Prevalence Of Hepatitis Viruses Research Articles

Prevalence of hepatitis virus B and C in patients in Al Najaf Governorate, Iraq

Prevalence of hepatitis virus B and C in patients in Al Najaf Governorate, Iraq

Análise das características hematológica do líquido ascítico de pacientes internos no Hospital Universitário Lauro Wanderley (HULW)

O objetivo desse trabalho foi analisar as características hematológicas dos líquidos ascíticos de pacientes internos no Hospital Universitário Lauro Wanderley assim como sua importância para determinar o diagnóstico. A população do estudo foi composta por pacientes com diversas patologias, admitidos no HULW, de ambos os gêneros, com idade igual ou superior a 18 anos com diagnóstico de ascite. O estudo foi realizado de acordo com as exigências do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa (CAAE 23933819.0.0000.5183) do HULW. Foram analisados 309 exames. Destes, 68% eram do gênero masculino e a maior incidência na faixa etária acima de 60 anos (41%) com predomínio de ascite como diagnóstico estabelecido. A peritonite bacteriana esteve presente em 12% amostras e 6% apresentaram aspectos hemorrágico. Esses dados corroboram com a literatura, em que há o predomino do gênero masculino e a idade média 56,4 ± 6 anos, o que pode ser atribuída à prevalência de vírus da hepatite na população, bem como ao momento da disseminação da infecção viral, como também, o uso do álcool como fator relevante para desencadear a cirrose. Entre as limitações de nosso estudo, deve-se ressaltar a falta de informação clara no preenchimento da requisição do exame laboratorial, como também a coleta adequada e manuseio da amostra, o que dificulta e prejudica a análise dos fluidos cavitários.

THE PREVALENCE RATE OF HEPATITIS C VIRUS IN BASRAH CITY AND THE COMMON CAUSATIVE RISK FACTORS

Background: This prospective descriptive study was carried out in the Basra Public Health Department fromAugust 2017 to August 2018 on all patients registered at the Communicable Disease Control unit. Aim of the study. is to detect the prevalence rate of hepatitis c virus among risky group and to determined the most common risk factors. Patients and method.A total of 162137 (97283 male and 64854 female) people were screened and 355 (205 male and 150 female) people were found to be infected. The laboratory investigation included a blood sample to detect anti-hepatitis C virus antibodies by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test, which is a confirmatory test for those with positive results found using the HCV RNA genotype. Result. In this study, we found that the prevalence rate of the hepatitis C virus in Basra city among the screening group was 2% in comparison with the global population affected by this diseasebeing a little more than 3%. The most common risk factor for infection with the hepatitis C virus is dentinal interference (83 patients) with 23% affected cases, while the lowest risk factor is in prisoners. Among patients with cancer, the most common age group at the risk of infection with hepatitis C is 15 to less than 45 years and 0.5%. The number of infected people in rural areas is greater than in the center with a prevalence rate of 0.22% in Al-Qurna. The most common risky group exposed to infection are hemodialysis patient( prevalence rate 84.5%). Conclusion. It’s important to apply a screening program of hepatitis C to all population to have a more quorate prevalence rate; population health education about the risk factor of infection with hepatitis C and how to prevent it; a strict follow-up of all dentinal clinics by the health directorate and insure the use of sterilized instrument for every patient; use of disposable instrument in dentinal clinic if possible; early screening for renal disease is necessary to prevent the development of renal failure and its complication. Keywords. HBV, HCV, prevalence of hepatitis virus

SERO-EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF HEPATITIS B, C, HIV AND TREPONEMA PALLIDUM AMONG BLOOD DONORS IN HODEIDA CITY- YEMEN

Infections transmitted in blood transfusions are the most significant concern associated with blood donation. The purpose of this study was to establish the current prevalence of hepatitis viruses (B and C), HIV and T.pallidium among blood donors at National Blood Transfusion and Research Center (NBTRC) Hodeida Branch, Hodeida city, Yemen. Serological markers of HBV, HCV, HIV 1, 2, T. pallidium antibodies were studied in 25446 (males) using commercially available kits, over a period of 3 years from January 2016 to April 2018 at National Blood Transfusion and Research Center (NBTRC) Hodeida Branch , Hodeida city, Yemen. Also, the prevalence of confirmed-positive test results of these infections was evaluated among different ages. The sero-prevalence of HBV and HCV, HIV, T. pallidium infections based on confirmation tests, were 0.74%, 0.19%, 0.38% and 0.18% respectively. The prevalence of HBV was significantly higher in age groups 37-46 years and 47-56 years with significant associated OR equal to 2.3 (p<0.001) and OR=2.7 (p=0.02) respectively. The prevalence of HCV was significantly higher in age groups 47-56 years with significant associated OR equal to 6.5 (p=0.003). The prevalence of T.pallidium was significantly higher in age group 37-46 years with significant associated OR equal to 3.6 (p<0.001). In conclusion: this study highlights the prevalence of HBV, HCV, HIV, and T. pallidium among different male ages. The prevalence varies from one age group to another, being the lowest among younger and very older age groups. Therefore, extensive recruitment of young donors should help ensure a long-term increase in the blood supply without jeopardizing safety.

