Prevalence Of Giardia Lamblia Research Articles

Prevalence of Giardia Lamblia in Diarrhea in Some Health Centers in Duhok City, Iraq

Prevalence of Giardia Lamblia in Diarrhea in Some Health Centers in Duhok City, Iraq

Prevalence and risk factors of Giardia lamblia among infants and children in Duhok province/Kurdistan Region, Iraq

The study was performed on 504 stool samples from infants and children with diarrhea who attended laboratories at Zakho General Hospital, Heevie Pediatric Hospital, Chamisku and Bersive 1 camps, and children who did not have diarrhea in various primary schools in Zakho between August 2021 and the end of July 2022. The study focused on 1 month of age to 15 years old. The collected stool specimens were examined macroscopically followed by microscopic examination using wet mount and concentration methods. The microscopic findings revealed an overall prevalence of Giardia lamblia at a rate of 6.15% (31/504), with slightly but non-significantly higher infection rate in males than in females (6.71% vs. 5.43%). The highest rate of infection was noted in the age group >3-6 years, while the lowest rate was in the age group >12-15 years, which were 11.76% and 1.45%, respectively. The infection rate was also twice as high among rural residents as compared to urban ones (10.34% and 3.32%), respectively. Infants and children who drink tap water had a high infection rate, whereas those drinking bottled water had a lower infection rate (8.05% and 1.92%), respectively. The infection rate was non-significantly higher in families with more than 6 members than in those with less than 6 members (7.06% and 5.22%) respectively. In terms of monthly infection distribution, the highest prevalence was reported in July 11.29%, and the lowest was recorded in February (2.27%). Finally, the statistical analysis revealed a significant relationship between infection and age group, residency, as well as the types of drinking water consumed, but non-significant relationship between infection and gender, number of family members and months of sample collection.

Prevalence of Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum co-infections among young adults in a private University in South-Western Nigeria

Background: Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum are major causes of diarrhoeal diseases of humans worldwide and are included in the World Health Organization’s ‘Neglected Diseases Initiative’. Aim: This research was designed to assess the prevalence of G. lamblia and C. parvum co-infections among undergraduate Students of Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria. Methods: An aggregate of 120 faecal specimens were obtained from 120 partakers (60 females and 60 males) who met the inclusion criteria. The clinical and demographic data of the participants were compiled with the use of patterned survey. Diagnosis was carried out using standard laboratory methods for the detection of these parasites. Results: The outcome of this study shows that there was no record of G. lamblia and C. parvum co-infections among the study participants; however, G. lamblia and C. parvum mono-infection exist among the examined participants with a preponderance of 10% and 4.2%, respectively. There were no substantial differences (P>0.05) in the percentage occurrences of the two parasites established on the individual-level characteristics of the partakers. All participants who tested positive for mono-infection by each parasite had a history of diarrhoea (14.2%). Meanwhile, the 12(10%) participants who tested positive for G. lamblia mono-infection indicated abdominal pain (10), nausea and bloating (2.5%), presence of foul smelling watery stool (0.8%), presence of blood and mucus in stool (0.8%) and weight loss (0.8%). While all the 5 participants who tested positive for C. parvum indicated that they had only abdominal pain (4.2%). Significant risk factors associated with the occurrence of these parasitic infections include: lack of awareness, history of diarrhea, poor toilet hygiene, poor toilet-student ratio, as well as infrequent visits to the hospital for medical check-ups/laboratory tests. Conclusion: Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum co-infection does .......

