Prevalence Of Exposure Research Articles

The prevalence of traumatic exposure in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD): a systematic review.

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a debilitating illness that affects 3-8% of women worldwide. There are multiple factors underlying the aetiology of PMDD, ranging from neuroendocrine changes to psychosocial factors such as exposure to trauma. This systematic review aims to assess the prevalence of traumatic exposure in women with PMDD. A literature search of MEDLINE, EMBASE and PsycInfo was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Of the 369 studies identified for abstract and full-text screening, 27 were included for review and 16 studies for the quantitative calculation of average prevalence and 95% confidence intervals. Data extracted included study details, sampling details, demographic details, type of traumatic exposure reported, diagnostic tools used, the prevalence of PMDD (total) and the prevalence of self-reported traumatic exposure in PMDD patients. The reported prevalence of traumatic exposure in PMDD ranged from 18.03 to 90.5%. Using a random effects model, the pooled prevalence was 61% (95%CI, 46-74%). The level of heterogeneity (I2) was 95%, showing considerable variability in the data. Amongst only those studies with a control group, it was shown that those with PMDD are 1.99 times more likely to have a history of traumatic exposure than those without PMDD. Our findings suggest that a history of traumatic exposure is highly represented in women living with PMDD. Trauma exposure may be a risk factor for PMDD and could inform this condition's aetiology. A trauma-informed approach should be considered when assessing and managing women presenting with PMDD.

Associations between the prevalence of asthma and dietary exposure to food contaminants in children: CHASER study.

Asthma is a common, multifactorial chronic disease with a major impact on children and adolescents. Exposure to food contaminants is one of the contributing factors to asthma. This study aims to evaluate the intake and exposure of different contaminants and explore their association with childhood asthma. The Childhood Asthma and Environment Research study evaluated Italian children aged 5-14years, divided into control and asthma case groups. Dietary habits were recorded, and exposure to 11 food contaminants was estimated with the CONT11 database. The study included 428 children, 264 with asthma and 164 without. The findings of this study were consistent with those reported in other studies, indicating that exposure to nitrates and acrylamide was significantly higher in asthmatic children. The results suggest that exposure to certain contaminants could have a more pronounced effect on asthmatic children. The study demonstrates the importance of tools such as CONT11 in assessing food safety. Furthermore, it reinforces the need to prevent and reduce exposure to food contaminants to minimize health risks.

Geospatial Analysis of Malaria and Typhoid Prevalence Due to Waste Dumpsite Exposure in Kinshasa Districts with and without Waste Services: A Case Study of Bandalungwa and Bumbu, Democratic Republic of Congo

