню інволютивних змін і подальшому розвитку гіпофункції ЩЗ. Рекомендується обов’язкове комплексне обстеження хворих на ЦД 2-го типу щодо наявності супутньої тиреоїдної патології.

Prevalence of Hypothyroidism in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease in a Tertiary Hospital in South India

Prevalence of Hypothyroidism in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease in a Tertiary Hospital in South India

Relationship between glycemic metabolism and hypothyroidism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

The purpose of the work is to study the prevalence of hypothyroidism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and to establish the clinical features of type 2 diabetes in combination with hypothyroidism. Materials and methods. Examination of 181 patients with diabetes in combination with primary hypo­thyroi­dism was performed, of which 65 with type 1 diabetes and 116 with type 2 diabetes. The comparison groups consisted of 64 patients with diabetes without hypothyroidism, including 28 with type 1 diabetes, 36 with type 2 diabetes. The functional state of the thyroid gland was assessed by determining the basal concentrations of thyroid-stimulating hormone and the free thyroxine. Results and discussion. Patients with type 2 diabetes and hypothyroidism had belonged to an older age group than patients with type 1 diabetes and hypothyroidism (mean age was (47.8 ± 11.4) and (35.4 ± 9.6) respectively). In all groups of patients the proportion of women significantly exceeded that of men. There were statistically significant differences in the degree of glycemia, namely, an increase in patients with type 1 diabetes with hypothyroidism. In the case of combination of type 2 diabetes with hypothyroidism, lipid metabolism was higher than in type 2 diabetes without thyroid pathology. This confirms the effect of hypothyroidism on lipid metabolism and lead to increased risk of progression of cardiovascular complications in the presence of two diseases. Conclusions. Among the examined patients, hypothyroidism occurred 2.5 times more often in type 2 diabetes compared to type 1 diabetes, which indicates a greater presence of risk factors for concomitant autoimmune pathology in metabolic disorders associated with type 2 diabetes. Mandatory comprehensive examination of patients with type 2 diabetes for concomitant thyroid pathology is recommended.

Severity of Proteinuria Is Directly Associated With Risk of Hypothyroidism in Adults.

Proteinuria can cause or exacerbate hypothyroidism, possibly due to urinary loss of protein-bound thyroid hormone. However, the precise relationship between proteinuria and hypothyroidism remains unclear. This work aimed to determine the prevalence of hypothyroidism in patients with proteinuria and the relationship between hypothyroidism and degree of proteinuria. A retrospective cohort study was conducted from December 1979 to March 2015. This study was conducted at a large academic hospital. All paired samples of urine protein and serum thyrotropin (TSH), measured within 24 hours, were obtained from adults (age > 18 years) with at least one instance of urine protein greater than 0.2 g/day or mg/mg creatinine. Samples were stratified by urine protein tertile. Mean TSH and risk of TSH elevation were compared among tertiles using analysis of covariance and generalized estimating equations controlled for age, sex, samples per patient, and levothyroxine treatment. A total of 2676 samples were identified from 2136 patients. Mean ± SE TSH (mIU/L) was increased in the highest tertile of urine protein (> 1.75g/day) compared to the lower 2 tertiles (2.09 ± 0.07 vs 1.59 ± 0.07, 1.59 ± 0.06, P < .001). The highest tertile had a greater prevalence of TSH greater than 5 mIU/L (17.2% vs 10.5%, 11.9%, P < .001) but a similar risk of TSH greater than 5 mIU/L (odds ratio [OR] 1.44; 95% CI, 0.67-3.09, P = .35). The highest tertile also had a higher prevalence (6.2% vs 3.4%, 2.6%, P = .003) and risk (OR 1.72; 95% CI, 1.05-2.84, P = .008) of TSH greater than 10 mIU/L. Similar results were observed when comparing samples with nephrotic-range proteinuria (> 3.5g/day) to those with lesser proteinuria. Hypothyroidism is common among adults with proteinuria, and the risk of hypothyroidism is directly related to the severity of proteinuria.

