Prevalence Of Gestational Diabetes Research Articles

A Comparative Study on Anemia, Gestational Diabetes and Gestational Hypertension during pregnancy in Rural, Semi Urban and Urban Hospitals in Bangladesh

Most of the women in developing countries undergo health problems in full or part of the pregnancy period. Major complications of pregnancy are anemia, gestational hypertension, and Gestational Diabetes. The objective of this study was to compare the prevalence of anemia, gestational hypertension, and Gestational Diabetes among antenatal women in rural, semi-urban, and urban hospitals. The study was conducted among 384 pregnant mothers who attended for ANC in OPD of Gonosashasthaya Samaj Vittik Medical College Hospital (Savar) , Gonosasthaya Nogor Hospital, (Dhanmondi), Sub-center of Gonosasthaya Kendro (Shimulia, Panisail, Barobaria, Delduwar, Shripur ) from December 2021 to November 2022 by consecutive sampling. The age range of the patients was 18 to 40 years. Mean age was 24.74 years. In this study majority of population 169 (44%) were in age group 18 - 22 years. Most of the pregnant women 291(76%) were housewives, lived in Nuclear families 253(66%) and the maximum population were from lower middle 134 (35%) socio-economic condition. A significant number of pregnant mother ,98(26%) were anemic, 38(10%) had GDM and only 34(9%) were gestational hypertension. Anemia is comparatively more in rural and semi-urban than urban. GDM and gestational hypertension is more in urban areas than rural and semi urban followed by 14(11%) and 20(16%) respectively. Special attention of policy makers, health professional, public health researchers, and the community is required on this regards. So early diagnosis and treatment is required to avoid long-term health problems of the mother and her offspring. EWMCJ Vol. 12, No. 1&2, January-July 2024: 9-13

Gestational Diabetes : A Cross-Section of Factors and Complications in Mothers and Newborns in Southern Morocco

By way of introduction, the prevalence of gestational diabetes varies between 1% and 14%, in Morocco, a single study conducted in Dakhla in southern Morocco in 2019, estimates that the prevalence of GD is 7.7% in accordance with the recommendations of the American Diabetes Association, hence the need to explore the epidemiological profile in southern Morocco.  Methodology:- A cross-sectional descriptive analytical correlational epidemiological survey of 202 pregnant women during the period 2021-2022, conducted at the Dakhla regional hospital centre, which attempts to describe the individual, biological and gynecological-obstetric risk factors in pregnant women with gestational diabetes. As well as maternal and neonatal complications. The study also analyses the effect of hospital performance on the management of parturients.  Results:- The prevalence of GD is high in the age group [35,41] and over 42 years, mainly among illiterate. Several risk factors have been identified for GD : age, high preconceptional BMI, low level of education, polycystic syndrome, history of urinary infection, positive vaginal swab for Streptococcus B, and complications for mothers and newborns revolving around Dystocic delivery, macrosomia and hypoglycaemia in newborns. There is also retinopathy in premature babies due to candida albicans and early bacterial infection due to GSB in full- term newborns.

Changes in the Epidemiological Landscape of Diabetes in South Korea: Trends in Prevalence, Incidence, and Healthcare Expenditures.

Diabetes is a serious public health concern that significantly contributes to the global burden of disease. In Korea, the prevalence of diabetes is 12.5% among individuals aged 19 and older, and 14.8% among individuals aged 30 and older as of 2022. The total number of people with diabetes among those aged 19 and older is estimated to be 5.4 million. The incidence of diabetes decreased from 8.1 per 1,000 persons in 2006 to 6.3 per 1,000 persons in 2014, before rising again to 7.5 per 1,000 persons in 2019. Meanwhile, the incidence of type 1 diabetes increased significantly, from 1.1 per 100,000 persons in 1995 to 4.8 per 100,000 persons in 2016, with the prevalence reaching 41.0 per 100,000 persons in 2017. Additionally, the prevalence of gestational diabetes saw a substantial rise from 4.1% in 2007 to 22.3% in 2023. These changes have resulted in increases in the total medical costs for diabetes, covering both outpatient and inpatient services. Therefore, effective diabetes prevention strategies are urgently needed.