Municipal solid waste (MSW) management poses substantial challenges in rapidly urbanizing areas, with implications for both the environment and public health. This study focuses on the city of Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of Congo, investigating whether the presence or absence of solid waste collection services results in varying health and economic impacts, and additionally, seeking to establish a correlation between residing in proximity to dumpsites and the prevalence of diseases like malaria and typhoid, thereby providing a comprehensive understanding of the health implications tied to waste exposure. Health data were collected through survey questionnaires, and the geospatial distribution of 19 dumpsites was analyzed using Google Earth Pro 7.3.1 for satellite imagery and GIS software 10.3.1 to map dumpsites and define 1 km buffer zones around the largest dumpsites for household sampling. Statistical analyses were conducted using R Version 4.2.3, employing Chi-square tests for disease prevalence and logistic regression to assess associations between waste management practices and health outcomes. A multivariate regression was used to evaluate correlations between discomfort symptoms (e.g., nasal and eye irritation) and waste activities. The geospatial analysis revealed significant variation in dumpsite size and location, with larger dumpsites near water bodies and flood-prone areas. The study contributes valuable insights into waste-related health risks, emphasizing the need for improved waste management policies in rapidly urbanizing areas like Kinshasa. The socio-demographic analysis reveals distinct traits within the surveyed populations of two communes, Bandalungwa (Bandal) and Bumbu. Bumbu, characterized by larger open dumpsites and limited waste collection services, exhibits a higher prevalence of certain diseases, particularly typhoid fever, and malaria. This discrepancy is statistically significant (p < 2.2 × 10−16), suggesting a potential link between waste exposure and disease prevalence. In Bandal, self-waste collection is a high risk of exposure to typhoid (OR = 4.834 and p = 0.00001), but the implementation of a waste collection service shows protective effect (OR = 0.206 and p = 0.00001). The lack of waste collection services in Bumbu increases the risk of exposure, although not significantly (OR = 2.268 and p = 0.08). Key findings indicate that waste disposal methods significantly differ between Bandal and Bumbu. Bumbu’s reliance on burning and dumping creates environments conducive to disease vectors, contributing to elevated disease transmission risks. However, an in-depth correlation analysis reveals that specific waste management practices, such as burning, burying, and open dumping, do not exhibit statistically significant associations with disease prevalence, underlining the complexity of disease dynamics. This study contributes valuable insights into the importance for urban public health, particularly in rapidly urbanizing cities like Kinshasa, where inadequate waste management exacerbates health risks. By investigating the correlation between proximity to unregulated dumpsites and the prevalence of diseases such as malaria and typhoid fever, the research underscores the urgent need for targeted waste management policies. The stark health disparities between Bandal, with better waste services, and Bumbu, where services are lacking, highlight the protective effect of organized waste collection. These findings suggest that expanding public waste services and enforcing stricter regulations on waste disposal could reduce disease prevalence in vulnerable areas. Additionally, the study supports integrating waste management into urban planning as a critical public health measure. Its evidence-based approach offers valuable insights for policymakers in Kinshasa and other cities facing similar challenges, emphasizing the broader health implications of environmental governance in urban settings.

Relationship Between Occupational Exposure to Noise and Vibrations and Vertigo: A Prospective Case-Control Study

Background/Objectives: It is known that balance disorders involve occupational hazards. However, the inverse relationship (between certain occupations and an increased incidence of vertigo or dizziness) has been scarcely studied. The objective of this work was to analyze the occupation of a group of patients with vertigo compared to the economically active general population and to evaluate the prevalence of occupational noise and/or vibration exposure in both groups. Methods: A prospective cross-sectional, observational, case-control study was carried out, including 393 patients (193: Meniere’s disease; 63: vestibular migraine; 21: vestibular neuritis; 116: BPPV) (244 women and 149 men). These patients were compared to a control group from the general population obtained from 6th EWCS-Spain (2015). Possible differences regarding sex, age, occupation, exposure to noise, and exposure to mechanical vibrations were analyzed. Results: Differences in the distribution of occupations between patients with vertigo and the general population were observed (Chi-square, p = 4.065 × e−20). Patients with vertigo were significantly more exposed to noise (Fisher’s exact test, p = 2.97 × e−10; OR = 2.595, CI95% (1.916;3.515)) and vibrations (Fisher’s exact test, p = 6.23 × e−10; OR = 2.722, CI95% (1.963;3.775)) than the control group. These differences were observed both between men and women. Conclusions: A relationship between occupational exposure to noise and/or vibrations and the presence of vertigo was observed. Protective and preventive measures could help prevent the occurrence of some diseases involving vertigo.

Teratogenic Risk Impact and Mitigation (TRIM): Study Protocol for the Development of a Decision Support Tool to Prioritize Medications for Risk Mitigation.

Preventing prenatal exposure to teratogenic medications is an important goal of regulatory risk mitigation efforts. In the USA, as of March 2024, 11 teratogenic medications have a required Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) program. It is unclear whether these programs target those medications with the most significant impact on public health and adverse pregnancy outcomes. This study aims to develop an innovative decision support tool that uses explicit, quantifiable criteria to facilitate prioritization of teratogenic medications for risk mitigation strategies. The Teratogenic Risk Impact and Mitigation (TRIM) decision support tool will be developed by a national panel via a modified Delphi approach to define measurable criteria, and a multi-criteria decision analysis to estimate criteria weights within a discrete choice experiment. The TRIM scores will then be calculated for 12 teratogenic drugs with active or eliminated REMS programs and for 12 teratogenic drugs without REMS. These drugs will be identified based on highest prenatal exposure prevalence in claims data of privately and publicly insured individuals. Data for the TRIM criteria levels for these 24 drugs will be identified from evidence searches and ad hoc analyses of the same claims data. Teratogenic Risk Impact and Mitigation is intended to inform regulatory decision making about the need for risk mitigation programs for teratogenic medications by providing explicit, quantifiable, evidence-based criteria. The TRIM scores of 24 teratogenic drugs may provide benchmarks for considering REMS for marketed and new teratogenic medications.