Prevalence of Hypothyroidism in Patients With Erdheim-Chester Disease

Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD) is a rare non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis affecting multiple organs and commonly caused by somatic pathogenic variants in BRAF V600E and mitogen-activated protein kinase genes. Clinical features of ECD result from histiocytic involvement of various tissues; while endocrine involvement in ECD occurs frequently, the prevalence of central or primary hypothyroidism has not been thoroughly investigated. To assess hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) dysfunction in patients with ECD. This cross-sectional study included 61 patients with ECD who were enrolled in a natural history study at a tertiary care center between January 2011 and December 2018. ECD was diagnosed on the basis of clinical, genetic, and histopathological features. Data were analyzed in March 2020. Diagnosis of ECD. Main outcome was the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in adults with ECD compared with community estimates. Patients underwent baseline evaluation with a thyroid function test, including thyrotropin, free thyroxine (fT4), and total thyroxine (T4), and sellar imaging with magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography scan. The association of HPT dysfunction was assessed for differences in age, sex, body mass index, BRAF V600E status, high sensitivity C-reactive protein level, sellar imaging, and pituitary hormonal dysfunction. A total of 61 patients with ECD (46 [75%] men; mean [SD] age, 54.3 [10.9] years) were evaluated. Seventeen patients (28%) had hypothyroidism requiring levothyroxine therapy. The prevalence of both central and primary hypothyroidism were higher than community estimates (central hypothyroidism: 9.8% vs 0.1%; odds ratio, 109.0; 95% CI, 37.4-260.6; P < .001; primary hypothyroidism: 18.0% vs 4.7%; OR, 4.4; 95% CI, 2.1-8.7; P < .001). Patients with hypothyroidism (both primary and central), compared with patients with euthyroidism, had higher body mass index (median [interquartile range] 31.4 [28.3-38.3] vs 26.7 [24.4-31.9]; P = .004) and a higher prevalence of panhypopituitarism (7 [47%] vs 3 [7%]; P < .001). Among patients with hypothyroidism, those with central hypothyroidism, compared with patients with primary hypothyroidism, had a lower mean (SD) body mass index (28.3 [2.6] vs 36.3 [5.9]; P = .007) and higher frequencies of abnormal sellar imaging (5 [83%] vs 3 [27%]; P = .050) and panhypopituitarism (5 [83%] vs 3 [27%]; P = .050). In this cohort study, a higher prevalence of central and primary hypothyroidism was identified in patients with ECD compared with the community. There should be a low threshold for testing for hypothyroidism in patients with ECD, and treatment should follow standard guidelines.

The Prevalence of Hypothyroidism in Patients with Biliary Sludge and Gallstones

Introduction: Gallbladder stone and sludge are common diseases worldwide. The causes of gallbladder stone and sludge are numerous. Since some studies have reported the effects of thyroid hormones on the function of the sphincter of Oddi and biliary discharge, the present study aimed to evaluate hypothyroidism as a risk factor for gallbladder stone formation.Methods: This case-control study was conducted on patients whose sonography indicated gallbladder sludge or stone and those referring to our clinic with pain in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. All the patients were initially examined by a sonologist to confirm gallbladder stone and sludge. Afterwards, thyroid function tests (TSH, T4, and T3RU via radioimmunoassay) were requested for the patients, and the results were analyzed and compared with the control group.Results: Among 318 patients, 171 (53.77%) were male. In the case group, six females (8.4%) and 10 males (11.2%) had hypothyroidism. Overall, 9.9% of the patients (n=16) had hypothyroidism. In the control group, the prevalence of hypothyroidism was 2.5% (n=4) (OR: 2.082; 95% CI: 1.022-11.046; P=0.017). In the case group, 4.3% (n=7) had subclinical hypothyroidism, and 5.6% (n=9) had clinical hypothyroidism, while in the control group, only 1.9% of the patients (n=3) showed signs of subclinical hypothyroidism, and 0.6% (n=1) showed signs of clinical hypothyroidism. In the patients with gallbladder sludge and stone, the prevalence of clinical hypothyroidism was higher than subclinical hypothyroidism.Conclusion: According to the results, hypothyroidism was prevalent in the patients with gallbladder stone and sludge. Therefore, it is recommended that the thyroid function of patients with gallbladder stone and sludge be examined even if the patients do not harbor any other risk factors for the disease.

Association of hypothyroidism and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

Association of hypothyroidism and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) - IJCBR- Print ISSN No: - 2394-6369 Online ISSN No:- 2394-6377 Article DOI No:- 10.18231/j.ijcbr.2019.087, International Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Research-Int J Clin Biochem Res

Prevalence of hypothyroidism in patients with gallstones: a hospital-based study

Prevalence of hypothyroidism in patients with gallstones: a hospital-based study

The Prevalence of Hypothyroidism in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome in Saudi Community Based Hospital: A Retrospective Single Centre Study

The burden of thyroid diseases in the general population and patients with Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is enormous. To estimate retrospectively the prevalence of hypothyroidism in patients with MetS in Saudi community based hospital.

Prevalence of hypothyroidism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension in India: a cross-sectional observational study.