Prevalence of Giardia lamblia among children in Sulaimani city, Iraq

Intestinal protozoan parasites Giardia lamblia (G.L) (Giardia duodenalis, G. lamblia, or G. intestinalis) is a flagellated zoonotic parasite are extremely common in impoverished nations, posing major public health risks. The majority of Giardia lamblia infections are asymptomatic. However, sometime abdominal pain, diarrhea, and fever are the most common clinical symptoms of giardiasis, especially in children. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of G.L among children in Sulaimani city, North of Iraq. This study was conducted from January to April 2022. The incidence of giardiasis was investigated in Jamal Ahmad Rashid Pediatric Teaching Hospital. A total of (6600) samples from general stool exam (GSE) by direct microscopic examination were studied. Male and Female, Personal Hygiene, and Eating Habits were all investigated in order to identify a link between giardiasis prevalence and these characteristics. Out of 6600 samples of GSE examined, 19 (0.2%) were positive for G.L. The prevalence rate of G.L among males were 11 (57.9%) which is higher than female 8 (42.1%). In prevalence of G.L according to months, the highest prevalence rate was recorded in April and the lowest prevalence rate were in January and February for both (males and females).

Prevalence of Giardiasis and Entamoeba Species in Two of the Six Governorates of Kuwait

Intestinal parasitic infections are a global concern owing to elevated rates of morbidity and mortality in many parts of the world. Increased rates of intestinal parasitic infections are observed in developing and low-income countries. In Kuwait, many expatriates and foreigners hail from endemic countries, thus increasing the rate and risk factor of infection. This retrospective study is aimed at assessing the prevalence of Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba sp. in stool samples handled by two of Kuwait's general hospitals during the period from January 2018 to July 2019: Mubarak Al Kabeer (serving Hawalli governorate population) and Aladan hospitals (serving Mubarak Al Kabeer governorate population) serving 27% of total Kuwait population with Kuwaitis making up only 32%. A total of 9,653 samples were tested for consistency and the availability of any parasitic particles using visual, direct wet mount, and concentration method. Statistical analysis was implemented using SPSS statistical program, at p < 0.05. Of all the 9,653 tested stool samples, 74 were positive for G. lamblia or Entamoeba sp. This represented a mere 1% rate of infection and showed no significant correlation to the prevalence of intestinal parasite infections in Kuwait. On the other hand, comparing the rate of infection in different seasons revealed an increased rate of infection during spring compared to other seasons (p = 0.03). Findings revealed low rates of intestinal parasitic infection within the two governorates of Kuwait representing no statistical significance to the distribution of the investigated parasites in Kuwait. This may be attributed to improved living conditions and healthcare. Elevated infection rates in spring in relation to other seasons raised the importance of increasing public awareness during camping season for maintaining proper personal hygiene and waste management to contain and decrease the rate on infection.

Prevalence of Giardia lamblia in Association with Body Mass Index in Children (0-5) Years with Symptoms of Gastroenteritis Attending Selected Hospitals in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria

Prevalence of Giardia lamblia in Association with Body Mass Index in Children (0-5) Years with Symptoms of Gastroenteritis Attending Selected Hospitals in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria

Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and associated risk factors among Jawi primary school children, Jawi town, north-west Ethiopia

BackgroundIntestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) have been major public health problems in low income countries primarily affecting school children. Previous studies in Ethiopia have shown high burden of intestinal parasitic infections in most children. In order to gain a deeper insight into the magnitude of the problem more information is needed from different localities where similar studies have not been conducted. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of IPIs and associated risk factors among school children in Jawi Primary School, Jawi town, north -west Ethiopia.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted from April to June 2017 to assess the prevalence of IPIs and associated risk factors among Jawi Primary School children, Ethiopia. A total of 422 children were selected using age-stratified systematic random sampling technique. Stool samples were examined microscopically using direct wet-mount and formal-ether concentration techniques. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain information regarding the associated risk factors. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 and p value < 0.05 was taken as statistically significant.ResultsOf 406 students examined for IPIs, 235 (57.88%) were positive for one or more intestinal parasites. Single, double and triple infections were 41.9, 6.2 and 1.2%, respectively. Overall infection rate was slightly higher in males (51.85%) than in females (45.30%) though the difference was not significant. Higher prevalence rate (about 51–53%) was recorded among 6 to 18 years old children. Prevalence of Giardia lamblia was the highest (19.95%), followed by hookworm (13.8%), Schistosoma mansoni (10.3%), Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (5.9%), Hymenolepsis nana (4.2%), Taenia species (3%) and Ascaris lumbricoides (0.73%), in that order. Among the risk factors assessed, age, hand washing habit before meals, open field defecation habit, consistency of wearing shoes, habit of eating raw and unwashed vegetables, and finger nail cleanliness and trimming habit were found to be the most important predictors associated with high risk of IPIs (p < 0.05).ConclusionHigh prevalence of IPIs among Jawi Primary school children demands improved health education on regular hand washing, latrine use, wearing shoes, cleaning finger nails, not crossing rivers with bare foot and avoiding eating raw vegetables.

