Prevalence Of Flatfoot Research Articles

Flat feet occurrence among young school-age children and its association with body mass index values.

A sedentary lifestyle, characterised by a lack of physical activity, negatively influences Body Mass Index (BMI). BMI may be related to the prevalence of flat feet. This study aims to observe the occurrence of flat feet in young children and determine its association with BMI. Additionally, it aims to analyse foot loading in the forefoot, midfoot and rearfoot. Dynamographic records of children (N = 142; age = 10.3 ± 0.21 years) were collected during walking, and foot-type evaluations were conducted using a force plate. A normal foot type was observed in 44% of children (BMI 16.0 ± 2.3 kg/m2). Flat feet were observed in 54% of children (BMI 18.4 ± 4.3 kg/m2). A high foot arch was observed in only 2% of children (BMI 16.0 ± 1.3 kg/m2). Children with flat feet had higher BMI values than those with normal feet. The contact time and maximal vertical force in the forefoot and rearfoot were similar in children with normal and flat feet. Significantly higher pressure values were observed in the midfoot zone of children with flat feet. Regression analysis results showed that in children with flat feet, there is a decrease in forefoot loading and an increase in midfoot loading with increasing BMI. This trend was not observed in children with normal feet. We recommend incorporating exercise interventions at this age to prevent pain and promote willingness to engage in physical activity. Higher BMI values indicate an increased risk for the prevalence of flat feet.

High Rate of Change of the Foot in Ecuadorian Children: The Need for Proper Shoe Design.

Physiological changes in the foot may be influenced by external factors such as shoe types or demographic parameters, leading to podiatric conditions in adulthood. The aim of this study was to assess the changes in morphological measurements of the feet of boys and girls during childhood and adolescence. A total of 1678 Ecuadorian children aged 8 to 17 years participated in the study. The length, width, and height of the foot were analyzed using a 3D scanner to obtain the arch height ratio for the diagnosis of pediatric flat foot. Statistical differences were observed for lengths, widths, and perimeters of the foot in boys aged 5 to 15-16 years and girls aged 5 to 12-13 years. Differences in the height of the navicular bone were found in all age groups, with changes from 2.8 to 4.1% in boys and from 1.3 to 1.5% in girls. The greatest differences between boys and girls of the same age were found at 14 years old onwards. The highest prevalence of flat foot was found in 8-year-old girls (64.9%) and in 12-year-old boys (82.5%). The feet of Ecuadorian children develop progressively during childhood and adolescence. Boys presented with longer and wider feet than girls of the same age. The highest prevalence of flat foot was found in 12-year-old boys and 8-year-old girls.

Prevalence of Flatfoot in School-Going Children, Lahore

Background: Flatfoot is characterized by a reduced medial longitudinal arch height and can be flexible or fixed, congenital, or acquired. It can influence physical activity and mood in children, and its prevalence varies widely among different populations. Objective: To determine the prevalence of flatfoot among school-going children aged 7-15 years in Lahore, Pakistan, and to assess its distribution across different age groups and genders. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted over six months at Dar-e-Arqam School, Westwood campus, Lahore. The sample size of 106 was calculated using the formula { n = Z^2 P(1-P) / d^2 } with a 16% expected prevalence, 7% precision, and Z value of 1.96. Non-probability sampling was used. Inclusion criteria were children aged 7-15 years of both genders, excluding those with fractures, congenital deformities, or a history of ankle sprain. Footprints were obtained using ink-impregnated pads, and the Chippaux-Smirak index (CSI) was used to diagnose and grade flatfoot. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25, with descriptive statistics presented as frequencies and percentages. Results: The prevalence of flatfoot among the children was 40.6%, with 4 cases of unilateral flatfoot (3.8%) and 39 cases of bilateral flatfoot (36.7%). Normal arches were found in 62 children (58.5%), and 1 child (0.9%) had a high arch. Among those with flatfoot, 17 had grade 1 flatfoot (16.0%), 12 had grade 2 flatfoot (11.3%), and 14 had grade 3 flatfoot (13.2%). The highest prevalence of flatfoot was observed in the 7-9 years age group (23 cases), while the 13-15 years group had the highest number of normal arches (29 cases). There was no significant difference in the prevalence of flatfoot between genders. Conclusion: Flatfoot is relatively common among children in Lahore, with a prevalence of 40.6%. The condition's prevalence decreases with age, and no significant gender differences were observed. Further research should include a larger sample size, random sampling, and assessment of symptomatic aspects to enhance understanding.