Triglyceride-glucose Index and Its combination with obesity indicators mediating the association between 2-hydroxyfluorene and the prevalence of cardiovascular disease: Evidence from the NHANES (2005–2018)

BackgroundPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were increasingly recognized as a group of environmental pollutants associated with various health issues. The rise in their prevalence in the environment was concerning. Yet, the effects of PAH exposure on cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) were still not well understood. PurposeThis study investigated the impact of exposure to 2-hydroxyfluorene on CVDs prevalence, with a special focus on the mediating role of triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index and its combination with obesity indicators. MethodUsing National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data from 2005 to 2018, this study assessed how 2-hydroxyfluorene affects CVDs prevalence through various statistical techniques. The investigation began with restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis to explore the relationship between 2-hydroxyfluorene levels and CVDs prevalence. Logistic regression was then used to examine associations within PAH mixtures, alongside the Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) model. Furthermore, the Quantile G-Computation (QG-comp) model was used to evaluate the influence of weights and directions. A mediation analysis was also performed to assess the mediating role of TyG-related indicators on the relationship between 2-hydroxyfluorene and CVDs prevalence. Besides, the association between 2-hydroxyfluorene and the prevalence of each specific CVDs, congestive heart failure, myocardium infarction, angina pectoris and coronary heart disease, was also assessed and so was the mediated effect. Finally, the subgroup analysis was conducted to assess the association in each specific subgroup. ResultThe study, involving 3645 participants, found a significant positive association between 2-hydroxyfluorene exposure and CVD (OR (95 %CI) = 115.8013 (5.0521 ∼ 2654.3248), P=0.0029), with 2-hydroxyfluorene showing the positive contribution to CVDs prevalence within the phthalate mixture. The positive association also existed between 2-hydroxyfluorene and the prevalence of each specific CVDs. TyG and TyGWC (Triglyceride Glucose-Waist Circumference) were identified as mediators in the link between 2-hydroxyfluorene exposure and the prevalence of total CVD and each specific CVD, while TyGBMI (Triglyceride Glucose-Body Mass Index) can only mediate the association between 2-hydroxyfluorene and the prevalence of total CVD, congestive heart failure and angina pectoris ConclusionThe findings highlighted a significant association between 2-hydroxyfluorene exposure and CVDs prevalence, with TyG-related indicators acting as mediators.

Specific symptom change associated with ecological momentary assessments of intrusive trauma memories

As the global prevalence of exposure to traumatic events rises, there is a growing need for accessible and scalable treatments for trauma-related disorders like posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Intrusive reexperiencing symptoms, such as trauma-related intrusive memories (TR-IMs), are central to PTSD and a target of gold-standard treatments that are effective but resource-intensive. This study examined whether completing a brief ecological momentary assessment (EMA) protocol assessing the occurrence and phenomenology of TR-IMs was associated with decreases in intrusion symptom severity. Trauma-exposed adults (N = 139) experiencing at least 2 TR-IMs per week related to a DSM-5 criterion A traumatic event completed a 2-week EMA protocol. During this period, they reported on 18 sensory-perceptual and affective qualities of their TR-IMs three times per day and on posttraumatic stress symptom severity at day’s end. Longitudinal symptom measurements were entered into linear mixed-effects models to test the effect of Time on symptom severity. Over the 2-week protocol, intrusion symptom severity decreased, while other symptom cluster scores did not change. Within the intrusion symptoms, this effect was specific to TR-IMs and emotional reactivity to trauma reminders, and was not moderated by survey completion rate, total PTSD symptom severity, ongoing treatment, or time since trauma. This study was quasi-experimental and lacked a control group, therefore no definitive conclusions about clinical utility can be made. Nonetheless, these findings provide preliminary proof-of-principle and warrant future clinical trials assessing the clinical efficacy of EMAs of intrusive trauma memories as a scalable treatment option targeting intrusive memory symptoms.