Prevalence of Giardia lamblia in stool samples of diarrhea patients in Quetta, Pakistan

Prevalence of Giardia lamblia in stool samples of diarrhea patients in Quetta, Pakistan

Cross-sectional epidemiological investigations of Giardia lamblia in children in Pakistan.

The prevalence of Giardia lamblia in Pakistani children is currently unknown. The aim here was to evaluate the prevalence and risk factors of Giardia lamblia in children exhibiting diarrhea. Cross-sectional study at different district healthcare hospitals in Pakistan. A total of 800 samples were collected from children aged 0-10 years. Information regarding personal data, demographic data and supposed risk factors was collected through a structured questionnaire. Giardia lamblia was detected through direct microscopy and antigens through the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The prevalence of Giardia lamblia was 2.75% through direct microscopy and inflated to 9.5% through ELISA. The demographic factors positively associated with occurrences of giardiasis were age (P = 0.035; odds ratio, OR = 1.96; 95% confidence interval, CI = 1.094-3.533), mother's educational level (P = 0.031; OR = 2.67; 95% CI = 1.186-6.045) and father's educational level (P = 0.004; OR = 3.56; 95% CI = 1.612-7.899). Similarly, among the supposed risk factors, rural residency (P = 0.032; OR = 1.76; 95% CI = 1.098- 2.851), absence of proper sewerage system (P = 0.000; OR = 6.60; 95% CI = 4.029-10.841) and unavailability of safe drinking water (P = 0.000; OR = 4.08; 95% CI = 2.207-7.547) were the factors strongly connected with giardiasis. Abdominal discomfort was a prominent clinical sign with 46% frequency. Various risk factors were associated with occurrences of Giardia, thus emphasizing the importance of parents' education, safe drinking water and proper sewerage systems for Pakistani children's health.

Assessment of intestinal parasites among children taking antiparasitic drugs at Ngoma primary school, Rwanda.

Background: Intestinal parasitic infections are amongst the most common infections worldwide. There is increasing recognition that these parasites can impair the growth and development of children of all ages. Since 2009, Rwanda MOH has targeted to reduce prevalence of soil transmitted helminths in school aged children from 65% to 50% by 2012. Objectives: Our study aimed to assess intestinal parasites among Ngoma primary school children taking antiparasitic drugs (Albendazole and Mebendazole). The specific objectives of this study were to establish the most commonly encountered intestinal parasites in Ngoma primary school children and to determine intestinal parasite load among the infected children. Methods: 120 stool samples, conveniently sampled, of Ngoma primary school children were examined for intestinal parasites. Slides were prepared directly for Wet mount in saline and iodine then microscopically examined. Finally, formalin-ether sedimentation techniques and Modified Wisconsin Sugar flotation method were used to concentrate stool samples for parasite identification and egg count respectively. Results: Of the 120 children, 39 (32.5%) were found infected with one or more intestinal parasites. The prevalence of Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba histolytica, Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm, and Taenia species infections as determined by Formol ether concentration technique were 13.3%, 7.5%, 5.8%, 3.3%, 1.7%, and .8% respectively. On the other hand, the mean of Egg per gram of stool estimates of Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm, and Taenia species as determined by modified Wisconsin Sugar flotation method were 11, 9, and 6 egg per gram (epg), respectively. Conclusion: Intestinal parasitic infections were prevalent in varying magnitude among Ngoma primary school children. G. lamblia, E. coli, and E. histolyica together contribute to the majority of intestinal parasites encountered and they represent 86% of all the intestinal parasitic infections recovered.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Frequency of intestinal protozoan parasites in patients with gastrointestinal disorders in south of Karaj, Iran.