FEATURES OF PHYSICAL THERAPY FOR FLAT FEET IN YOUNG ATHLETES TREATING FLAT FEET IN YOUNG ATHLETES: A PHYSICAL THERAPY APPROACH

The goal is to develop and substantiate a physical therapy program for correcting flat feet in young athletes of various sports specializations.
 Material and methods. The research was carried out at the City Specialized Children and Youth Sports School, Olympic Reserve, Kharkiv, focusing on the Figure Skating Department. A total of 10 participants were involved in the study.
 A hypothesis was formulated and subsequently validated regarding the adverse effects of specific loads in figure skating on athletes' feet. Following the acquisition of results, an affirming experiment was undertaken, involving young athletes from diverse specializations.
 Results. Engaging in sports carries inherent risks of diverse injuries. The prevalence of flat feet among athletes is extensively discussed in the literature, with statistics indicating that 50 to 92% of athletes across various specializations exhibit alterations in their foot arches. Addressing this issue becomes imperative, specifically through the development of an optimal rehabilitation program for children-athletes with flat feet in different specializations. An effective rehabilitation program for flat feet among young athletes of various specializations was formulated and experimentally evaluated. All athletes included in the study exhibited flat feet of the 1st or 2nd degree in their medical history. In a majority of cases, this condition was coupled with a valgus deformity. Notably, the degree of foot deformity varied between the right and left lower limbs in some instances. The rehabilitation program was seamlessly integrated into the warm-up phase of the training routine and implemented three times a week over a period of six weeks.
 Conclusions. The study findings conclusively highlight the efficacy of the program, as evidenced by the parameters derived from the experiment. There was a notable increase in the height of both the longitudinal and transverse arches, a reduction in the abduction angle of the 1st toe, and enhanced strength in the foot muscles. Rigorous statistical analysis of the collected data further substantiated their reliability, firmly establishing the effectiveness of the proposed rehabilitation program for athletes with flat feet. Additionally, it is noteworthy that this program can serve as a preventive measure against the development of flat feet.

Effects of short foot training on foot posture in patients with flatfeet: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

With lifestyle changes, the prevalence of flatfoot is increasing year by year, with a prevalence of 29%. Flatfoot will lead to an inevitable injury and reduce the quality of life. Short foot exercises can enhance the strength of the intrinsic muscles of the foot and improve the symptoms of flatfoot. However, there is controversy regarding its specific efficacy. This meta-analysis quantitatively evaluates the effect of short foot training on patients with flatfeet and provides evidence to inform the clinical approach to short foot training in patients with flat feet. A total of eight databases were searched, including CNKI, WANFANG, VIP, and CBM in Chinese and PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Science, and Embase in English. The timeframe for searching the literature was March 2023 for each database build. English database search terms and search formulas were: (flat foot OR talipes valgus OR talipes calcaneovalgus) AND (short foot exercises OR physical therapy OR neurophysiotherapy). The current pooled results show no significant difference in the improvement of the navicular drop test and foot posture index with short foot exercises compared to controls; only short foot exercises greater than 6w showed a significant improvement in the navicular drop test, and sensitivity analysis showed a significant improvement in the foot posture index with short foot exercises. This systematic review and meta-analysis showed that short foot exercises need a larger sample size to find their effect on improving flat feet; the duration of the intervention is a factor. As most studies are currently unclear whether the participants were patients with flat feet or asymptomatic individuals with flat feet the disease syndrome in patients with flatfoot may also be a factor.

