Prevalence Of Human Papillomavirus Infection Research Articles

Prevalence of vaginal and cervical HPV infection among 35-year age cohort ever-married women in Kalutara district of Sri Lanka and the validity of vaginal HPV/DNA specimen as a cervical cancer screening tool: a cross-sectional study.

Cervical cancer is the 2nd most common female cancer among Sri Lankan females and is almost associated with sexually transmitted cervicovaginal human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. The study objectives were to determine the prevalence of vaginal and cervical HPV infection among 35year old ever-married women and assess the validity of primary healthcare provider-collected vaginal HPV/DNA specimens as a cervical cancer screening tool to improve the coverage of the programme. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out from the 1st of September 2018 to the 31st of January 2019. Ever-married women 35 years of age in Kalutara district were the study population. Two women from each Public Health Midwife area (n = 413) were selected randomly from the relevant area eligible families register/s. HPV/DNA cervical specimen and vaginal specimen collection (n = 621) were carried out. Specimens were screened by the Cobas 4800 HPV/DNA automated Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) machine. Participants' profiles were recorded by the research assistants using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. The overall prevalence of vaginal and cervical HPV infection was 7.08% (95% CI; 5.2-9.4%) and 6.12% (95% CI; 4.26-8.3%) respectively. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), diagnostic accuracy, and the kappa coefficient of the vaginal HPV/DNA screening method vs. cervical HPV/DNA screening method were 100%, 98.9%, 86.4%, 100%, 99% and 0.92 respectively. Vaginal HPV/DNA specimen screening method can be used as a cervical cancer screening tool due to its high validity. Pilots of the feasibility should be set up before the regional or national rollout of vaginal sampling strategies.

The dietary inflammatory index (DII®) and human papillomavirus infection: a cross-sectional study of US women

BackgroundDiet may influence susceptibility of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection by affecting inflammation and immunity. However, the association between HPV infection and the inflammatory potential of diet has not been investigated. The research aimed to examine the correlation between HPV status and the dietary inflammatory index (DII®).MethodsWe utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003–2016 to investigate the correlation between DII and HPV status among 9,256 women aged 18–59 years. DII scores were calculated based on 24-hour dietary recall interviews. The association between HPV status and DII was analyzed using weighted logistic regression and restricted cubic spline (RCS).ResultsWomen with HPV infection exhibited higher DII scores than those without HPV infection. An increased likelihood of HPV infection was found to be significantly associated with higher DII scores (OR = 1.05, 95% CI: 1.01–1.09, P = 0.021), after full multivariate adjustment. Compared with the lowest tertile of DII scores, the ORs (95% CIs) for HPV infection were 1.20 (1.01, 1.42) and 1.27 (1.07, 1.51) for the second and third tertiles, respectively (P for trend = 0.006). RCS analysis showed a U-shaped relationship between DII and HPV infection, with a breakpoint identified at 0.13.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that a pro-inflammatory diet is associated with an increased likelihood of HPV infection among women in the United States. Dietary interventions to reduce inflammation may help prevent HPV infection and related diseases.

HPV infection status among women of all ages in Jinshan District, Shanghai.

We explored the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection among women in Jinshan District, Shanghai. We analyzed all HPV testing samples sent from our unit between December 2023 and April 2024. We reported the HPV prevalence overall, by age, and by subtype. In total, 3788 women aged 16 to 90 years had HPV test results. The prevalence of infection with any HPV subtype was 17.9%. The HPV prevalence by age group was: ≤30 years, 15.4%; 31-40 years, 14.7%; 41-50 years, 17.0%; 51-60 years, 22.4%; >60 years, 31.0%. Among HPV-positive women, 80.6% had infection with one subtype, 16.4% had dual infection, and 3.1% had three or more subtypes detected. We found 640 cases (16.9%) of infection with high-risk HPV subtypes and 139 cases (5.04%) of infection with low-risk HPV subtypes. The most common high-risk subtypes were HPV 52, 53, 58, and 16; the most common low-risk subtypes were HPV 81, 70, and 42. We detected ≥1 HPV subtype among most women in our study. The prevalence of HPV was lowest in younger women and highest in women age >60 years. Tailored strategies for older women are needed to prevent HPV infection and cervical cancer.