The aim of this study was to describe epi- demiologic characteristics of intestinal protozoan parasites in a population in Karaj, Iran. Out of 2200 patient, 428 stool specimens (19.45 %) were infected with intestinal protozoan parasites. Out of 428 (19.45 %) infected patient with parasite, 366 (16.63) of patients were infected with single parasite and 62 (2.81) were infected with multiple protozoan parasites. The results were shown that maximum infections belonged to Giardia intestinalis, 31.69 % among the patients with multiple infection and 35.48 % among the patients with single infection. Moreover, Entamoeba coli and Blastocystis hominis were the other common parasites. Other protozoan parasites were as follows: Trichomonas hominis, Iodamoeba butschlii and Endolimax nana. Prevalence of Giardia lamblia and E. coli were highest in the B1-12 years age group (P 0.05). A significant dif- ference was found between protozoan parasites and gender (P 0.05). Our result indicated that intestinal protozoan infections are still a major public health challenge in this area.

Prevalence of Giardia lamblia in Asymptomatic Patients by Direct Examination and ELISA Methods

Stool samples from 182 asymptomatic patients were collected from two hospitals in Baghdad (Al-Yarmok and Central Child) during the period from the beginning of March to the end of June/2014 and subjected to microscopic and ELISA diagnostic techniques for Giardia lamblia detection; the sensitivity and specificity for ELISA were calculated. Cysts of G. lamblia were observed in 37 and 49 stool samples of asymptomatic patients from a total 182 examined samples with prevalence recorded 20.32, 26.92% by direct examination and ELISA respectively. Of 145 samples showed negative result in microscope examination, 12 samples were positive in ELISA, sensitivity and specificity of ELISA were 75.51 and 100%. Higher prevalence rates were observed in asymptomatic children aged 2-8 years old 27.84% (22+ve/79) in contrast with 26.21% prevalence rate in asymptomatic adults aged 21-57 years old (27+ve /103). According to gender, males showed higher prevalence 28.94% (33+ve/114) while females showed lower prevalence rate 23.52% (16+ve/68). No differences in the level of infection in both age and gender were recorded. Conclusion: The superior sensitivity of the rapid enzyme assay in detecting asymptomatic cases of giardiasis when a single stool specimen is analyzed, the availability of an immunodiagnostic assay which can detect small amounts of antigens in the feces which have a potential tools to improve the diagnosis.

English

Giardia lamblia is the frequent cause of diarrhea in humans and other mammals across the world. The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the epidemiology of Giardia lamblia in the republic Islamic of Iran. The main international sources of ISI and Pubmed as well as the major national data banks in Iran including Magiran, IranMedex, SID and IranDoc were systematically searched for the wordsGiardia lamblia since 1990 onward. Overall, 43 reliable and similar studies in terms of methodology were selected for a systematic review. A meta-analysis was also conducted using the random-effects model. Heterogeneity was investigated by the Cochran's Q test. STATA was used for all analysis. Given the random- effects model, the prevalence ofGiardia lamblia in Iran was estimated to be 14.7% (95% reliability distance, 12.0%-16.6%). By age classification, the prevalence was 15.1% amongst fewer than 10 years children, 19.2% amongst adolescents and youngest of fewer than 20 years, and 6.7% amongst adults of between 20-30 years old (p<0.001). Annual classification showed that the maximum and minimum prevalence rates occurred in 1994 and 2005 (37.21 and 4.91% respectively). Geographical distribution of Giardia lamblia also showed that the eastern parts of the country nearby Pakistan and Afghanistan borders were extremely affected (35.5%). It was 16.9% in central provinces, 14.9% in the southern provinces, 13.2% in the north of country and 12.3% in the western provinces nearby Iraq and Turkey borders. Increased prevalence of Giardia lamblia in Iran, in spite of preventing strategies and valuable primary health care activities has been remained as a public health concern amongst children and in the eastern parts of the country nearby Pakistan and Afghanistan borders in particular. Key words: Giardia lamblia, Iran, meta-analysis.