Statistical Analysis by Linear Regression of the Prevalence of Flatfoot in Preschool Children of a Mexican Community

Context: In Mexico's rural towns, it is essential to generate a culture of studying the prevalence of flat feet in children aged 3 to 5, whose arch is still in development and can be corrected. By means of a computer application, statistical bar graph and correlation studies via linear regression can validate the results obtained regarding the categorization of infants' footprint type, which are acquired through the Hernández Corvo index (HCI), Clarke’s angle protocol (CA), the Staheli index (SI), the Chippaux index (CI), and the body mass index (BMI). Methods: A statistical analysis of the plantar footprint of 95 infants in a rural region of Mexico was carried out, employing a computational technique together with a photo-podoscope. Footprint images were acquired, processed, and classified. The footprint type was categorized with respect to the HCI, CA, and the Staheli-Chippaux index (SCI). The footprint distribution was validated via the linear regression method. Results: We evidenced a prevalence of flat foot of 54,7% in relation to HCI, 58,9% in relation to CA, and 61,05% in relation to SCI, where the male gender was shown to be more susceptible (up to 28, 32, and 33 cases, respectively). The best prediction was obtained using the SI and the CI: 90,7 and 87,0% for the right and left feet, with a positive increase. No dependence on body composition was observed. Conclusions: The diagnosis of the type of footstep, in its normal, cavus, and flat categories, shows the prevalence of flat feet among infants aged 3 to 5, with at least 28 cases, mostly male and without dependence on weight. Although it is difficult to perform plantar footprint diagnoses in the rural communities of Mexico, this statistical study highlights the importance of monitoring foot development in preschool infants with the advantages and practicality of computational techniques.

Prevalence of flexible and rigid flatfoot among adolescents and its association with body mass index

Abstract: CONTEXT: Flatfoot is a common foot condition that can be classified into flexible or rigid flatfoot. It is more prevailing among young children, adolescents, and adults. There has been an association seen between flatfoot and increased weight; however, the research is more focused on the prevalence of flatfoot in younger children. AIMS: The purpose of the present study is to report the prevalence of the flexible and rigid flatfoot and its association with body mass index (BMI) among adolescents. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: One-hundred adolescents including both males and females were included from Sri Guru Harkrishan Public School, Amritsar. Parental consent was obtained through the process of informed consent. The height and weight of subjects were measured using a standard apparatus. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Obesity was calculated by BMI. Flatfoot assessment was done using the Staheli index and plantar arch index (PAI), and flatfoot severity was graded with the Denis method. A relationship between BMI and flatfoot was observed. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Statistical analysis was done using the SPSS 15 version statistical program for Microsoft Windows. The statistical analysis employed included calculating the average, standard deviation, cumulative percentage, conducting a t-test, and performing Pearson’s correlation test. The probability value P ≤ 0.05 was statistically significant. RESULTS: Fourteen percent of participants had left flatfoot, and 8% had right flatfoot. Further, left and right flatfoot types were also analyzed, and it was found that 12% of participants had flexible flatfoot on the left, and 5% had it on the right. The results showed a positive correlation between BMI and the right foot (r = 0.222, P = 0.026), indicating that as BMI increases; the right PAI also increases. However, there was no significant correlation between BMI and left foot (r = 0.111, P = 0.273). CONCLUSIONS: This study found a low prevalence of flexible and rigid flatfoot among adolescents; however, a positive correlation between BMI and flatfoot was found, indicating that individuals with higher BMI may be at increased risk for flatfoot. The findings of this study suggest that flexible flatfoot is common among adolescents, whereas rigid flatfoot is rare.

Prevalence of flatfoot among children aged 5-10 years: A population-based descriptive cross-sectional study

Prevalence of flatfoot among children aged 5-10 years: A population-based descriptive cross-sectional study

The resting calcaneal stance position (RCSP): an old dog, with new tricks

The objective of this study was to establish the accuracy of the resting calcaneal stance position (RCSP) for the assessment of flat foot (FF) in children, aligned to the validity of the foot posture index (FPI). The RCSP cut-off point was explored, in context of both FF prevalence and the relationship between FF and body weight. A total of 205 healthy children, aged 5 to 10 years, participated in a cross-sectional study. Correlation was performed between RCSP and FPI. ROC curve technique was calculated to assess differentiation between groups. A score equal to or greater than 7 on the FPI was used as the ‘gold standard’ for analysis. The correlation between FPI and RCSP was significant (r = 0.63; p < 0.01). The discrimination score on the ROC curve (6 points/degrees) shows that the model can be used to identify FF through RCSP, with a sensitivity of 67% and specificity of 85% returned. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate the role of RCSP for simple, accessible and quick screening of paediatric FF. This is especially pertinent for non-podiatric healthcare professional without specialised paediatric foot knowledge.What is Known:• Most children develop a normal arch quickly, and flat feet usually resolve on their own between 2 and 6 years of age.• The measurement used to diagnose flat foot in children must be accurate, consistent, and valid to characterize the standard foot position. The Resting Calcaneal Stance Position (RCSP) is another widely used measure to evaluate the position of the flat foot in children.What is New:• The RCSP cut-off point 6 shows a sensitivity of 67% and a specificity of 85% thanks to the FPI as the Gold standard.• The RCSP is useful for health professionals who are not specialised in pediatric foot health. The RCSP is useful to detect flat foot in children.