Prevalence of hepatitis viruses in patients with acute hepatitis and characterization of the detected genotype 4 hepatitis E virus sequences in Mongolia.

Hepatitis E is considered to be a worldwide public health problem. Although the prevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) antibodies in healthy individuals is noted to be 11%, no patients with acute hepatitis E have previously been identified in Mongolia. Three hundred two consecutive patients (183 males and 119 females; median age of 22.0 [Interquartile range: 18.3-25.0] years) who were clinically diagnosed with sporadic acute hepatitis during 2012-2013 in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, were studied. By serological and/or molecular approaches, 77 (25.5%), 93 (30.8%), 19 (6.3%), 48 (15.9%), and 12 (4.0%) of the patients were diagnosed with acute hepatitis of types A, B, C, D (superinfection of hepatitis delta virus on a background of chronic hepatitis B virus infection) and E, respectively, while the cause of hepatitis was unknown in the remaining 53 patients (17.5%). The 12 hepatitis E patients had no history of travel abroad in the 3 months before the onset of disease, and lived separately in fixed or movable houses with water supplied via pipe, tank or well, denying transmission from a common water supply. The 12 HEV isolates obtained from the patients showed high nucleotide identities of 99.7-100%, and a representative HEV isolate, MNE13-227, was closest to the Chinese isolates of genotype 4, with the highest identity of 97.3% in the 304-nt ORF2 sequence and 92.1% over the entire genome. The present study revealed the occurrence of autochthonous acute hepatitis E in Mongolia, caused by a monophyletic genotype 4 HEV strain.

Prevalence of Hepatitis Virus and HBV/HCV Interactions in Opiate Addict Subjects

Prevalence of Hepatitis Virus and HBV/HCV Interactions in Opiate Addict Subjects Aims of the study were: 1) the assessment of the prevalence of HBV, HCV and HDV infections in opiate addict subjects; 2) the study of the viral interaction in vivo. Method: The study evaluated HBV and HCV infections in 1682 subjects assisted from 1990 to 2010. Outcomes: In 2010 the prevalence of HBV infection was of 42.3%; the number of HBs Ag carrier subjects was of 4,4%. HCV infection prevalence rose of 60.4%. The prevalence of the co-infection HBV/HCV was of 32.0%; during the co-infection phase, HBV infection spread earlier with a 2.8 higher probability than HCV infection. The RNA of HCV virus was positive in 25.9% of the cases of HBsAg carrier subjects. The RNA of HCV resulted to be positive among HBV infected subjects compared to HBV carrier subjects with O.R. 10.47.

Seroprevalence of Hepatitis Viruses B, C, D and HIV Infection Among Hemodialysis Patients in Kerman Province, South-East Iran

The prevalence of hepatitis viruses in hemodialysis patients has been reported to be much greater than in the general population. Attention to local data, effectively guides health planners so that they can control infections and prevent nosocomial transmissions. This cross sectional study was carried out to determine the prevalence of hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV), and hepatitis D (HDV) viruses, as well as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in dialysis centers in the Kerman Province, in the southeast of Iran. All hemodialysis patients (n = 228) in 7 centers were enrolled in the study. Hepatitis B surface antigens (HBsAg), HCV antibodies (Ab), HDV Ab and HIV Ab were measured using specific enzyme linked immunoassay kits (ULTRA kit, bioMérieux, France) and confirmed by a qualitative PCR assay. The studied group was comprised of 92 (40.4%) females and 136 (59.6%) males. The mean age of the patients was 51 ± 9.5 years and the duration of hemodialysis was 39.7 ± 7.9 months. Positive HBsAg was found in 7% of cases, HCV Ab in 7%, and patients with both viruses were detected in 1.7% cases. HIV Ab and HDV Ab were negative in all cases. Out of the other risk factors, frequency of blood transfusions was significantly correlated with positive HCV Ab (P < 0.008). Prevalence of HBV and HCV in hemodialysis patients was moderate to low in the Kerman Province, as in other parts of the country. Strict adherence to protective measures could lead to even lower rates.

