Prevalence Of Gram-negative Rods Research Articles

Prevalence and Antimicrobial Sensitivity Pattern of Gram Negative Rods in Blood Cultures: A Tertiary Care Hospital Study

Aim: Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of gram negative rods in blood cultures. Methods: Cross-sectional study performed in Pathology section, Pak Red Crescent Teaching hospital, Lahore for one year i.e. 01-11-2019 to 31-12-2020. After approval from ethical committee, 1100 blood samples were taken for C/S from various sections of the Hospital. The antimicrobial sensitivity was done by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method as approved by Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI). Results: Out of 1100 Blood samples, 65 samples of blood cultures were positive for Gram –ve Rods. The prevalence of Gram negative Rods in blood specimens was only 6%. Out of 6% gram –ve rods, 12% were E.coli, 9% Klebsiella, 3% Enterobacter cloacae, 45% Salmonella, 2% Proteus, 17% Pseudomonas, 10% Acinetobacter and 2% were serretia. Conclusion: The prevalence of Gram negative rods in blood specimens was only 6%. Keywords: Gram negative rods, blood cultures, Antibiotic sensitivity pattern

A Cross-Sectional Study to Evaluate Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Uropathogens from South Punjab, Pakistan.

BackgroundUrinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common infection caused by uropathogenic bacteria. Drug resistance against common antibiotics is a leading cause of treatment failure in UTIs.ObjectiveThis study was conducted to check the prevalence of antimicrobial susceptibility against uropathogens and identify the best treatment option against UTIs.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, urine samples (n = 1000) were collected and cultured for pure bacterial growth by using cysteine–lactose–electrolyte-deficient (CLED) media. After physical and biochemical characterization, antibacterial susceptibility was performed by the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method.ResultsUropathogenic bacteria were successfully isolated in 57% (n = 572) of total tested samples (n = 1000). Escherichia coli 51.2% (n = 293/572), Klebsiella species 15.4% (n = 88/572), Enterococcus species 15.4% (n = 88/572), Pseudomonas species 9.4% (n = 54/572), Staphylococcus aureus 3.2% (n = 18/572), coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS) 3.0% (n = 17/572) and Proteus species 2.4% (n = 14/572) were the most prevalent organism in UTIs. Prevalence of Gram-negative rods (GNRs) was 78.5% (n = 449/572) among UTI patients as compared to Gram-positive cocci (GPCs) 21.5% (n = 123/572). Escherichia coli 65.3% (n = 293/449), Klebsiella species 19.6% (n = 88/449), Pseudomonas species 12.0% (54/449) and Proteus species 3.1% (n = 14/449) were the most prevalent GNRs in UTIs, while Enterococcus species 71.5% (n = 88/123), Staphylococcus aureus 14.6% (n = 18/123) and coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS) 13.8% (17/123) were the most prevalent GPCs in UTIs. The majority of isolated uropathogens showed resistance against routinely used antibiotics. However, teicoplanin and linezolid were the most effective drugs against GPCs and piperacillin/tazobactam, meropenem and imipenem were the most effective drugs against GNRs. Nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin were shown to be most effective against both GNRs and GPCs.ConclusionIn conclusion, Escherichia coli (GNRs) and Enterococcus species (GPCs) are the most prevalent organisms among UTIs patients, which are shown to be antibiotic-resistant to the most commonly used antibiotics. However, nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin are the most effective drugs against uropathogens in UTIs.

Beneficial traits of grain-residing endophytic communities in wheat with different sensitivity to Pseudomonas syringae