Risk factors for suicide attempt among adolescents reporting suicidal ideation by sexual and gender minority status: Evidence from the 2022 Minnesota Student Survey.

Suicide is a leading cause of death among adolescents, yet most adolescents who report suicidal ideation do not attempt nor die by suicide. To prevent injury and death, it is thus vital to explore factors potentiating the transition from suicidal ideation to suicidal attempt, especially in high-risk groups like sexual and gender minority (SGM) adolescents. Guided by an "ideation-to-action" framework, we explored risk factors for suicide attempt (ie, "painful and provocative experiences") among adolescents reporting suicidal ideation by SGM status. Data were drawn from the cross-sectional 2022 Minnesota Student Survey and restricted to 10 561 adolescents reporting past-year suicidal ideation (52.3% SGM; 47.7% non-SGM). Analyses first assessed prevalence of exposure to painful and provocative experiences (ie, non-suicidal self-injury, adverse childhood experiences, bullying) by SGM status. Then, in multivariable logistic regression models, analyses probed associations between these risk factors and past-year suicide attempt. Among adolescents reporting recent suicidal ideation, a higher proportion of SGM adolescents reported past-year suicide attempt than non-SGM adolescents (26.7% vs 21.6%, respectively). All examined painful and provocative experiences were more commonly reported among SGM adolescents. In analyses restricted to SGM adolescents, non-suicidal self-injury, sexual abuse by a family member, and bullying demonstrated the largest effect sizes of associations with suicide attempt. Guided by an "ideation-to-action" framework, this research identifies risk factors potentiating suicide attempt in SGM adolescents reporting recent suicidal ideation. Structural and clinical interventions focused on mitigating exposure to painful and provocative experiences may help to prevent suicide among SGM adolescents.

Effect of Electromagnetic-Radiofrequency Devices on Male Infertility at Urban Private Infertility Clinics in East Java

Background: As technology becomes increasingly integrated into urban lifestyles, the use of mobile phones, laptops/computers, and WiFi has surged, reshaping habits and routines. However, this reliance on devices raises concerns about potential health impacts, including male infertility rates. This study explores how lifestyle factors, particularly mobile phone usage and exposure to electromagnetic radiation (EMR) and radio frequencies (RF), influence male infertility. Methods: Conducted in Surabaya, Indonesia, this study analyzed sperm analysis data from 260 husbands attending private infertility clinics. Data spanning 2018 to 2023 were collected, with interviews conducted to assess EMR-RF exposure. Statistical analysis using the Mann-Whitney test evaluated differences in sperm analysis results between groups exposed to EMR-RF and controls. Results: A notable prevalence of EMR-RF exposure was observed among men aged 31-40, particularly those working indoors. Significant associations were found between EMR-RF exposure and sperm analysis results, with key factors such as mobile phone usage duration, storage practices, and WiFi exposure showing statistically significant correlations (p < 0.05). Conclusion: This study highlights the impact of EMR-RF exposure on male fertility, particularly concerning mobile phone use and WiFi exposure. These findings underscore the importance of further research and potential interventions to mitigate the health risks associated with EMR-RF exposure in urban populations.

Prevalence and predictors of indoor secondhand tobacco smoke exposure among Senegalese household population

ABSTRACT Indoor secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) exposure imposes substantial health risks among all household members, including children. Earlier studies reported high tobacco use in West African country Senegal. Despite the high health risks, no recent study has presented the situation of indoor SHS exposure in Senegal. Using cross-sectional design, we assessed the prevalence and predictors of indoor SHS exposure in Senegal. We used recent demographic and health survey (DHS) 2023 data of 75,080 household members of all ages. Analyzing these data, the prevalence of indoor SHS was assessed, and binomial logistic regression was used to identify predictors of indoor SHS exposure. The prevalence of indoor SHS exposure in Senegal was 24% (95% CI 23.5–24.2). Females, compared to males, were less likely to get indoor SHS exposure (aOR 0.9; 95% CI 0.8–0.9). Compared to the urban population, rural residents were less likely to get indoor SHS exposure (aOR 0.8; 95% CI 0.7–0.8). Individuals lived in households where members experienced shock events (aOR 1.2; 95% CI 1.1–1.2) and had members with psychological issues (aOR 1.5; 95% CI 1.4–1.6) were more susceptible to indoor SHS exposure. We conclude that indoor SHS exposure is high, particularly among Senegalese males, urban residents, and the poorest wealth quintiles. Additionally, susceptibility to indoor SHS increases with the presence of stressors like past adverse shock events and mental health issues. Both of these stressors encourage indoor smoking and intensify the risk of indoor SHS exposure among all household members. Community-based interventions providing behavior change communication on quitting tobacco and preventing indoor smoking are recommended.