Epidemiology of Viral Hepatitis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Most cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are associated with cirrhosis related to chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Changes in the time trends of HCC and most variations in its age-, sex-, and race-specific rates among different regions are likely to be related to differences in hepatitis viruses that are most prevalent in a population, the timing of their spread, and the ages of the individuals the viruses infect. Environmental, host genetic, and viral factors can affect the risk of HCC in individuals with HBV or HCV infection. This review summarizes the risk factors for HCC among HBV- or HCV-infected individuals, based on findings from epidemiologic studies and meta-analyses, as well as determinants of patient outcome and the HCC disease burden, globally and in the United States.

Consequences of Drug Abuse and HIV/AIDS in China: Recommendations for Integrated Care of HIV-Infected Drug Users

Drug abuse is a complicated social phenomenon rather than a neural disease. It especially fuels the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Researchers have shown interest in HIV-infected drug users as the socially and medically marginalized population, but they did not provide good enough care. Based on published English and Chinese journal articles and official reports, this integrated literature review summarizes the epidemic of drug abuse and HIV/AIDS, and comments on the clinical and psychosocial consequences, and harm reduction measures in China. Officially registered drug users have reached more than 1 million recently. A little under half of the people living with HIV/AIDS are injection drug users, as they transmit the disease through needle sharing and unprotected sexual behavior. The main consequences of drug abuse and HIV/AIDS included high prevalence of hepatitis viruses and tuberculosis co-infections, severe mental problems and extreme poverty. Even health professionals hold discriminative attitude toward drug users because of condemnation of drug abuse behavior and fear of HIV infection. Although interventions for drug addiction and harm reduction have been scaled up quickly, such as methadone maintenance treatment and needle syringe programs, the measures should be further revised, and the effectiveness needs to be evaluated appropriately. To enhance HIV-infected drug users' quality of life and the utility of medical services, improving health care providers' attitude is the first step. Then securing good quality of integrated medical care services with multidisciplinary cooperation will be essential.

Risk factors and prevalence of hepatitis virus B and C serum markers among nurses at a tertiary-care hospital in Mexico City, Mexico: a descriptive study: Original Article

Background & aim: Alcohol consumption and viral infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are the first causes of chronic hepatopathy in Mexico. Medical personnel are at high risk of developing HBV and HCV infection because both viruses are transmitted parenteraly. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of HCV and HBV infection as well as risk factors in nurses working at Medica Sur Clinic and Foundation. Methods: The complete nurse staff personal from our hospital was included; a questionnaire of risk factors for HCV and HBV infection was assessed. HBV and HCV infection (anti-HCV anti-HBc, and HBsAg) was determined to all of them. In anti-HCV positive persons HCV genotype and viral load was assessed. Results: Three hundred seventy six nurses where studied, Anti-HBc was positive in 1.6% of all participants, none were positive for HBsAg. 0.8% of all studied population was positive for anti-HCV. Major risk factors for HBV infection where tattooing and having more than 4 sexual partners previously, and for HCV infection transfusions before 1992 and age. Only one person was anti-HCV positive with a viral charge of 5 X 106 copies, genotype 2b. Conclusions: HCV seropositivity in people with high risk was lower than general population. None was positive for HBV infection.

HBV and HCV prevalence and viraemia in HIV-positive and HIV-negative pregnant women in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire: the ANRS 1236 study.

A retrospective survey estimating the prevalence of hepatitis viruses B (HBV) and C (HCV) was conducted on samples taken in 1,002 African pregnant women (501 diagnosed as HIV-1 positive and 501 HIV-1 negative) participating in a clinical trial program conducted in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire (West Africa). Hepatitis B markers studied were HBs antigen (HBsAg), and if positive, HBe antigen/anti-HBe antibodies and HBV DNA. Two third generation (G3) HCV enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) were used for primary HCV screening. All anti-HCV antibody-positive sera were assessed further with supplementary assays (one another G3 EIA, RIBA 3.0, and HCV RNA). HCV genotypes were also determined. HBsAg was found in a similar proportion among HIV-positive (45/499, 9.0%, 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 6.6-11.9) and HIV-negative (40/498, 8.0%, 95% CI, 5.8-10.8) women (P = 0.58). The diagnosis of chronic hepatitis B, based on HBV DNA positive results, was more frequent in HIV-positive women (26.7%), compared to HIV-negative women (9.4%) (P = 0.06). In the case of hepatitis C infection, after supplementary testing allowing the elimination of frequent false-positive screening results, a prevalence rate of about 1% was found, both in HIV-positive (6/501, 1.2%, 95% CI, 0.44-2.59) and HIV-negative (4/501, 0.8%, 95% CI, 0.22-2.03) women (P = 0.53). Of the 10 samples confirmed positive and assessed for HCV RNA, eight (80%) were viraemic and belonged to HCV genotypes 1 or 2. The relative high frequency of HIV/HBV coinfection in Côte d'Ivoire emphasises the need for monitoring the risk of hepatotoxicity by antiretroviral therapy in such patients. We propose an accurate and cost-efficient algorithm for HCV diagnosis in Africa.