Type of Feet in a Mexican Population: Analysis of the Footprint Morphology and Literature Review

The objective of this study was to analyze the footprint morphology and obtain the Chippaux-Smirak Index in a Mexican population to identify the type of feet and its prevalence. A database of images of the soles of both feet was analyzed. The database contained images of 1,014 persons between 2 and 73 years old from Guanajuato state, Mexico. Moreover, a literature review was performed to identify the type of feet in the Mexican population. It was observed that less than 17 % of the population have cavus foot (p= 0.018). Furthermore, less than 25 % of the population between 17 and 73 years have flatfoot 3 (p= 0.0079) in the left foot. Also, only nine articles related to the type of foot in the Mexican population were found, but most of them were performed on young population. The formation of the medial arc could be beyond the first decade of life and the relatively high prevalence of flatfoot in adult life should be studied. Finally, the results found can be useful for orthopedists, physiotherapists, clinicians, and parents who are concerned about the foot health of their children.

Flatfoot in the neglected age group of adolescents

The foot arches in humans are the complex musculo-skeletal-ligamentous structure that helps in shock absorption because of the elasticity and provides stability while transmitting the muscle force for walking. Primarily we observed the prevalence of flatfoot among adolescents going to college. Thereafter we determined the correlation of flatfoot with the body mass index and gender of the adolescents being studied. Footprint analysis of undergraduate students was obtained based on Harris – the Beath mat principle. Clarke’s angle, Chippaux-Smirak index, and Staheli arch index were observed in the footprints. Subsequently, the correlation between the flatfoot, body mass index, and gender of the participants was assessed. The prevalence of flatfoot in college-going adolescents was 18.28% by footprint analysis, presenting a female predilection (20% of the footprint analysis) for the condition. The most valid and reliable plantar arch index for diagnosing flatfoot was the Staheli arch index, followed by the Chippaux-Smirak index having a moderate to strong correlation (R = 0.7, 0.95; p &lt; 0.05). Only 1.1% of females and up to 2.2% of males were observed to have flatfoot and were obese. Eighteen out of a hundred (approximately one–fifth) adolescents in the studied group had flatfoot. The gender predilection for females was observed. Contradictory to the findings of the previous study, obesity was not observed as a foot arch-altering factor in adolescents.

Flat Foot and Associated Factors among University Students Aged 18-25 Years: A University-Based Study

Abstract: Background: In various human postural studies, foot is considered to be a rigid body. The flat foot, also referred to as the acquired disorder of the flat foot, results from the subsidence of the arches of the feet. Usually, in an upright position, the middle margin of the sole of the foot does not touch the ground. The condition of flatfoot can affect the healthy lifestyle and the weight management for an individual. But the burden of the flat foot in young adults is unknown. Aim: The objective of this study is to identify the prevalence of flat foot and investigate its associated factors among university students aged 18-25. Materials and Methods: A university crosssectional study was conducted on students between the ages of 18 and 25. The data collection consisted in physical measurements, measurements based on the footprint while fully bearing the weight to analyze the structure of the medial foot arch using the Staheli arch index and their footwear types. Data were analysed through chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression model. Results: In total, 875 university students participated. The overall incidence rate for the flat foot was found to be 29.37% for entire study sample, accounting 31.79%, 15% and 26.54% for Chinese, Tanzanian, and Indian students respectively. Uni-variate analysis found that gender and the shoe types often worn were not the influencing factors of flat foot, but multivariate regression analysis showed that age, BMI, nationality and shoe type were the influencing factors of flat foot. Conclusion: Results from this study showed overall prevalence of flatfoot close to 30% and a negative correlation between age and incidence of flat foot for college students aged 18-25 years. Keywords: Flatfoot, Staheli arch index, BMI, Footwear, Nationality.