Human Papilloma Virus-Related Oral Mucosal Lesions in Turkey: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Introduction: The human papillomavirus (HPV) is the etiological agent of a variety of oral mucosal benign and pre/malignant lesions, which demonstrate a wide range of prevalence according to geographic regions. Material and Methods: This study specifically examined the typing of HPV-associated oral mucosal lesions in Turkish patients. The DNA from FFPE blocks of 228 lesions was utilized for this purpose. A total of 87 oral mucosal lesions were classified as benign, 68 as premalignant, and 73 as malignant. DNA from these lesions was amplified using polymerase chain reaction, and genotypes were identified using restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP). Results: HPV-DNA was identified in 17 out of 228 patients, indicating a prevalence incidence of 7.4%. In benign oral lesions, the prevalence of HPV-DNA was 9.2% (8/87 cases), whereas in premalignant, oral epithelial dysplasia, and oral squamous cell carcinoma lesions, it was 6.9% (9/141 cases). A significant statistical difference was found between patients who tested positive for HPV and those who tested negative in terms of the location of the lesion and the age of the patients (p = 0.0097, p = 0.02, respectively). Conclusions: This study underscores the considerable prevalence of HPV infection in oral mucosal lesions among individuals in Central Anatolia, Turkey.

HPV Vaccination Status in HIV-Negative MSM and Its Association with High-Risk HPV Detection Using HPV Serology and Anorectal Swabs

Background/Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of high-risk (HR) human papillomavirus (HPV) types by HPV vaccination status and the feasibility of using HPV L1 serology to identify HIV-negative men who have sex with men (MSM) who may be at risk for anal cancer. Methods: This cross-sectional study recruited HIV-negative MSM from a US metropolitan area. The prevalence of HR, quadrivalent, and nonavalent anorectal HPV DNA and HPV L1 serum antibodies was estimated. McNemar’s chi-square and kappa statistics were used to determine significant differences in HPV detection between anorectal DNA swabs and HPV L1 serology. Results: Eighty-two men had adequate anorectal swabs and serology samples for analysis. Men who self-reported receipt of the HPV vaccine (35.6%) had detectable L1 HPV antibodies (93.1%) and a lower prevalence of active anal HPV infections (20.7%) compared to those who reported none. Conclusions: If confirmed in larger prospective studies, a combination of HPV vaccination status or HPV L1 serology and anorectal swabs for HR HPV types could identify HIV-negative MSM who do not need to undergo follow-up anal testing.

Epidemiological study of human papillomavirus infection in 105,679 women in Wuhan, China

BackgroundQuality assessment of the prevalence and distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes could support additional targeted HPV vaccinations. However, the characteristics of HPV infection in Wuhan city are limited in the past decade. We aimed to assess the epidemiology of HPV infection among women and provide a reference for the prevention and treatment of cervical cancer in this region.MethodsA retrospective study employing 105,679 women attending Wuhan Medical and Health Center for Women and Children for cervical cancer screening from January 2015 to December 2022 was conducted. The HPV genotype was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and diversion hybridization. The overall incidence and age-specific type distribution of HPV infection and the relationship between HPV infection and cervical cytology were analyzed.ResultsThe overall HPV infection rate was 16.87% in Wuhan city, and the prevalence rates of high-risk, low-risk and mixed high- and low-risk HPV infections were 13.64%, 1.77% and 1.46%, respectively. The five most prevalent genotypes were HPV52 (4.24%), HPV58 (2.42%), HPV16 (2.34%), HPV53 (1.87%), and HPV39 (1.66%). The prevalence of HPV in women exhibited a “two-peak” pattern, the peaks of which were observed in the < 21 years group (37.4%) and the 61–65 years group (41.72%). Logistic regression analysis revealed no significant difference in the rate of high-grade lesion positivity between single and multiple high-risk HPV infections. Among patients with a high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion+ (HSIL+) ThinPrep cytologic test (TCT) diagnosis, HPV58 was the most common type, followed by HPV52, HPV16, HPV39 and HPV53.ConclusionsHPV types 52, 58, 16, 53, and 39 were the most common types in the general female population in Wuhan, and the prevalence of HPV infection varied among different age groups. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the epidemiological characteristics of HPV infection in women, which could support the development of targeted prevention and control strategies for cervical cancer in the region.