Association of Prepregnancy Cardiometabolic Factors With Gestational Diabetes Among Asian Populations in the United States

BackgroundAsian individuals are among the highest immigrant group to the United States and at particularly high risk of gestational diabetes, which is associated with long-term maternal cardiovascular disease. Limited data are available on the association of prepregnancy cardiometabolic risk factors with gestational diabetes among Asian American subjects. ObjectivesThis study sought to determine the association of prepregnancy hypertension and body mass index (BMI) among Asian ancestry subgroups and by maternal nativity. MethodsUsing data from the National Vital Statistics System from 2016 to 2019, the prevalence of gestational diabetes, stratified according to prepregnancy hypertension and obesity, was examined according to maternal race. Predicted probability of gestational diabetes with continuous BMI was calculated across Asian ancestry subgroups and by maternal nativity. ResultsAmong 13.3 million pregnancies, gestational diabetes occurred in 6.5%. Asian subjects had the highest prevalence (12.3%). Among those with prepregnancy hypertension, Asian subjects had the highest prevalence (29.3%). Across the range of BMI (18-42 kg/m2), Asian subjects had the highest predicted probability. There was substantial heterogeneity across Asian ancestry subgroups between the association of BMI with gestational diabetes, with highest probability among Japanese and Korean American subjects at BMI >23 kg/m2. Predicted probability of gestational diabetes was higher for mothers born outside the United States among all Asian subgroups, except for Japanese American subjects. ConclusionsAsian American individuals have the highest prevalence of gestational diabetes at any BMI and with hypertension. Substantial variation in risk is present across Asian subgroups. Findings suggest a need for more tailored screening and intervention for gestational diabetes among Asian American subjects, with a specific focus on risk for individuals born outside the United States.

Gestational Diabetes in Women with Fetal Spina Bifida Repair-Influence of Perioperative Management.

Background/Objectives: Fetal spina bifida (fSB) is the most common neural tube defect, and intrauterine repair has become a valid treatment option for selected cases. If fSB repair is offered, the ideal time for surgery is from 24 to 26 gestational weeks (GWs). The preoperative steroids for lung maturation and preoperative tocolytics that are administered are known to increase the prevalence of gestational diabetes (GD), which normally occurs in about 10-15% of all pregnant women. This study assessed the prevalence, possible influencing factors, and consequences on the course of pregnancy regarding GD in this cohort. Methods: Between 2010 and 2022, 184 fSB cases were operated. Those patients operated on after 24 0/7 GWs received steroids before surgery. All the patients received tocolysis, and an oral glucose tolerance test was performed between 26 and 28 GWs at least 7 days after steroid administration. In 2020, we established an early postoperative mobilization protocol. The perioperative management procedures of those patients with and without GD were compared to each other, and also, the patients treated according to the early mobilization protocol were compared to the remaining cohort. Results: Nineteen percent were diagnosed with GD. Corticosteroids were administered in 92%. Neither the corticoid administration nor the interval between the administration and glucose tolerance test was different in patients with or without GD. Further, 99.5% received postoperative tocolytics for at least 48 h. The women with GD had significantly longer administration of tocolytics. The length of stay (LOS) was higher in those patients with GD. The gestational age (GA) at delivery was significantly lower in the cohort with GD. In the early mobilized group, we found a significantly higher GA at delivery (37.1 GWs vs. 36.2 GWs, p = 0.009) and shorter LOS (p < 0.001), and their GD rate was lower (10% vs. 20%), although not statistically significant. Conclusions: The GD incidence in the women after fSB repair was higher than in the usual pregnant population. Early mobilization, rapid tocolytics decrease, and shorter LOS could benefit the pregnancy course after fSB repair and may decrease the risk for GD in this already high-risk cohort without increasing the risk for preterm delivery.

Clozapine Safety in Pregnancy: A Clinical Study.