Association between residential noise exposure and burnout among healthcare workers in Taiwan: a cross-sectional study

Few studies have explored the association between residential noise exposure and burnout. In this study, we investigated the association between residential noise exposure and burnout prevalence among 5416 health-care workers in Taiwan from 2012 to 2017. Burnout was evaluated using the Mandarin version of the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory by considering both continuous and binary measures. We applied ordinary Kriging models to calculate the annual average residential noise exposure at an individual level. Multivariable linear regression models and logistic regression models were employed. Restricted cubic splines were used to explore dose–response relationships. The median age of the health-care workers was 31.5 years. In the multivariable linear regression models, exposure to residential noise (per 1 dBA) was associated with increases in personal burnout and work-related burnout scores by 1.59 ± 0.25 and 1.38 ± 0.20, respectively. In the multivariable logistic regression models, the adjusted odds ratios were 1.24 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.16, 1.32) for personal burnout and 1.19 (95% CI: 1.13, 1.26) for work-related burnout per 1-dBA increase in residential noise exposure. Linear dose–response associations of burnout with residential noise level were detected. Our findings suggest that exposure to residential noise may increase the risk of burnout among health-care workers.

High Prevalence of Tobacco Consumption among Pregnant Women in a Southern European City (Seville): A Challenge for the Health System.

The prevalence of prenatal tobacco exposure remains high in many countries, particularly in southern Europe. The aims of this study were to estimate the prevalence of smoking among pregnant women in a southern Spanish city (Seville) and to identify the associated sociodemographic and obstetric characteristics. In a descriptive, cross-sectional study, a random sample of pregnant women who were scheduled to undergo a morphology scan at their public referral hospital in their 20th week of gestation were interviewed in person. At the start of pregnancy, 38.2% of the pregnant women were smokers. In the twentieth week, 19.1% continued to smoke, and the same percentage had quit. The prevalence of smoking in pregnant women was higher among those with a low level of education (60% among pregnant women with no studies and 30.4% in those with primary education) and among those who had had abortions (38.5%). Pregnant smokers with obesity were the least likely to have given up smoking during pregnancy. Women with a lower educational level should be a prime target for cross-sectoral interventions aimed at preventing prenatal tobacco exposure. Implementation of support measures for providing effective clinical advice in preconception and prenatal care regarding healthy lifestyles is particularly needed.

“Longing to be cared about and cared for” Exploring Experiences of Trauma Therapy and Views on Future Trauma Therapy (Including Digital) for Young People in Rural Northern Sweden

IntroductionYoung people in rural areas face challenges related to their living conditions, and unequal access to physical and mental healthcare. Despite the high prevalence of trauma exposure among young people, there is a significant lack of evidence-based treatment that is tailored to the needs of young people in rural parts of Northern Sweden. Barriers to accessing treatment include the need to travel long distances to access services, and a lack of educated, culturally competent therapists. Accordingly, this article aims to explore how young trauma patients in rural areas have experienced their trauma therapy, and their views on future trauma therapy (including digital forms). This knowledge will be used to develop trauma therapy that is adapted to the needs of young patients in rural areas in Sweden. MethodThe study included young trauma patients in rural areas in Northern Sweden between the ages of 15 and 21 (n = 14). Qualitative individual semi-structured interviews were performed and analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. ResultsThe analysis resulted in one overarching theme, “Longing to be cared about and cared for,” and three themes: 1. “Rural circumstances matter,” 2. “Feeling understood and empowered”, and 3. “Ambivalence regarding digital trauma therapy”. The results show that rural contexts present both possibilities and challenges: new creative care landscapes are needed where young people are cared about and cared for (and with), including a deeper understanding of the multidimensional relationship between people, places, and care. ConclusionYoung trauma patients in rural areas want effective therapy with more knowledge and cultural sensitivity. The findings indicate that digital trauma therapy offers many benefits and reduces barriers. However, young people want future therapy to be provided both digitally and in person, and –importantly – individually adapted.