Cost-effectiveness of nonavalent vs bivalent HPV vaccine in Polish setting.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a prevalent sexually transmitted infection with significant implications for public health. In Poland, a nationwide vaccination program offers a choice between the 9-valent (9v) and 2-valent (2v) HPV vaccines. We aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of the 9v vs 2v vaccine from the public payer perspective in Poland. A cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted to compare the public health and economic benefits of using 9v vs 2v vaccine in Poland over 100-year horizon using a previously published deterministic dynamic transmission model. A target population of girls and boys aged 12-13 years was considered. The model was populated with local epidemiological inputs, utilities, and costs, including vaccine and administration costs, as well as costs related to medical procedures for HPV-related diseases. The 9v vaccine reduced the prevalence of HPV infections and HPV-related diseases substantially more than 2v vaccine when both are compared to no vaccination strategy. The total discounted cost savings of using the 9v vaccine instead of 2v, excluding the vaccine costs, amounted to EUR 66 million. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio amounted to 8094 EUR per quality-adjusted life year, much below the official cost-effectiveness threshold in Poland set up at the three times the annual gross domestic product per capita. 9v cost-effectiveness ratio remained unchanged when shorter time-horizons of 20, 40, 60, or 80 years were considered. Using 9v HPV vaccine in Poland is highly cost-effective compared to the 2v vaccine.

Healthy lifestyle and HPV infection risk: results from a cross-sectional study.

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection constitutes a significant global public health challenge despite the widespread implementation of vaccination programs, with infection rates persistently high. Recent studies suggest that lifestyle factors including diet quality (DQ) and physical activity (PA) could play a pivotal role in the mitigation of HPV infections. This investigation explored the influence of DQ, PA, and a healthy lifestyle on the incidence of HPV infection in adult women. Data from 5,308 women aged 20-59 from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2016. DQ and PA were measured using the Healthy Eating Index (HEI-2015) and the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ), respectively, creating four lifestyle groups based on how well they matched dietary and activity guidelines. The associations between key factors and HPV infection were explored using multivariate logistic regression, trend tests, and interaction tests. Fully adjusted multivariable logistic regression models revealed an inverse association between the risk of HPV infection and higher levels of PA (OR = 0.914; 95% CI: 0.854-0.979) as well as DQ (OR = 0.993; 95% CI: 0.989-0.998). Individuals in the highest tertile of DQ displayed a reduced risk of HPV infection relative to those in the lowest tertile (OR = 0.846; 95% CI: 0.726-0.986). Belonging to the third quintile of PA was linked to a lower risk of HPV infection than the lowest quintile (OR = 0.823; 95% CI: 0.681-0.995). Subgroups adhering to a healthy DQ were linked to a lower risk of HPV infection irrespective of PA meeting guideline recommendations. Our findings underscore the importance of a healthy diet in conjunction with appropriate PA in preventing HPV infection, offering new insights for public health policies and interventions.

Male and female human papilloma virus infection and assisted reproductive technology outcomes: A comprehensive assessment from prevalence in semen to obstetric outcomes.

Infertility, affecting approximately 16% of the global population, has led to increased reliance on reproductive medicine. The impact of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in one or both partners on outcomes of Assisted Reproduction Technologies (ART) remains unclear. This prospective cohort study aimed to evaluate prevalence and effects of HPV infection in subjects and couples candidates to ART. A total of n = 510 men and n = 246 women were included and n = 145 couples (n = 290 individuals) had both partners enrolled in the study. The HPV semen infection rate was 17% (95% CI: 14-20) with HPV-42, HPV-16, HPV-53 and HPV-51 as the most frequently detected genotypes. In women, 26% (95% CI: 21-32) tested HPV-positive in cervical swabs. In 6% (95% CI: 3-11) of the couples, both partners were positive but only three couples shared the same genotypes (HPV-16; HPV-39, HPV-51, and HPV-42; HPV-31). Follicular fluids were positive in 20% (95% CI: 11-33) of samples, showing genotype discrepancies with cervical tests. Semen treatment could not completely eliminate the virus in positive samples but reduced the positivity to one-third. No significant differences in semen and embryological variables, clinical pregnancy and live birth rates, neonatal and obstetrics outcomes were observed in subjects with positivity in semen or cervix compared to respective negative groups. Cumulative live birth rates per oocyte retrieval in couples where both partners were negative or both were positive did not differ, being 37% (95% CI: 28%-47%) and 44% (95% CI: 19-73), respectively. In conclusion, HPV testing should not be considered a prerequisite for accessing ART treatments. Robust inferences for natural fertility cannot be made using our findings, as the ART setting does not fully reflect natural conditions.

Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection and its Association With Pap Smear Findings Among Women Attending a Gynecology Clinic in Khorasan Razavi-Iran.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most common sexual transmitted disease and Pap smears and HPV testing are crucial for early detection. Advancements in HPV testing improve accuracy, but optimal screening strategies are still debated. This cross-sectional study explores HPV genotypes and predictors of infection among Iranian women undergoing gynecological screening. Study Design: A retrospective cross-sectional study. Women undergoing their initial cervical screening enrolled in this study. Cervical cytology samples for Pap smear analysis were collected from women referred to the genetic laboratory of Academic Center for Education Culture and Research (ACECR), Khorasan Razavi, during gynecological visits, adhering to standardized liquid-based cytology protocols. These samples were obtained over a one-year period since January 2023. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS version 21.0, with a significance level set at P<0.05. A total of 328 women enrolled in this study. The mean age of participants was 36±11 years and the overall HPV prevalence was 37.5% (n=123). Among HPV-positive women, nearly half (48.7%) had a single HPV genotype. Genotypes 6 (13%), 16 (12.3%), and 53 (6.7%) were the most prevalent types. Notably, high-risk HPV genotypes (16 and 18 among all) were identified in one-fourth of the study population. Women with endocervical/transformation zone cells had 25% higher odds of having HPV infection, and having mild, moderate, and severe inflammation increased the odds of having HPV infection by 14%, 11%, and 20%, respectively. The considerably high prevalence of HPV infection highlights the significance of HPV prevention programs in this population. Neither bacterial vaginosis nor candida infection showed a direct link to HPV positivity.

MHealth interventions to improve public knowledge of HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer in the UK

In the United Kingdom (UK), the current prevalence rates of oropharyngeal cancer linked to human papillomavirus (HPV) are 6.29% and 2.04% in men and women, respectively. Over the years, the burden of this disease has increased in the UK, and this is mainly due to the rising prevalence of HPV infection in the UK. Research evidence has shown that over 70% of oropharyngeal cancers in the UK are linked to HPV. Oral sex is the major route of transmission of HPV, and over 63% of UK young adults are found to have a positive history of oral sex practice. However, only a minority of the UK population are aware of HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer; this therefore calls for more public health efforts to increase awareness and knowledge on HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer in the UK. While the use of technology-based, clinic-based, and community-based interventions have been employed to improve public awareness and knowledge on the role of HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer, mobile health (mhealth) interventions have not been seriously explored despite existing robust evidence on the effective roles of mhealth in improving awareness and knowledge in diverse diseases. This article therefore calls for the adoption and use of mhealth interventions in educating the UK’s population on HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer. The use of mhealth interventions in this regard is highly viable as its implementation closely aligns with the country’s National Health Service (NHS) commitment towards the digital transformation of the UK’s healthcare system.

Prevalence of human papilloma virus infection and risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia among female sex workers in Mumbai, India.