Prevalence of hepatitis viruses among multi-transfused homogenous thalassaemia patients

Thalassaemic children being multi-transfused are at increased risk of parenterally transmissible hepatitis viruses and majority of them prone to develop chronic liver disease. The study is designed to find out the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis D virus (HDV) seromarkers and correlation of age, sex, number of transfusions and the viral aetiology in thalassaemics of central India. One hundred and four thalassaemic children were subjected to clinical, biochemical and serological analysis for the HBV, HCV and HDV viruses. The χ 2 test was applied to check the statistical significance of different variables. In the present study HBV markers were detected in 57 (56%) of the subjects while anti-HCV antibodies were observed in 21% of the patients. However, only four subjects were detected hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) reactive but none of them were reactive for anti-HDV antibodies. Forty patients had raised alanine transaminase (ALT) levels and among them two were HBsAg reactive, 16 were anti-HBc antibody positive and 14 were anti-HCV reactive. The prevalence of hepatitis viruses and raised ALT levels are found to be significantly associated with the increasing age and number of blood units transfused to them. The present findings also document the excellent contribution of stringent screening of blood units and HBV vaccination programme for containing the HBV infection among thalassaemics.

Prevalence of hepatitis viruses in an anti-human immunodeficiency virus-positive population from Argentina. A multicentre study.

The objectives of this study were to investigate the prevalence of infections with hepatotrophic viruses in an anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive population from Buenos Aires and to compare it among the main risk groups for HIV infection. Four hundred and eighty-four consecutive patients attending the HIV outpatients clinic were studied: 359 men and 125 women, median age 29 years (range 16-67 years); 35.5% had presented acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-defining conditions. Two hundred and thirty-four patients were intravenous drug users (IVDU), 99 had homosexual and 142 heterosexual preference, seven had received blood transfusions and two had no risk factors. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), and antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAb) and to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) were investigated in all patients; antibodies to HBsAg (HBsAb) and IgG antibodies to hepatitis D virus (anti-HDV) in all HBcAb-positive patients; hepatitis B e antigen and antibodies to HBeAg (HBeAg) in all HBsAg-positive patients; IgG antibodies to hepatitis A virus (anti-HAV) in the first 307 patients; and IgG antibodies to hepatitis E virus (anti-HEV) in the first 91 patients. As control groups, contemporary voluntary blood donors were studied for prevalence of HAV, HBV, HCV and HEV. The percentages of HBcAb, HBsAg, anti-HCV and anti-HEV (58.5, 14.5, 58.5 and 6.6%, respectively) were significantly higher in anti-HIV-positive patients than in control groups (3.2, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.8%, respectively) (P = 0.000). The prevalence of HBcAb was significantly higher in IVDU (72.6%) than in heterosexuals (33.8%) (P = 0.0001) and in homosexuals (59.6%) (P = 0.0189). The percentage of HBsAg was significantly higher in IVDU (19.2%) than in heterosexuals (6.3%) (P = 0.0004). Anti-HCV was significantly higher in IVDU (92.3%) than in homosexuals (14.1%) and in heterosexuals (33.1%) (P = 0.000 in both cases). The prevalence of anti-HDV was relatively low (1.9%). There was no difference in the percentage of anti-HAV between HIV-positive and negative subjects. In conclusion, there is a high prevalence of HBV and HCV infections in HIV-positive patients from our area. Drug use is the main route of transmission, but prevalence of HCV in patients with, probably, sexually acquired HIV infection is also higher than in the control group. The increased prevalence of HEV infection in HIV-positive individuals is another provocative finding that warrants further study.

The prevalence of hepatitis virus and clinical importance of HCV infection in intravenous drug abusers (IDVA)

The prevalence of hepatitis virus and clinical importance of HCV infection in intravenous drug abusers (IDVA)