Pregnant women with persistent schizophrenia and related disorders may require ongoing antipsychotic treatment, including clozapine. However, the potential risks of using clozapine during pregnancy and the postnatal period remain uncertain. We conducted a nested case-control study using the National Register of Antipsychotic Medication in Pregnancy (NRAMP) database. Our study assessed pregnancy outcomes among Australian women diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorder and treated with clozapine (n = 14) during the first trimester. These women were compared to 2 subgroups: those treated with quetiapine (n = 53) and those not taking any medication (n = 24) during pregnancy. We observed higher rates of miscarriage in the clozapine group compared to the quetiapine and drug-free groups. The clozapine group had a higher early pregnancy body mass index but lower overall pregnancy weight gain than the other groups. The prevalence of gestational diabetes was significantly higher in the clozapine group. The percentage of vaginal delivery was higher in the clozapine group than in the other 2 groups. Neonatal outcomes such as gestational age, and Apgar scores were similar across groups. The birth weight was lower in the clozapine group compared to the other 2 groups. This study suggests that pregnant women taking clozapine and their babies have greater adverse outcomes compared to other groups. Clozapine appears to be associated with a greater risk of miscarriages, maternal gestational diabetes, and lower birth weight. However, the gestational age, Apgar scores, and admission to NICU/SCN were comparable between all groups.

How pre-analytical conditions impact glucose measurement and (gestational) diabetes diagnosis: A real-world stability study and a call for harmonization

Background and aimsSince 2023, guidelines of the AACC/ADA recommend the use of citrate buffer-containing tubes as a first option for glucose measurement. This study aims to assess the pre-analytical stability of glucose under various conditions (room temperature (RT) or at 4 °C) and the potential real-world impact of introducing these tubes on (gestational) diabetes and IFG prevalence. Materials and Methods25 healthy volunteers were sampled to assess glucose stability across time, at 4 °C and at RT, before and following centrifugation. 701 patients undergoing fasting plasma glucose analysis and 109 women having OGTT were collected according to current procedures (NaFl K2C2O4 (NaFl) tubes) as well as with citrate-containing tubes (FC Mix). ResultsThe mean glucose concentration bias between FC Mix and NaFl tubes when centrifugation occurred within 5 min was 0.53 % and this difference raised slowly to reach 2.3 %, six-hours post-centrifugation. When centrifugation was delayed, a rapid decrease in glucose concentrations was observed for NaFl tubes (4.9 % at 30 min) and this trend was only partially reduced by placing samples at 4 °C (3.1 %). The decrease reached 10.8 % (RT) and 7.8 % (4 °C) at 2 h, before reaching a plateau. Samples collected on citrate remained stable during 24 h. In real-life conditions, the mean bias between FC Mix and NaFl tubes increased progressively over time and reached 8.59 % for samples centrifuged between two- and four-hours following sampling. Compared to widespread practices, the use of citrate-containing tubes increased IFG, DM and GDM prevalences by 84.0 %, 36.7 % and 150 %, respectively. ConclusionsGlucose concentrations rapidly decrease in NaFl tubes following collection and placing samples at 4 °C reduces only marginally the decay. Citrate-containing tubes offer a valuable solution for direct and long-lasting glucose stabilization but, before wider adoption, large epidemiologic studies should confirm or redefine current diabetes diagnostic thresholds.

The prevalence of gestational diabetes among underweight and normal weight women worldwide: a scoping review.