Cervical cancer, mostly caused by human papilloma virus (HPV), has disproportionately high incidence in developing countries. HPV infection being essentially a sexually transmitted infection, high-risk behaviour women with multiple sexual contacts like female sex workers (FSWs) are at higher risk of co-infection with HPV and of developing cervical precancer and cancer. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and determinants of HPV infection and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) among FSWs in Mumbai, India. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 448 FSWs, between the ages of 18-50 years, by collaborating with local non-government organizations working for the health and welfare of FSW communities at sexually transmitted diseases clinics. All FSWs were screened for HPV DNA by hybrid capture II followed by reference diagnosis of colposcopy and/or cervical biopsy. The prevalence of HPV DNA positivity was 35.5% and CIN was 2.2%. Factors significantly associated with HPV DNA positivity were age group younger than 30 years odds ratio (OR = 2.098, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.408-3.127), Illiteracy (OR = 2.015, 95% CI 1.305-3.112), being single (OR = 2.409, 95% CI 1.558-3.724), less than 18 years of age at time of initiating work as FSW (OR = 3.718, 95% CI 3.718-2.392), having more than five clients per day (OR = 2.078, 95% CI 1.301-3.318), been working as a FSW for more than 5 years (OR = 2.321, 95% CI 1.455-3.701), not using barrier contraception methods (OR = 5.155, 95% CI 3.395-7.827) and having no exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) education program (OR = 29.153, 95% CI 15.385-55.240). FSWs with a positive HPV DNA test are substantially more likely to have CIN compared to those with a negative test (OR = 7.6, 95% CI 1.59-36.25). The prevalence of HPV infection and CIN was high among FSWs. FSWs with a positive HPV DNA test had a seven times higher risk of developing CIN. The persistence of HPV infection is expected to significantly raise the risk of cervical cancer in the future. It is suggested to have an integrated approach towards cervical cancer screening and HIV/AIDS control activities.

Pediatric Oncology Providers' HPV Vaccine Knowledge, Attitude, Self-Efficacy, and Practice after Communication Training: A Comparison with a National Survey.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccinations prevent HPV infection and related cancers. Despite being at higher risk of secondary cancers linked to HPV, childhood cancer survivors (CCS) are undervaccinated. This study aimed to compare pediatric oncology providers' knowledge, attitudes, self-efficacy, and practices regarding HPV vaccination among those who participated in a multilevel educational HPV vaccine program with those of a national sample of oncology providers. Between February and March 2023, 39 providers from five pediatric oncology clinics in Texas completed online surveys, assessing knowledge about CCS risk for HPV-related cancers, attitudes towards the HPV vaccine, and confidence in recommending the vaccine to CCS. The results were compared with a national survey of providers conducted in 2019 (n = 195). The findings showed that providers who participated in our program had greater knowledge of CCS increased risk for HPV-related cancers (96% vs. 38%; p < 0.001); greater confidence in discussing and recommending the HPV vaccine (100% vs. 66%, p < 0.001) and addressing parental concerns (100% vs. 69%, p < 0.001); and a more positive attitude about oncology providers than general pediatricians, recommending (96% vs. 71%; p = 0.006) and administering the HPV vaccine to CCS (96% vs. 53%, p < 0.001). This study underscores the importance of educating oncology providers about the increased risk of CCS and improving their self-efficacy to recommend the HPV vaccine, promoting vaccination in the oncology setting.

Impact of human papillomavirus and coinfection with other sexually transmitted pathogens on male infertility.

This study primarily aimed to investigate the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) and other common pathogens of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in spermatozoa of infertile men and their effects on semen parameters. These pathogens included Ureaplasma urealyticum, Ureaplasma parvum, Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium, herpes simplex virus 2, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus agalactiae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. A total of 1951 men of infertile couples were recruited between 23 March 2023, and 17 May 2023, at the Department of Reproductive Medicine of The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province (Kunming, China). Multiplex polymerase chain reaction and capillary electrophoresis were used for HPV genotyping. Polymerase chain reaction and electrophoresis were also used to detect the presence of other STIs. The overall prevalence of HPV infection was 12.4%. The top five prevalent HPV subtypes were types 56, 52, 43, 16, and 53 among those tested positive for HPV. Other common infections with high prevalence rates were Ureaplasma urealyticum (28.3%), Ureaplasma parvum (20.4%), and Enterococcus faecalis (9.5%). The prevalence rates of HPV coinfection with Ureaplasma urealyticum, Ureaplasma parvum, Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium, herpes simplex virus 2, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Staphylococcus aureus were 24.8%, 25.4%, 10.6%, 6.4%, 2.4%, 7.9%, 5.9%, 0.9%, and 1.3%, respectively. The semen volume and total sperm count were greatly decreased by HPV infection alone. Coinfection with HPV and Ureaplasma urealyticum significantly reduced sperm motility and viability. Our study shows that coinfection with STIs is highly prevalent in the semen of infertile men and that coinfection with pathogens can seriously affect semen parameters, emphasizing the necessity of semen screening for STIs.