The prevalence of flatfoot among Saudi population: A systematic review

Flatfoot is a foot deformity characterized by a collapsed medial arch, plantar flexion and medial rotation of the talus, eversion of the calcaneus, and forefoot abduction. The flatfoot prevalence and causes are not well known despite its correlation with multiple factors. This study aimed to systematically review all studies that estimated the flatfoot prevalence among Saudi population and list the associated factors. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines and Joanna Briggs Institute reviewer’s manual were followed to perform this systematic review. Data collection was through several databases using terms including prevalence, Saudi, and flatfoot with their synonyms. The inclusion criteria were both adults and children’s studies that were carried out in Saudi Arabia (Saudi and non-Saudi), with the exclusion of secondary flatfoot (due to traumatic or pathological causes) studies. A total of 361 published studies before July 2021 which involved 6190 participants were reviewed, and only six studies were included in the study. The participants’ age ranged from 4.2 ± 3.6 to 37 ± 11.26 years. There was male predominance, with body mass index (BMI), age, and gender being common factors studied in the articles. Flatfoot prevalence in Saudi Arabia differed according to multiple factors as reported by different authors. This review revealed a wide range of flatfoot prevalence among the Saudi population. Most of the included studies reported that BMI, age, gender, residence, family history of flatfoot, footwear type during childhood, hypermobility, functional mobility, balance, and flexibility of the whole body had a significant impact on flatfoot prevalence.

Prevalence of Flat Foot among School-aged Children in a Nigerian Population

Prevalence of Flat Foot among School-aged Children in a Nigerian Population

Prevalence of Flat Foot among School-aged Children in a Nigerian Population

Prevalence of Flat Foot among School-aged Children in a Nigerian Population

Prevalence of flatfoot among young Korean males and the correlation among flatfoot angles measured in weight-bearing lateral radiographs.

Flatfoot causes significant fatigue and pain while walking, and even asymptomatic flatfoot may increase the risk of metatarsal stress fracture during long-distance walking. While most studies have used physical examination or plantar footprints to diagnose flatfoot, a weight-bearing radiograph of the foot provides more objective data. However, data on the prevalence of flatfoot in Asian populations gathered in a nationwide cohort of a specific age group is lacking. We examined the prevalence of flatfoot among 19-year-old male Korean army recruits using a weight-bearing lateral radiograph and evaluated the correlation among flatfoot angles. A total of 560,141 19-year-old Korean males were examined at the regional Military Manpower Administration offices between April 2018 and April 2020. Weight-bearing lateral radiographs of the foot were obtained using an X-ray system while the subjects were standing on a table with their feet in a neutral position. Based on these radiographs, military orthopedic surgeons and radiologists measured the talo-first metatarsal angle (TMA) and calcaneal pitch angle (CPA) for flatfoot diagnosis. Mild flatfoot was diagnosed when the TMA ranged from 6 to 15° or the CPA was <17°, and moderate-to-severe flatfoot was diagnosed when the TMA was 15° or greater or the CPA was <10°. Pearson correlation coefficients and scatter plot matrix were used to evaluate the correlation among the flatfoot angles. Finally, we evaluated the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and flatfoot angles and compared the BMI in subjects with or without self-checked foot deformities including flatfoot and pes cavus. Of the 560,141 subjects, 16,102 (2.9%) were diagnosed as flatfoot, and 5265 (0.9%) were diagnosed with moderate-to-severe flatfoot. The coefficients between TMA and CPA ranged from 0.342 to 0.449 (all P values < 0.001), and those between the 2 sides of TMA and CPA were 0.709 and 0.746 (all P values < 0.001), respectively. BMI had a significant correlation with both TMA and CPA in subjects with flatfoot, and those with self-checked foot deformities had a significantly higher BMI than the group without foot deformities. The prevalence of total flatfoot and moderate-to-severe flatfoot in 19-year-old Korean males based on a weight-bearing lateral radiograph was 2.9% and 0.9%, respectively. The correlation coefficients between TMAs and CPAs showed a low degree of positive correlation. Higher BMI was associated with the likelihood of the presence of flatfoot.