Female sexual function and distress and time-to-pregnancy in a prospective preconception cohort

BackgroundFertility success among mixed-sex couples often depends on frequency and timing of sexual intercourse, yet little research has evaluated the association between preconception sexual function and time-to-pregnancy (TTP). Objective(s): To evaluate the effects of female sexual dysfunction, distress related to sexual functioning, and painful intercourse on TTP. Study DesignWe followed 2,500 participants from Pregnancy Study Online (PRESTO), a prospective cohort study of self-identified females attempting pregnancy without the use of fertility treatments. Participants enrolled between 2021 and 2024. Thirty days after enrollment, participants completed a supplemental questionnaire that contained questions about sexual health, including a modified version of the 6-item Female Sexual Function Index (score range 2-30, score ≤19 defined as sexual dysfunction) and the Female Sexual Distress Scale (score range 0-48, score ≥20 defined as clinically-relevant distress), which assess experiences in the previous 4 weeks. Participants completed the supplemental questionnaire no later than 6 months after initiating conception attempts. We estimated TTP based on self-reported pregnancy status on follow-up questionnaires completed every 8 weeks for up to 12 months. We used proportional probabilities regression to calculate fecundability ratios (FRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) relating exposure measures with TTP, adjusting for a range of pre-specified confounders. As an exploratory analysis, we evaluated individual domains of sexual function (i.e., interest, arousal, orgasm, lubrication, and satisfaction) in relation to TTP. ResultsThe study population was primarily non-Hispanic White, high income, with college or graduate education. Exposure prevalence was 20.1% for female sexual dysfunction, 8.8% for distress, and 29.6% for any pain with intercourse. We observed no association between FSD and TTP (adjusted FR 1.00, 95% CI 0.890, 1.13) when FSD was defined using a clinically-validated cut point, but observed that those in the first, second, and third quartile of scores had delayed conception compared to those in the fourth (highest function) (adjusted FRs 0.90, 95% CI 0.76, 1.06; 0.88, 95% CI 0.75, 1.04; and 0.90, 95% CI 0.77, 1.04, respectively). We found 18% reduced fecundability among those with sexual distress as defined by a clinically-validated cut point compared to those without (adjusted FR 0.82, 95% CI 0.69, 0.98). Participants reporting painful intercourse most or all the time had a longer TTP than those reporting no pain (adjusted FR 0.81, 95% CI 0.62, 1.06). In exploratory analyses, lower function in orgasm and lubrication domains, but not interest, desire, and arousal, were associated with longer TTP. Conclusion(s)Preconception sexual dysfunction, specifically distress and frequent painful intercourse, was associated with delayed conception. Preconception clinical assessment of sexual function, including discussion of individual domains of sexual function, may elucidate important modifiable issues.

Exposure to air pollution, genetic susceptibility, and prevalence of sarcopenia in the UK

BackgroundThe role of environmental factors, particularly air pollutants, in the prevalence of sarcopenia remains unclear. ObjectivesThis study explored the relationship between the prevalence of sarcopenia and prolonged exposure to air pollutants, and investigated potential interactions with genetic susceptibility and inflammation. MethodsData from 408,117 people at baseline and 35,060 participants in the longitudinal analysis in the UK Biobank were used in this prospective cohort study. Utilizing land use regression models, air pollutants (nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitric oxides (NOx), and particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters of ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) and ≤10 μm (PM10) were estimated and classified into quartiles. Alterations in body composition were among the secondary results. ResultsLastly, 3353 people (0.8 %) developed sarcopenia. Higher levels of air pollutants were linked to an increased prevalence of sarcopenia after controlling for confounding variables (highest vs lowest quartile: NOx, OR, 1.21 [95 % CI, 1.16–1.26]; NO2, OR, 1.22 [95 % CI, 1.16–1.27]; PM2.5, OR, 1.17 [95 % CI, 1.12–1.22]; PM10, OR, 1.15 [95 % CI, 1.10–1.20]; all P<.001). Longitudinal analysis revealed that air pollutants had adverse changes in body composition, including increased muscle fat infiltration and decreased muscle mass. At baseline, the probability of sarcopenia was strongly correlated with NOx, NO2, PM2.5, and PM10, and increased with elevated PRSBMI or CRP levels in subgroup analyses. ConclusionAir pollutants may contribute to accelerated muscle aging and highlight the importance of environmental factors in sarcopenia development.