Gestational diabetes (GDM) affects nearly 15% of pregnancies worldwide and is increasing globally. While this growth is thought to be primarily from overweight and obesity, normal and underweight women are affected as well, particularly in low and middle-income countries. However, GDM in non-overweight women remains understudied. Thus, we examined the prevalence among normal and underweight women globally. A comprehensive literature search was performed in Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, and The Cochrane Library. Studies retrieved were screened for eligibility against predefined inclusion/exclusion criteria. Prevalence of GDM among women with normal and underweight body mass index (BMI) was extracted, and average prevalence was calculated globally, by World Health Organization region, and by country. Pregnancy outcomes were described when available. A total of 145 studies were included. The average global prevalence of GDM among non-overweight women (BMI <25 kg/m2) was 7.3% and among underweight women (BMI <18.5 kg/m2) was 5.0%. GDM prevalence in non-overweight women was highest in Asia (average 12.1%) and lowest in the African region (0.7%). The countries with the highest prevalence were Vietnam (21.1%), Finland (19.8%), Poland (19.3%), Bangladesh (18.65%), and China (17.7%). The average global prevalence of large for gestational age infants (LGA) born to non-overweight women with GDM was 9.9%, which is lower than the average prevalence in the general population with GDM (14%). GDM is more common than previously recognized in non-overweight women, particularly in Asia, but also in European countries. Non-overweight women with GDM had lower prevalence of LGA babies compared to prior reported prevalence in all women with GDM, though data on pregnancy outcomes was limited. These findings challenge guidelines that recommend restriction of weight gain for GDM management. Further research on the pathophysiology and complications of GDM in women who are not overweight should be urgently conducted to inform appropriate management guidelines and support optimal pregnancy outcomes.

Early pregnancy HbA1c as the first screening test for gestational diabetes: results from three prospective cohorts

More than 90% of gestational diabetes cases are estimated to occur in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). Most current guidelines recommend an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at 24-28 weeks of gestation. The OGTT is burdensome, especially in LMICs, resulting in a high proportion of women not being screened. We aimed to develop a simple and effective screening strategy for gestational diabetes. STRiDE, a prospective cohort study, was set up in seven centres in south India and seven centres in western Kenya, and included pregnant women aged 18-50 years of age and at less than 16 weeks of gestation (<20 weeks in Kenya), confirmed by dating ultrasound. We assessed the efficacy of early pregnancy HbA1c (venous and capillary point-of-care), either alone or as part of a composite risk score with age, BMI, and family history of diabetes, in predicting gestational diabetes at 24-28 weeks of gestation, in two LMICs (India and Kenya) and in a UK multi-ethnic population from the PRiDE study. A key secondary outcome was to assess whether an early pregnancy composite risk score can reduce the need for OGTTs. Gestational diabetes was diagnosed using current WHO criteria. Between Feb 15, 2016, Dec 13, 2019, we enrolled 3070 participants in India and 4104 in Kenya. 4320 participants were included from the PRiDE cohort. Gestational diabetes prevalence by OGTT at 24-28 weeks was 19·2% in India, 3·0% in Kenya, and 14·5% in the UK. Early pregnancy HbA1c was independently associated with incidence of gestational diabetes at 24-28 weeks of gestation. Adjusted risk ratios were 1·60 (95% CI 1·19-2·16) in India, 3·49 (2·8-4·34) in Kenya, and 4·72 (3·82-5·82) in the UK. Composite risk score models that combined venous or point-of-care HbA1c with age, BMI, and family history of diabetes best predicted testing positive for gestational diabetes. A population-specific, two-threshold screening strategy of rule-in and rule-out gestational diabetes using early pregnancy composite risk score could reduce the requirement of OGTTs by 50-64%. For the HbA1c-alone model, the thresholds were 5·4% (rule in) and 4·9% (rule out) in India, 6·0% (rule in) and 5·2% (rule out) in Kenya, and 5·6% (rule in) and 5·2% (rule out) in the UK. Early pregnancy HbA1c offers a simple screening test for gestational diabetes, allowing those at highest risk to receive early intervention and greatly reduce the need for OGTTs. This can also be carried out using point-of-care HbA1c in LMICs. UK Medical Research Council and the Indian Department of Biotechnology.