PurposeTo determine the prevalence of hypothyroidism in patients with type 2 diabetes mel-litus (T2DM), hypertension, and both T2DM and hypertension (T2DM + hypertension) in India.Patients and methodsIn this cross-sectional observational study, adult patients with an established or newly diagnosed T2DM, hypertension, and T2DM + hypertension who were visiting their physicians for a routine clinical checkup were enrolled across 29 sites in India. All the patient-related data were extracted from their medical records. The prevalence of hypothyroidism was evaluated by thyroid function test (levels of serum free thyroxine, free triiodothyronine, and thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH]). The proportion of obese and overweight hypothyroid patients and dose of thyroxine in overt and subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) cases (as per TSH values) were assessed during the study. The results were summarized by descriptive statistics.ResultsA total of 1,508 patients (T2DM: 504; hypertension: 501; T2DM + hypertension: 503) were enrolled in the study. The prevalence of hypothyroidism in patients with T2DM, hypertension, and T2DM + hypertension was 24.8%, 33.5%, and 28.9%, respectively. The overall prevalence of hypothyroidism in T2DM (n=1,002) and hypertension (n=1,001) was 26.9% and 31.2%, respectively. The proportion of obese against overweight hypothyroid patients was higher in all indications (T2DM: 16.5% vs 3.4%; hypertension: 23.8% vs 5.4%; T2DM + hypertension: 21.5% vs 3.8%). A considerable proportion of patients with SCH was prescribed thyroxine in T2DM (61.5%), hypertension (61%), and T2DM + hypertension (62.5%) cases. The most commonly prescribed dose (mean) of thyroxine was 50 and 25 µg for overt hypothyroidism and SCH cases, respectively, in all cohorts.ConclusionThere is a high (>20%) prevalence of hypothyroidism in patients with T2DM, hypertension, and T2DM + hypertension. Screening for hypothyroidism should be routinely considered for early diagnosis and effective management.

The Prevalence of Hypothyroidism in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Saudi Community based Hospital a Retrospective Single Centre Study

The association between diabetes and thyroid dysfunction were studied. To estimate retrospectively the frequency of hypothyroidism in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in Saudi community-based hospital. We analyzed retrospectively 3760 participants whom are between the age 20 to 98 years. All patients were from the population of the Primary health centre at King Fahad Armed Forces Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. All data were collected on the basis of a review of electronic medical data. Patients with TSH above the normal range of TSH for our laboratory reference (4.2 MIU/L, history of hypothyroidism and taking thyroid replacement therapy were included. Patient who are pregnant were excluded.

Association between Hypothyroidism and Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Saudi Community b based Hospital- A Retrospective Single Centre Study

Background and objective: The association between type 2 diabetes (T2DM) complicated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and hypothyroidisms were not well studied. To estimate retrospectively the prevalence of hypothyroidism in patients with T2DM complicated with CKD in Saudi community based hospital. Design: We analyzed retrospectively 1364 participants with T2DM whom are between the ages 20 to 96 years. All patients were from the population of the Primary health centre at King Fahad Armed Forces Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. All data were collected on the basis of a review of electronic medical data. Patients with Thyrotropin level (TSH) above the normal range of TSH for our laboratory reference, history of hypothyroidism and taking thyroid replacement therapy were included. Patient who are pregnant were excluded. All patients in the present study fulfilled the revised National Kidney Foundation criteria for the diagnosis of CKD. Results: Out of 1286 subjects with T2DM, there were 346 cases (26.9%) male and 940 cases (73.1%) were female with mean age 55.4±12.3 and body mass index 31.8±6.3 kg/m2. There were 53 cases (4.1%), 736 cases (57.2%) and 346 cases (26.9%) with CKD, hypertension and hypothyroidism respectively. The mean TSH and FT4 value was 4.2±8.0 mIU/l and 15.1±2.9 pmol/l respectively. Among cases of T2DM and CKD, there were 21 cases (39.6 %) with hypothyroidism, p=0.04. Regression analysis of odd ratio of risk factors for patients with T2DM and CKD with hypothyroidism showed that male gender, age, presence of hypothyroidism and HbA1c were associated with higher likely hood of CKD, (OR=11.5; 95% confidence interval [CI]=5.2, 25.6), p&lt;0.0001), (OR=1.1; 95% CI=1.04, 1.1), p=0.004), (OR=4.4; 95% CI=2.1, 9.1), p&lt;0.0001) and (OR=1.2; 95% CI=1.04, 1.4), p=0.01) respectively. Hypothyroidism with CKD was more prevalent in the seventh decade (17%). Prevalence of hypothyroidism was more prevalent across all age groups and significantly more prevalent in males as compared to females in the sixth (1.7% vs. 0.3%) and seventh (0.9% vs. 0.2%) decades. Conclusion: We conclude that despite the limitations of this hospital-based retrospective study, hypothyroidism is highly prevalent in cohort of Saudis with CKD and T2DM. The majority of our patients with primary hypothyroidism in our finding were predominantly males. These two observations remain to be validated by population-based studies. In the absence of registry data, larger cooperative studies involving diverse population samples from multiple centers could help to provide further information on the true frequency nationally