Association between pyrrolizidine alkaloids exposure and risk of abnormal serum indices—Insights from a descriptive cross-sectional study in Yunnan Province

The hazard of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) has been widely reported in animal studies but rarely in population-based research, especially reports about daily exposure. A single-centre descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 552 Lahu Autonomous County residents recruited in 2021. Blood PAs exposure biomarker (pyrrole- protein adduct, PPA) and serum biochemical indices were measured. The prevalence of abnormal serum indices and PAs exposure in this region were elucidated using descriptive analyses. 75% of Lahu Autonomous County participants were exposed to PAs. PAs exposure risk in males was lower than in females (OR=0.357, 95% CI: 0.222- 0.574), and varied with the ethnicity of Lahu Autonomous County. PPA concentration was positively correlated with serum alanine transaminase (ALT) activity (r=0.6263, P<0.01) and triglyceride level (r=0.2327, P<0.01); PAs exposure was positively associated with anbormal serum ALT activity (x2=99.629, P<0.001; OR=1.428, 95% CI: 1.293-2.319) and hypertriglyceridemia (x2=15.376, P<0.001; OR=1.629, 95% CI: 1.229-2.251). These results suggest that PAs exposure might be a risk factor for serum ALT abnormality and hypertriglyceridemia in the local population. This study conducted the first epidemiological study on PAs exposure in China and established the etiological hypotheses for health issues in Lahu Autonomous County.

ASSESSMENT OF PASSIVE SMOKING EXPOSURE AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN

Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure poses significant health risks to both mothers and fetuses during pregnancy. Despite global efforts to reduce smoking in public and private spaces, SHS exposure remains prevalent, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Objective: The study aimed to assess the extent of passive smoking exposure among pregnant women in various settings, including their homes, workplaces, and public spaces, and to examine the frequency and potential health risks associated with SHS exposure during pregnancy. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 150 pregnant women attending a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan between January and June 2024. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire that captured demographic information and SHS exposure across different environments, including home, workplace, and public spaces. Descriptive statistics, including frequencies and percentages, were used to summarize the data. Results: Among the participants, 60.7% reported SHS exposure at home, with 30% experiencing SHS exposure 6-10 times weekly. Additionally, 61.3% of the women reported exposure at work, with 52.7% exposed 11-15 times monthly. Public spaces also contributed to significant SHS exposure, with 86% of participants affected. Notably, 37.3% of women reported spending 15-30 minutes daily inside a car with someone smoking. Demographically, most participants were aged 25-28 years (46.7%) and had a matric-level education (36.0%). Conclusion: This study reveals a high prevalence of SHS exposure among pregnant women, particularly at home, work, and public places. The findings underscore the urgent need for public health interventions, such as stricter smoke-free policies and public awareness campaigns, to reduce SHS exposure and safeguard maternal and fetal health.