The Clinical Effectiveness of Single-Dose Human Papillomavirus Vaccination.

The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine was initially approved for a three-dose regimen. Due to resource limitations, budget constraints, low acceptance, and poor adherence, global vaccination coverage is only 15%. A single-dose regimen could simplify logistics, reduce costs, and improve accessibility. However, its clinical effectiveness remains debatable. This review systematically searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library, including 42 clinical studies, to assess the effectiveness of a single-dose HPV vaccination for preventing HPV infections, cervical abnormalities, and genital warts. We summarized the effectiveness of bivalent, quadrivalent, and nonavalent vaccines across different age groups and buffer periods, and analyzed the factors contributing to the inconsistency of results. The review also provides insights into designing robust future research to inform single-dose HPV vaccination policies and guidelines, highlighting the need for further research to refine vaccination strategies.

Forecasting Disease Burden with a Dynamic Transmission Model of Human Papillomavirus and Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis in the United States.

Juvenile- and adult-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (JORRP and AORRP) are rare but serious conditions that are caused by oral human papillomavirus (HPV) infections. The proliferation of wart-like growths throughout the respiratory tract can result in medical problems, including death. The current treatment scheme is surgery, though prevention of HPV infection through vaccination is available. A previously developed model for JORRP and AORRP was adapted to the United States using data on disease burden and HPV infection. The model was validated against post-vaccination reductions in disease and used to forecast the future burden of JORRP and AORRP, estimating the impact that HPV vaccination will have on these diseases. Between 2007 (the beginning of HPV vaccination in the US) and 2021, this model estimates that approximately 1393 lives, 22,867 Quality-Adjusted-Life-Years, and over USD 672 million in treatment costs have been saved by HPV vaccination. There is also a substantial reduction in JORRP and AORRP burden, with a 95% reduction in incidence by 2040. Moreover, between 2040 and 2121, the model predicts 3-11 total cases of HPV6/11-related JORRP in the US, and 36-267 total cases of HPV6/11-related AORRP. HPV vaccination in the United States has driven, and will continue to drive, substantial reductions in the public health and economic burden of HPV6/11-related JORRP and AORRP.

Distribution of human papillomavirus in women by genotype, age, education, and geography in Baghdad, 2021-2022

Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the main causative agent of cervical cancer and genital warts. HPV infection can be persistent with high-risk HR-HPV genotype. Objective: Investigate the distribution of HPV genotype in Baghdad province, to afford a scientific source for initial detection policies and immunization for cervical tumors in the province. Methodology: From January 2021 to September 2022, 400 women who were tested for HPV genotyping, were referred to the Central Public Health Laboratory (CPHL) in Baghdad province. They have one or more of the following (intermenstrual bleeding, post-menopausal bleeding, post-coital bleeding, vaginal discharge, and warts). Results: The prevalence of HPV infection showed a high percentage in Rusafa about 74.17%, however, Al-karkh showed about 25.83%. Both regions appeared high distribution for genotypes (16&amp;18) as predominant types for HR-HPV. Two major rates of HPV infection have been found in women aged group (20-30) years, about (45.31%) and (36.72%) in women aged (30-40) years, these groups consider reproductive age therefore HR-HPV risking persistent infection. In comparison, HPV infections show (13.28%) among women aged 40-50 years. finally, HPV infection in the elderly group 50-65 years was (4.69%) showing the lowest percentage, also women with secondary education level appeared higher percentage of HPV infection about (42.63%) compared with primary and higher education. Conclusion: The prevalence of high-risk-HPV infection showed a high percentage in Baghdad providence and there was an important for age specificity, in addition to an inverse relationship with the education level.

The prevalence of multiple or single HPV infection and genotype distribution in healthy Chinese women: A systemic review.