Gestational Diabetes Risk and Low Birth Weight After Metabolic Bariatric Surgery: a Complex Interplay to be Balanced

IntroductionMetabolic bariatric surgery (MBS) is known to improve the obstetric outcomes of women with obesity and to prevent gestational diabetes (GD). To what extent does MBS decreases GD, without incurring at additional risks is a matter of concern.MethodsA retrospective case–control study to compare the pregnancy outcomes of women previously submitted to MBS to those of age and preconception body mass index (PC BMI) matched non-operated controls.ResultsPregnancies of women after MBS (n = 79) and matched controls (n = 79) were included. GD was significantly less frequent after MBS (7.6% vs. 19%; p = 0.03). Fasting blood glucose (76.90 ± 0.77 vs 80.37 ± 1.15 mg/dl, p < 0.05; 70.08 ± 1.34 vs. 76.35 ± 0.95 mg/dl; p < 0.05, first and second trimesters respectively) and birth weight (2953.67 ± 489.51 g vs. 3229.11 ± 476.21 g; p < 0.01) were significantly lower after MBS when compared to controls. The occurrence of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) was more frequent after MBS (22.8% vs. 6.3%; p < 0.01), but no longer significant after controlling for smoking habits (15.5% vs. 6%, p = 0.14). There were no significant differences in gestational weight gain, prematurity rate nor mode of delivery between groups.ConclusionMBS was associated with a lower prevalence of GD than observed in non-operated women with the same age and BMI. After controlling for smoking, this occurred at the expense of a lower birth weight. Our data reinforces the hypothesis that MBS has body weight independent effects on glucose kinetics during pregnancy with distinctive impacts for mother and offspring, which need to be balanced.Graphical

Prevalence of Gestational Diabetes and its Related Risk Factors among Rural Pregnant Women

Abstract Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of gestational diabetes among rural pregnant women and to assess the related risk factors among gestational diabetes mothers in rural areas. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among antenatal mothers between 24 to 28 weeks of gestation in rural areas of Kancheepuram district, Tamil Nadu, for a period of one year from January 2017 to December 2017. Data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire through face-to-face interviews with antenatal mothers regarding their demographic profile, obstetric history, nutrition, and lifestyle. The level of stress was assessed using the Perceived Stress Scale. Oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) were performed after an overnight fast of at least 12 hours, with a 75 g glucose load administered, and venous samples were drawn after 2 hours. GDM was diagnosed using specific criteria. Results: Out of 244 antenatal mothers, 36 (14.8%) were found to have gestational diabetes. The majority of gestational diabetes mothers were housewives (p=0.02). In the current study, most of the GDM mothers were from lower-middle-class families (p=0.04). GDM mothers with a family history of chronic diseases like diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease (p=0.009), as well as those with an increased number of pregnancies, had a higher risk of gestational diabetes (47.6%), which was statistically significant (p=0.001). Patients with hypertension and thyroid disorders were also at an increased risk of developing diabetes during pregnancy (p=0.04). Past history of surgery (p=0.03), low calorie intake, and nutritional deficiencies in their diet (p=0.02) were other identified risk factors. Conclusion: This study suggests that the prevalence of gestational diabetes is high among rural antenatal mothers. Therefore, these risk factors should be identified and managed through a risk-based approach to minimize the complications of GDM in both the mother and fetus. Keywords: diabetes, pregnancy, stress.

HbA1c as an early diagnostic marker in gestational diabetes mellitus.

Objective: To assess the effectiveness of HbA1c as an indicator of Gestational Diabetes mellitus(GDM). Study Design: Prospective Cases Control study. Setting: Fauji Foundation Hospital Rawalpindi. Period: March 2022 to Oct 2022. Methods: All pregnant females older than 18 years of age having pregnancy confirmed by gynecologist in 1st trimester were included. A 5ml blood sample was obtained from each case to evelaute the HbA1c level. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed on both groups at conception to 12 weeks (1st trimester) as well as at 12 to 24 weeks of gestation (2nd trimester) to evaluate correlation between OGTT and HbA1c test. All the females suffering from GDM were taken in cases group and comparatively in equal number non GDM pregnant women were taken in control group. All the relevant information was collected via study proforma and SPSS version 26 was used for analysis. Results: The number of females suffering from GDM was 45 in number and we took 45 pregnant females as control group. Average level of HbA1c in women with GDM (test group) was higher than in women with Non-GDM (control group). Patients having age groups 35-39 showing greater prevalence of gestational diabetes with 73.2% sensitivity and 66.7% specificity at a cut-off value of 5.6% (31 mmol/mol) for GDM diagnosis. Conclusion: The findings reveal significantly elevated HbA1c levels during both the first and second trimesters in individuals diagnosed with GDM, with a test specificity of 95%. This underscores its ability to accurately pinpoint individuals who truly have GDM. However, HbA1c is observed as a valuable diagnostic tool for the early detection of GDM.