Association between domestic animal exposure and diarrhea prevalence in under- five children in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundDiarrheal disease is still the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children, despite significant progress in diarrhea interventions. Zoonotic transmission is the main cause of the emergence and re-emergence of diseases. Domestic animals are often close to humans, particularly in resource-poor countries. Despite evidence of environmental contamination, there have been limited studies conducted to examine the association between domestic animal exposure and diarrheal disease in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis examines the association between domestic animal exposure and diarrheal disease in children under five years of age in LMIC.MethodsThe search strategy followed PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines for the reporting of systematic reviews. All appropriate databases were searched to find relevant articles. Research studies were selected for review if they reported an outcome variable that measured diarrhea and exposure variables of any domestic animals. A data extraction form was used to extract information from each study. The quality of the individual articles was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI’s) critical appraisal tools. Publication bias was checked using a funnel plot, Egger’s regression test, and Begg’s test. The heterogeneity of studies was checked using the Galbraith plot and the I-squared test. A sensitivity analysis was conducted, and a meta-analysis was conducted using STATA 17.ResultsAfter reviewing 113 articles, 11 articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria hence considered for meta-analysis. The finding of these 11 studies revealed that study participants who had animal exposure had 1.95 higher odds of diarrhea as compared to participants who hadn’t animal exposure (OR: 1.95, 95%CI: 1.25, 2.66).Conclusions and recommendationsThis study reported that diarrheal disease was associated with study subjects who had domestic animal exposure. Therefore, more comprehensive research is needed on specific behaviors and interventions surrounding animal husbandry that may affect the transmission of pathogens between animals and humans; this would facilitate the design and implementation of measures to reduce animal exposure in the domestic environment.

Diverse Relationships between Batrachochytrium Infections and Antimicrobial Peptide Defenses Across Leopard Frog Populations.

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) play a fundamental role in the innate defense against microbial pathogens, as well as other immune and non-immune functions. Their role in amphibian skin defense against the pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) is exemplified by experiments in which depletion of host's stored AMPs increases mortality from infection. Yet, the question remains whether there are generalizable patterns of negative or positive correlations between stored AMP defenses and the probability of infection or infection intensity across populations and species. This study aims to expand on prior field studies of AMP quantities and compositions by correlating stored defenses with an estimated risk of Bd exposure (prevalence and mean infection intensity in each survey) in five locations across the United States and a total of three species. In all locations, known AMPs correlated with the ability of recovered secretions to inhibit Bd in vitro. We found that stored AMP defenses were generally unrelated to Bd infection except in one location where the relative intensity of known AMPs was lower in secretions from infected frogs. In all other locations, known AMP relative intensities were higher in infected frogs. Stored peptide quantity was either positively or negatively correlated with Bd exposure risk. Thus, future experiments coupled with organismal modeling can elucidate whether Bd infection affects secretion/synthesis and will provide insight into how to interpret amphibian ecoimmunology studies of AMPs. We also demonstrate that future AMP isolating and sequencing studies can focus efforts by correlating mass spectrometry peaks to inhibitory capacity using linear decomposition modeling.

Comparison of a radiofrequency electric and magnetic field source-based job-exposure matrix with personal radiofrequency exposure measurements.

Assessing occupational exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) presents significant challenges due to the considerable variability in exposure levels within and between occupations. This spatial and temporal variability complicates the reliable evaluation of potential health risks associated with RF-EMF exposure in the workplace. Accurate assessment methods are crucial to understand the extent of exposure and to evaluate potential health risks, especially given the potential for higher exposures in occupational settings compared to the general population. This study compares the historical RF-EMF exposure estimates in the INTEROCC RF-EMF job-exposure matrix (RF-JEM) with recent personal measurement data collected in 2 countries as part of the OccRF-Health study, to assess the broader applicability of the RF-JEM. Weighted kappa (k w) coefficients and Spearman rank correlation tests were performed to assess the alignment between RF-JEM estimates and measurements for 8h time-weighted average exposure intensity and prevalence estimates across various occupations. The comparisons were mainly based on 22 jobs having ≥5 measured workers in the OccRF-Health study. Poor agreement was found for both exposure prevalence and intensity between both methods (k w < 0.1). RF-JEM values likely overestimated exposure levels for both electric (E) and magnetic (H) fields (mean percentage difference >194%) compared to current personal measurements. Findings suggest that the INTEROCC-JEM likely overestimates current exposure intensity levels in the measured jobs. Adopting a semiquantitative JEM could also mitigate misclassification errors due to exposure variability, improving accuracy in exposure assessment. These findings indicate the need for more targeted personal measurements, including among highly exposed workers, and for potentially considering new exposure metrics to more accurately assess occupational RF-EMF exposures in occupational epidemiological research.