We analyzed the prevalence and genotype distribution of multiple- or single-type cervical human papillomavirus (HPV) infections in a population of women in mainland China. PubMed, MEDLINE, and Chinese databases (CNKI, VIP, and Wan Fang) were searched for studies on HPV prevalence and the examination of this relationship. All analyses were performed using STATA (version 12.0). Data from selected studies were extracted into tables, and all included studies were weighted and summarized. Thirty studies were included. The prevalence of single types (10.4%) and multiple types (4.7%) primarily occurred in healthy Chinese women, in which the dominant single-type infection was HPV16 (1.6%), 52 (1.5%), 58 (1.0%), and 18 (0.5%), and the dominant type of multiple infection was HPV16 (0.7%), 52 (0.7%), 58 (0.6%), and 18 (0.3%). The prevalence in North and South China was 14.3%, in which the prevalence of the single type was 10.41% and 8.27%, and the prevalence of multiple types was 4.00% and 6.52%, respectively. Mainland China exhibits unique type-specific single and multiple HPV infections. Overall single or multiple HPV prevalence varied across regions of China, whereas type-specific HPV differences were relatively small.

Association between human papillomavirus and preterm delivery: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

The lifetime prevalence of human papillomavirus infection (HPV) is estimated to be around 80% and it is the most common sexually transmitted infection. Despite being well known for its oncologic relevance, it has been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, though available evidence is contradicting. Previous meta-analyses involved articles which based HPV infection on Pap smear results, leading to a significant source of bias. Therefore, we aimed to assess the burden of genetically proven HPV infection on adverse pregnancy outcomes. In our meta-analysis, pregnant women tested for HPV DNA were only considered eligible. We conducted a systematic search in three major databases (PubMed, Embase, and CENTRAL) on September 22, 2023. Cohort, cross-sectional, and case-control studies were eligible for the analysis. The exposed group consisted of HPV-infected patients. We assessed the odds ratios (OR) with a confidence interval (CI) of 95%. In order to reduce the heterogeneity, we performed subgroup analyses based on different strains (high risk HPV, HPV 16/18, study design). The study was prospectively registered on PROSPERO (CRD42022370228). Our study involved 14 articles with 7008 women. A significant association was found between preterm delivery and HPV infection (OR: 1.94, CI: 1.31-2.87). No significant association was found when separately examining high-risk HPV-infected women (OR: 1.94, CI: 0.82-4.59), and HPV 16 or 18-infected women (OR: 2.08, CI: 0.50-8.63) in terms of preterm delivery. No significant association was found between spontaneous abortion and HPV infection (OR: 1.02, CI: 0.16-6.31). Our analysis indicates an association between HPV infection and preterm delivery. It is imperative that future studies consider confounding variables more comprehensively. Additionally, the global implementation of HPV vaccination programs holds significance not only in oncology but also in obstetrics.

A Systematic Review of Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Challenges and Strategies to Enhance Uptake.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination has revolutionized cervical cancer prevention. Clinical trials confirm that the quadrivalent (HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18) and bivalent (HPV types 16, 18) vaccines effectively prevent HPV infections and cervical neoplasia. The latest HPV vaccine protects against nine virus types responsible for 90% of cervical cancer cases globally. Despite their undoubted effectiveness in reducing morbidity and mortality associated with HPV infections, challenges in vaccine coverage and uptake persist. The current study aimed to identify the primary challenges associated with HPV vaccination, propose effective strategies to improve vaccination uptake, and compile relevant evidence into a comprehensive overview to inform policy and practice. A systematic review protocol, following PRISMA-P and PRISMA guidelines, was established. Articles were sourced from the Web of Science using keywords from a comprehensive review of HPV vaccination challenges and strategies. Studies published between 1 January 2020, and 1 May 2024, including RCTs and observational, qualitative, and cross-sectional studies, were included, while reviews, protocols, and commentaries were excluded. Titles, abstracts, and full texts were screened per PRISMA guidelines. The review identified five key strategies to improve HPV vaccination uptake: parental and school engagement, use of technology and multimedia tools, healthcare providers' role, multicomponent interventions, and targeted interventions for immigrant groups. This review emphasized the need for a multifaceted approach to improving vaccination rates, offering a robust foundation for policy and stakeholder initiatives.