Gestational Diabetes Significantly Associated With Food Insecurity and Insurance Status in the United States [ID 2683536

INTRODUCTION: Gestational diabetes (GD) is on the rise in the United States, posing risks to women's cardiovascular health, pregnancy, and their offspring's well-being. We sought to characterize the association between food insecurity and health care access and GD prevalence. METHODS: We analyzed data from 29,732 females aged 18+ in the 2021–2022 National Health Interview Survey to determine the prevalence of self-reported GD and its relationship with food security and health insurance status. We used χ2 tests to compare GD rates across different food security classifications and insurance statuses. Additionally, we cross-examined GD rates within food security groups based on insurance coverage. RESULTS: The overall GD prevalence among females was 5.70%. Stratified by food security, significant differences emerged (P&lt;.05): 5.23% for high security, 7.99% for marginal security, 7.72% for low security, and 11.85% for very low security. We observed significant differences in GD rates by insurance coverage (P&lt;.05): 5.57% for insured and 7.72% for uninsured respondents. Notably, when individuals were not highly food secure, there was no significant difference in the prevalence of GD between those who were insured or uninsured. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the significant associations between food insecurity, insurance coverage, and GD prevalence, although our cross-sectional analysis indicated that food insecurity may be the more salient factor. To combat GD's rise, policies should prioritize providing nutritious food access to pregnant women, potentially through mobile food units. Further research should explore whether food insecurity causally affects GD.

Prevalence of gestational diabetes in women age equal to or over 35 years

Prevalence of gestational diabetes in women age equal to or over 35 years

Prevalence of Large for Gestational Age and Polyhydramnios on Late Third-Trimester Ultrasound and Associated Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes [ID 2683531

INTRODUCTION: The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of large for gestational age (LGA) and polyhydramnios found on ultrasound performed between 34 and 38 weeks of gestation and investigate the prevalence of gestational diabetes and delivery outcomes in this population. METHODS: A retrospective cross-sectional study (IRB #4869) was performed including chart review of late third-trimester ultrasounds performed on singleton pregnancies between 34 and 38 weeks of gestation from April 2020 to April 2022 at a hospital-owned private practice. Patients were grouped as no LGA (estimated fetal weight &gt;90%) or polyhydramnios (amniotic fluid index ≥25 or maximum vertical pocket ≥8) or LGA and/or polyhydramnios. Differences in cesarean delivery (CD), gestational diabetes diagnosis, and macrosomia between groups were assessed via χ2 and Fisher's exact tests. RESULTS: Of 1,510 pregnancies, 15.0% (227/1,510) were diagnosed with LGA and/or polyhydramnios on late third-trimester ultrasound. The overall prevalence of CD in the group without LGA and/or polyhydramnios was 25.5%, whereas the rate of CD in patients having LGA and/or polyhydramnios was 44.1% (P&lt;.001). The overall prevalence of macrosomia in the group without LGA and/or polyhydramnios was 8.8%, whereas the rate of macrosomia in patients having LGA and/or polyhydramnios was 17.2% (P&lt;.001). The prevalence of diabetes in pregnancy was not significantly different between groups (without LGA and/or polyhydramnios 12.2% versus having LGA and/or polyhydramnios 16.7%; P=.081). CONCLUSION: Patients with LGA and/or polyhydramnios on late third-trimester ultrasound had significantly higher rates of CD and macrosomia. They were not more likely to have a diagnosis of diabetes during pregnancy. Late third-trimester ultrasound findings of LGA and/or polyhydramnios could be useful in detecting undiagnosed and/or missed diabetes. Future work will evaluate the timing of gestational diabetes screening and subsequent testing for diabetes if findings suggest LGA and/or polyhydramnios.