Prevalence of Gairdia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytic /Entamoeba dispare infections among Children in AL-Shulaa and AL-khadimya –Baghdad-Iraq

The prevalence of Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica/E.dispare were screened among 513 children aged less than 12 years in Al-Shulaa and Al-Khadimya - Baghdad, to evaluate the relationship of some factors (gender, age, grade and type of drinking water) with the prevalence of these two intestinal protozoal parasites, this study was done during the period from the beginning of April 2009 till the end of March 2010, in human.The study revealed that the total rate of (G.lamblia and E. histolytica/ E.dispare) infection was (13.64%), the infectivity rate of G.lamblia was higher than the infectivity rate of E.histolytica/ E.dispare as their rate was (10.72%) and (2.92%) respectively, and there was no significant relation (p≤0.05) between infectivity rate of these parasites and each of gender, age and grade (school and preschool) while there were very high significant relation between the type of drinking water and infectivity rate of both (G.lamblia and E. histolytica/ E.dispare) the maximum infectivity rate of (G.lamblia , E.histolytica/ E.dispare) was observed in patients who consumed tap water (17.56%) while patient who consumed the other kind of drinking water showed the minimum infectivity rate which was (3.49%).

English

Duplicate stool specimens from 405 primary school attending students of Barandooz-Chay region of Urmia district were tested for intestinal parasites. Besides, duplicate scotch tape slides were obtained and examined microscopically for Enterobius vermicularis and Taeniasp. eggs. A questionnaire containing demographic data was filled for every case, and the relationship between them and the parasitic infection was assayed. Overall, intestinal parasitic prevalence was 42.5%. Prevalence of Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba coli, Blastocystis hominis, Iodamoeba butschlii, Enterobius vermicularis and Hymenolepis nana was 20.5, 14.6, 13.3, 2.5, 10.6 and 0.2%, respectively. No statistic relation was proved between these infections, having tap water facility at home or family population (except for E. vermicularis), but there was a significant relationship between parents’ education level and family population. According to relatively high prevalence of parasitic infections in the study field, it is necessary to increase hygienic and educational measures. Key words: Prevalence, intestinal parasites, primary school, Urmia.

Prevalence of Giardia lamblia in diarrheic children in Almadinah Almunawarh, KSA

Giardia lamblia is one of the most common intestinal parasites of humans. It is a flagellated, teardrop-shaped parasite which has two life forms, the trophozoite and the cyst. This study was carried out in Almadinah Almunawarh in 2011 to determine the prevalence of giardiasis in diarrheic children. Three methods were used in this study: direct microscopic examination of stool samples, formol-ethyl acetate concentration technique and rapid dipstick immunodiagnostic technique (detection of Giardia copro-antigen). Out of 889 stool specimens collected from children, giardiasis was detected in 1.9% of them. The age group 6 – 8 years had the highest rate (41.2%) and 4–6 years the lowest (29.4%). Also, males had a higher rate than females (52.9%) and (47.1%), respectively. Diagnosis of giardiasis should rely on microscopic examination of stool samples. Concentration techniques are to be done if available, together with sensitive and specific immunichromatographic tests.