Deep insight into compositional and functional features of endophytic bacterial communities residing in wheat grains opens the way to the use of their plant growth promoting and biocontrol abilities in agricultural biotechnology. The aim of this work was to compare grain-residing endophytes from winter wheat varieties with different sensitivity to Pseudomonas syringae pv. atrofaciens (McCulloch) and to examine their plant-beneficial traits and antagonistic effects. Grain-residing bacteria were isolated from surface-sterilized grains of three wheat varieties sown in Ukraine following a culture-dependent protocol, and were screened for their plant growth promotion (PGP) and antagonistic properties. Bacterial morphotypes were represented by gram-negative rods, endospore-forming bacilli and gram-positive cocci. Different resistance to phytopathogenic pseudomonads was associated with distinctive quantitative and functional features of grain-residing endophytic communities. High resistance to P. syringae was coupled with the prevalence of gram-negative rods in the endophytic community, the highest proportion of endophytic bacteria possessing three PGP activities (phosphate solubilization, nitrogen fixation and production of indolic compounds) simultaneously, and with the most potent antagonistic activity of grain-residing endospore-forming bacilli. In total, five grain-residing isolates, which were obtained from three wheat varieties (two isolates from varieties with medium and high resistance and one – from a low-resistant variety), demonstrated ability to restrain P. syringae pv. atrofaciens (McCulloch) growth. Two isolates (P6 and P10) which were obtained from the high-resistant wheat variety Podolyanka and were assigned to Paenibacillus and Brevibacillus genera according to their biochemical profiling and MS-DS identification, showed the most potent antagonistic effects as indicated by maximum inhibition zone in agar well diffusion assay. These results shed light on the association of the features of grain-residing endophytic bacteria with wheat resistance to phytopathogenic pseudomonads. Isolates from the high-resistant wheat variety can be recommended for grain dressing as plant growth promoting and biocontrol agents for P. syringae pv. atrofaciens (McCulloch).

The vaginal microflora changes in various stages of the estrous cycle of healthy female dogs and the ones with genital tract infections

BackgroundInflammatory diseases of reproductive tract in bitches are a common problem in veterinary practice. The inflammation can lead to serious health problems. Research to determine the correlation between the health status of females, phase of the cycle, age and bacterial flora of the genital tract has been ongoing for years, but the results obtained by individual authors are often contradictory.ResultsA total of 39 dogs were included in this study. Ten were qualified to the 1st group with genital tract infections (8 in anestrus and 2 in proestrus) and 29 to the 2nd group without such infections (16 in anestrus, 9 in proestrus and 4 in diestrus). The most common bacterial isolates obtained from the vaginal tract of all dogs were Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Streptococcus canis. The prevalence of Gram-negative rods (other than E. coli) was significantly higher in the group with genital tract infections versus healthy dogs. There was no presence of Chlamydiaceae, Chlamydia abortus and lactic acid-producing bacteria in tested swabs.ConclusionsOur study identified the most common bacteria in the genital tract of bitches. The total number of bacteria was almost the same in the healthy and infected dogs, as well as between the cycle stages. In our opinion, bacterial culturing of vaginal swab specimens from bitches without signs of genital disease is of little value. Furthermore, it should always be preceded by clinical examination and cytological examination of the vaginal epithelium.

Multivariate study of enterobacteria and Pseudomonas in saliva of patients with acute leukemia

The effect of antibacterial treatment on the prevalence of gram-negative rods (enterobacteria and Pseudomonas) in the mouths of patients with leukemia was studied. Of the patients' salivary samples, 45% contained gram-negative rods compared with 12% in a control group of healthy persons. The antibacterial resistance patterns of gram-negative rods from healthy persons were different from those of the hospitalized patients. No relationship was found between the amount of antibacterial treatment and presence of gram-negative rods. The gram-negative rods recovered from individual patients were usually not resistant to the antibacterial agents given to the patients in question. Only a few patients harbored the same clone of a gram-negative rod for a lengthy period. The resistance patterns of these clones of gram-negative rods were similar to those of gram-negative rods that were transient in the mouth. It was concluded that resistance to antibacterial agents is not a factor of major importance for the capacity of the gram-negative rods to become established in the mouths of hospitalized patients with leukemia.

Resistance to third generation cephalosporins: the current situation.

Newer beta-lactam antibiotics, notably the third generation cephalosporins (3 GC) have been designed for providing high intrinsic potency against a large variety of microorganisms. Bacterial resistance can occur however, and nowadays, clinicians are concerned by novel situations where even most recently developed compounds can be ineffective. A first situation is generated by bacteria which produce great amounts of chromosomal cephalosporinase. The resistance emerges during therapy, in hospital isolates which are classified as susceptible with conventional susceptibility testing. The prevalence of 3 GC resistance among these gram-negative rods with inducible beta-lactamase seems to increase in some institutions but the significance of susceptibility testing in this regard is doubtful. It is probably more important to note that the prevalence of gram-negative rods with inducible beta-lactamases remains stable. A second problem arose with the abrupt development of plasmid mediated beta-lactamases markedly active against 3 GC. This resistance is underestimated because some strains fall into susceptibility range of 3 GC as determined by MICs or inhibition zone sizes. These extended spectrum enzymes are now distributed over four continents and represent a growing threat.