Association of Heamoglobin Concentration during Pregnancy with Gestational Diabetes

The prevalence of gestational diabetes is rapidly rising, ranging from 9 to 26% of pregnancies globally. Muchevidence has shown that hyperglycemia during pregnancy not only increases perinatal morbidity and mortality in both mothers and children but also increases features of disease later. A case control study carried out in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Al-Elwiya Teaching Hospital in Baghdad-Iraq during a period of one year from 1st of December 2021 till end of November 2022. It included 80 pregnant women with singleton pregnancy with viable fetus and gestational age ≥28 weeks and receiving iron supplement from the 2nd trimester of pregnancy or earlier. They were divided into two groups: Case group included 40 pregnant women who had diagnosed with gestational diabetes and control group included 40 healthy pregnant women without any complaint matched with the case group in age and gestational age. First trimester hemoglobin level taken from the medical records during antenatal care. In our study, Pregnant women with gestational diabetes had significantly higher mean of first trimester hemoglobin level compared with controls (12.04g/dl versus 10.99g/dl, p=0.001). First trimester hemoglobin level was found to be significant independent risk factor for greater likelihood of gestational diabetes. Higher hemoglobin level during pregnancy were associated with increased risk of gestational diabetes.

Association of Pregnant Women's Perinatal Depression with Sociodemographic, Anthropometric and Lifestyle Factors and Perinatal and Postnatal Outcomes: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: In recent decades, the incidence of depression has gradually increased in the general population globally. Depression is also common during gestation and could result in detrimental gestational complications for both the mother and the fetus. The survey presented aimed to evaluate whether pregnant women's perinatal depression could be associated with socio-demographic, anthropometry and lifestyle factors, and perinatal and postnatal outcomes. Methods: This is a cross-sectional survey conducted on 5314 pregnant women. Socio-demographic and lifestyle factors were recorded by relevant questionnaires via face-to-face interviews. Anthropometric parameters were measured by qualified personnel. Perinatal depressive symptomatology status was evaluated by Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI-II) questionnaire. Results: Depressive symptoms throughout gestation were found in 35.1% of the enrolled women. Perinatal depression was significantly associated with lower educational and economic level, pre-pregnancy regular smoking and reduced levels of Mediterranean diet adherence levels, a higher prevalence of gestational diabetes and preterm birth, as well as a higher incidence of delivering by caesarean section and abnormal childbirth weight. Perinatal depression was also significantly associated with a higher prevalence of maternal postpartum depression and lower prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding practices, as well as with a higher incidence of childhood asthma. Conclusions: Pregnant women's perinatal depression appears to be associated with various socio-demographic, anthropometry, and lifestyle characteristics and with a higher frequency of several adverse pregnancy complications. The present findings emphasize the importance of pregnant women's perinatal mental health, highlighting the need to develop and apply public strategies and policies for psychological counseling and support of future mothers to minimize probable risk factors that may trigger perinatal depression. Novel well-organized, follow-up surveys of enhanced validity are highly recommended to establish more definitive conclusions.

Impact of Mediterranean diet in lowering risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study