Prevalence of Giardia lamblia with or without diarrhea in South East, South East Asia and the Far East

This article is a review of the latest information on the prevalence of G. lamblia in South Asia, South East Asia and Far East, characterizing the current endemic situation within these regions. Around 33 published papers from 2002-2007 were collected on G. lamblia. The included countries were Nepal, Bangladesh, India, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, Republic of Korea, and China. Only five published papers were discarded because data was extracted before 2002-2007 or they are not included within our regions, emphasizing more on G. lamblia in animals, or performed at extensive molecular level. The prevalence of G. lamblia varied markedly between studies illustrating higher levels in the urban than in the rural areas, more among poor communities, slightly higher in males than in females with age range of 2-5-year-old children, and among university students, old-aged people, HIV-positive patients, and gastric carcinoma patients. Though G. lamblia is not a life-threatening parasite, nevertheless, it is still considered as the most common water-borne diarrhea-causing disease. It is important to understand the etiology, frequency, and consequences of acute diarrhea in children. Routine surveillance such as bi-annual follow-up treatments, treating G. duodenalis cysts and other protozoa oocysts detected in ground water sources, and continuous health education are the most preventive measures.

Prevalencia de giardiasis y parásitos intestinales en preescolares de hogares atendidos en un programa estatal en Armenia, Colombia

Determining the prevalence of giardiasis and intestinal parasitism in pre-school children from the Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar (ICBF). Three serial faecal samples were collected from 328 children following informed consent from their legal guardians. Microscopic and macroscopic tests were made using 1% Lugol, 0.83% saline solution, saline-eosin solution and Kato Katz and Ritchie's test as a confirming test. Positive samples were preserved in saline formol solution. Pathogen parasites had the following prevalence frequencies: 2.4% for Ascaris lumbricoides, 0.6% for Hymenolepsis nana, 2.1% for Trichuris trichura, 6.1% for Blastocystis hominis and 13% for Giardia lamblia. The results of this work showed low helminth frequency compared to that for protozoa; control strategies using single doses of Albendazol are therefore not useful. The most prevalent pathogen parasite was Giardia lamblia in children from the ICBF in Armenia. Periodic surveillance of parasites in children is thereby recommended. The prevalence of Giardia lamblia was not statistically related to the children's nutritional state. Most Giardia-infected children were asymptomatic.

Outbreak of Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia infections in travellers returning from the tropics.

Of 160 travellers from various regions in Italy who had taken part in a five-day organized trip to Phuket, Thailand, and been accommodated in the same luxury hotel, 17 showed either amebic abscess or colitis. A pretested questionnaire that focused on the consumption of foods and beverages well known to be a source of intestinal infection in endemic areas was available from these 17 patients as well as from 41 out of 74 asymptomatic travellers. Stool samples for parasitological examination were also available. In patients affected with amebic abscess, antibodies to Entamoeba histolytica were also determined. Overall, parasitological examinations were negative in eight (13.8%) patients, and 50 out of 58 (86.2%) were found to be positive. The prevalence of Giardia lamblia and E. histolytica infections was 67.2% and 72.4%, respectively, and 28 subjects (48.3%) were stool-positive for both of these protozoa. No other intestinal parasites were found. No particular food or beverage was consumed by all of the parasitized subjects and by none of the stool-negative individuals. However, the consumption of drinks with ice, ice cream and raw fruit in ice was significantly associated with E. histolytica and/or G. lamblia infections (Fisher's exact test, p ranging from 0.03 to 0.003).

Giardia lamblia in patients undergoing endoscopy: Lack of evidence for a role in nonulcer dyspepsia

Previous studies have suggested that Giardia lamblia may cause nonulcer dyspepsia as the sole manifestation of infection. To explore this premise, duodenal aspirates from patients undergoing upper endoscopy were examined for Giardia and results were correlated with endoscopic findings and symptoms. Of 155 patients, 15.5% had Giardia. Patients with dyspepsia, with or without obvious lesions at endoscopy, had a similar prevalence. Patients with vomiting and diarrhea had an increased prevalence (38.5%) (p < 0.05). The prevalence of Giardia lamblia in this patient population is surprisingly high. This study suggests that Giardia lamblia infection is not a major cause of nonulcer dyspepsia.