Prevalence of Flat Foot in College Going Students: A Cross Sectional Study

Background: A healthy foot is vital for good posture and ambulation. Flatfoot or pes planus is a medical condition defined by the absence or lowered medial longitudinal arch, with Osseo-ligamentous misalignment. The objective of this study was to find out the prevalence of flat foot in college-going students aged between 18 to 25 years by using navicular drop and medial longitudinal arch angle assessment methods. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 205 volunteers (116 male and 89 female) were assessed for flat foot using Brody’s navicular drop test and medial longitudinal arch angle measurement with an age range of 18-25 years. The navicular drop of ≥ 10mm and medial longitudinal arch angle of &lt; 130° were considered flat feet. Results: The mean age of the total population (n=205) was 23.30 ± 1.63 years. The result of this study showed that when we used the ND test, there was a prevalence of flat foot in 20% of the total population (for males: 21.55%; for females: 17.97%) whereas when we used MLAA measurement, there was the prevalence of 5.36% in total population (for males: 5.17%; for females: 5.61%). Conclusion: The results of this study quantified the prevalence of flat foot in young college-going students. It can be concluded from the result of this study that the prevalence of flat foot in college-going students was 20% when using the navicular drop test whereas 5.61% when using medial longitudinal arch angle measurement.

Prevalence of flat foot in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty: A retrospective survey

Prevalence of flat foot in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty: A retrospective survey

Association between flat foot prevalence and nutritional status in schoolchildren

Introduction/Objective. The aim of this study was to examine the association between flat feet and socio-demographic factors and nutritional status in children aged 7?14 years of the Province of Vojvodina, Serbia. Methods. The research was conducted as a cross-sectional study. The survey instrument was a questionnaire, and anthropometric measurements were done using standardized procedures. To determine the impact of socio-demographic factors and nutritional status as independent variables on the flat feet in schoolchildren as a dependent variable, a multivariate logistic regression model was implemented. A multivariate model was adjusted for age, sex, type of settlement, and material status. Results. This study included 1376 children (685 boys and 691 girls). Significant differences were observed in the frequency of flat feet between normal weight, overweight, and obesity (p = 0.006), where obese children were rated highest in the flat foot category. Overweight children had a 1.76 times higher chance to have flat feet than those with normal weight (OR = 1.76; 95% CI 1.08?2.88), while obese children were 1.88 times more likely to have flat feet than those with normal weight (OR = 1.88; 95% CI 1.14?3.11). Conclusion. The research showed that nutritional status was significantly associated with the presence of flat feet in schoolchildren. The high prevalence of flat feet and obesity in schoolchildren should be accepted as a warning sign, and many public health policies should be undertaken to solve these issues.

Foot Print Analysis and Prevalence of Flat Foot among Children of Rural India – A Study Protocol

Introduction: Foot shape and its proportions changes gradually during normal growth of human beings, but the mechanical stresses during bipedal locomotion are a key factor for development of foot. To sustain static position and to arrange for stable base while performing various functional activities, Foot plays major role in it. Deformities in lower extremities of children’s are being very common. As this conditions are physiological, that’s why most of the time this conditions do not require treatment. In an average 90% of patient who are visiting to clinic for foot problem are flat foot. Primary manifestation of flat foot is decreasing in longitudinal arch, which shows that while standing or walking, there is transmission of whole body weight towards the medial side of foot sole. This is the main reason for which flat foot is considered as problem of static alignment of foot and ankle structure.&#x0D; Objective: To analyze footprint of children and to determine prevalence of flat foot, their anthropometric measurement, Prevalence of structural pathologies of foot and correction of foot prints and radiological evaluation of 8 – 13 years age group of children.&#x0D; Methodology: All the visiting patients of orthopedic department of AVBRH of age group 8 – 13 year, with sample size. Examination will be done along with radiological examination, radiological assessment and different anthropometric will include Plain X-ray of both feet.&#x0D; Results: We expect that, anthropometric measurements of rural children may differ from other literatures.