Introduction and objectivesThe prevalence of gestational diabetes is increasing, and the Mediterranean diet is highly recommended for health. The objective of this study is to determine the relationship between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Materials and methodsIn this cross-sectional study the presence of GDM is the dependent variable, and socio-demographic and anthropometric characteristics and adherence to the Mediterranean diet are the independent variables in this study, which was carried out in pregnant women who were 24–28 weeks pregnant and had Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT). Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was evaluated with the Mediterranean Diet Adherence Scale (MEDAS). Data were collected through face-to-face interviews, weight and height measurements of the pregnant women were made, and the diagnosis of GDM was made with OGTT. ResultsTwo hundred and seven pregnant women participated in the study and 85 of them (41.1%) were diagnosed as GDM. According to Logistic Regression models, age (OR: 1.088, 95% CI: 1.031–1.149) and infertility treatment (OR: 4.570, 95% CI: 1.443–14.474) significantly increased the occurrence of GDM, while adherence to the Mediterranean diet (OR: 0.683, 95% CI: 0.568–0.820) significantly reduced the risk. ConclusionsNearly two-fifths of pregnant women were diagnosed with GDM while only one-fourth complied with a Mediterranean diet. The increase in the frequency of GDM should be carefully monitored. It may be useful to detect risky pregnant women at the time of the first diagnosis, to measure their glucose levels, and to give suggestions about the Mediterranean diet in the early period.

Impact of Mediterranean diet in lowering risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study

Introduction and objectivesThe prevalence of gestational diabetes is increasing, and the Mediterranean diet is highly recommended for health. The objective of this study is to determine the relationship between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Materials and methodsIn this cross-sectional study the presence of GDM is the dependent variable, and socio-demographic and anthropometric characteristics and adherence to the Mediterranean diet are the independent variables in this study, which was carried out in pregnant women who were 24–28 weeks pregnant and had Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT). Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was evaluated with the Mediterranean Diet Adherence Scale (MEDAS). Data were collected through face-to-face interviews, weight and height measurements of the pregnant women were made, and the diagnosis of GDM was made with OGTT. ResultsTwo hundred and seven pregnant women participated in the study and 85 of them (41.1%) were diagnosed as GDM. According to Logistic Regression models, age (OR: 1.088, 95% CI: 1.031–1.149) and infertility treatment (OR: 4.570, 95% CI: 1.443–14.474) significantly increased the occurrence of GDM, while adherence to the Mediterranean diet (OR: 0.683, 95% CI: 0.568–0.820) significantly reduced the risk. ConclusionsNearly two-fifths of pregnant women were diagnosed with GDM while only one-fourth complied with a Mediterranean diet. The increase in the frequency of GDM should be carefully monitored. It may be useful to detect risky pregnant women at the time of the first diagnosis, to measure their glucose levels, and to give suggestions about the Mediterranean diet in the early period.

Associations between hypertension with reproductive and menopausal factors: An integrated women's health programme (IWHP) study.

Women are less likely to have classic cardiovascular risk factors than men, and events during their reproductive and menopausal years may increase hypertension risk. The aim of this study is to examine woman-specific factors, including menstrual, reproductive and pregnancy complications, in relation to the prevalence of hypertension in mid-life Asian women. This is a cross-sectional study of 1146 healthy women aged 45-69 years, from a multi-ethnic Asian cohort. The women completed an extensive questionnaire that included their sociodemographic details, medical history, lifestyle and physical activity, and reproductive and menopausal history. They also underwent objectively measured physical performance tests and a dual X-ray absorptiometry scan. Hypertension was defined as a systolic BP ≥140 and/or diastolic BP ≥90mm Hg, past diagnosis by a physician, or use of antihypertensive medications. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the independent risk factors for hypertension. The average age of the 1146 women analysed was 56.3 (SD 6.2) years, and 55.2 percent of them were hypertensive. The prevalence of gestational diabetes and gestational hypertension was 12.6% and 9.4%, respectively. Besides age, abnormal menstrual cycle length at 25 years of age (OR:2.35, CI:1.34-4.13), preeclampsia (OR:2.46, CI:1.06-5.74), increased visceral adiposity (OR:4.21, CI:2.28-7.79) and reduced physical performance (OR:2.83, CI:1.46-5.47) were independently associated with hypertension in Asian women. Our findings highlight the necessity of including features of menstrual and reproductive history as possible indicators of hypertension risk in cardiovascular disease risk assessment and prevention among Asian women. Reducing visceral adiposity and exercise to improve physical performance may help women avoid developing hypertension.