Prevalence Of Different Subtypes Research Articles

Determination of the Frequency of Scalp Basal Cell Carcinoma Subtypes Based on Histopathology and Other Related Variables and its Comparison between Patients with and without Chronic Radio-Dermatitis

Background: Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most prevalent type of skin cancer in Iran. The determination of subtype of BCC plays an essential role in the diagnosis, recurrence rate, and outcome of patients. The present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between histopathologic subtypes and demographic data, history of radiation exposure, and past medical history in the Iranian population. Method: This retrospective cross-sectional study evaluated the patients with BCC referred to Faghihi hospital Shiraz Iran from 2012 to 2017. We examined all the patients with definite histologically diagnosed scalp BCC. The prevalence of different subtypes and its association with other variables were compared between the patients with and without chronic radio-dermatitis. A P-value of less than 0.05 was considered to be significant. Results: A total number of 161 patients with a cumulative of 439 BCC lesions participated in the study. The mean age of the patients was 64.2 (± 12.38) years old. Among the patients, 113 (70.2%) were men and 48 (29.8%) were women. The total prevalence of macro-nodular, micro-nodular, and mixed aggressive was 70.2%, 49.1%, and 41.6%, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that excessive sun exposure increased the chance of developing micronodular and mixed aggressive lesions by 3.21 (P=0.006) and 4.88 (P<0.001) times, respectively. Conclusion: BCC was more aggressive in chronic radio-dermatitis patients than that in non-radio-dermatitis patients. Moreover, it was significantly different regarding age, gender, appearance, and job distribution compared to non-radio-dermatitis patients. Thus, we could suggest that BCC in chronic radio-dermatitis should be regarded as a high-risk disease unless proven otherwise.

Analysis of the prevalence of headaches subtypes in a specialized outpatient clinic in a municipality in medium-sized Minas Gerais

Objective To evaluate the prevalence of different subtypes of headaches in a tertiary referral clinic for headache care in the city of Barbacena. Methods A retrospective and descriptive cross-sectional cohort study that evaluated the medical records of 130 patients previously seen by a neurologist in January 2020 to March 2021 in the headache clinic. Results The mean age of patients was 42.5 years, most of them female (83.07%). Primary headaches were the most common, with migraine found in 73% of cases and tension-type headache (TTH) in 17%. Among secondary headaches, the most common subtype was headache attributed to a substance or its suppression (11%), followed by cases such as headache due to cranial neuralgia and central causes of facial pain (3%) and headache attributed to trauma or head and/or cervical injury (3%). All cases in which there was an association of diagnoses of headache subtypes were found in patients with migraine (100%). Conclusion This study defines the prevalence of headaches in a specialized outpatient clinic, confirming literature data that show migraine as the most common headache.

Depression and post-traumatic stress disorder in females exposed to intimate partner violence

BackgroundUnited Nations considered intimate partner violence (IPV) as a serious problem affecting 35% of females all over the world requesting action to face this problem. There is strong evidence that the effect of violence against women has short-term and long-term negative outcomes on women physical health such as pain, wounds, fractures or even death in addition to serious psychiatric disorders for example anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).The study aims to evaluate the prevalence of different subtypes of (IPV) in a group sample of married females.Also, the current study will examine the relation of intimate partner violence with subsequent depression and post-traumatic stress disorder disorders among those females.ResultsThis study highlights subtypes of intimate partner violence among the studied females according to the Composite Abuse Scale (CAS); the highest prevalence type of violence is harassment (72.2%) followed by physical violence (57.8%), severe combined violence (54.4%), emotional violence (53.3%), and finally the last one is sexual abuse (7.8%). Post-traumatic stress disorder distribution among studied females; the highest prevalence (n = 37, 41.1%) had mild PTSD, followed by 23 (25.6%) who were normal, and then n = 20 (22.2%) who had severe PTSD, while the least prevalence (n = 10, 11.1%) had moderate PTSD.In concern to depressive disorder distribution among studied females, the highest prevalence (n = 33, 36.7%) were normal, followed by 29 (32.2%) who had moderate depression, and then n = 12 (1.3%) who had severe depression, n = 9 (10.0%) who had mild depression, while the least prevalence (n = 7, 7.8%) had very severe depressive symptoms.ConclusionsThis study found that the prevalence of intimate partner violence among the studied females is high. In addition, the presence of a strong relationship between all subtypes of intimate partner violence and the diagnosis of PTSD and depressive disorder among studied females. Potential implications; these results can be applied clinically as females are exposed to the burden of IPV and should be helped empowered in various ways such as providing psychiatric counselling for those females.

Effect of KRAS and BRAF mutations in metastatic colorectal cancer patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis based on tumor sidedness and KRAS subtypes.

Metastatic or recurrent colorectal cancer (MRCRC) has a poor prognosis. The aim of the present meta-analysis was to assess the prevalence of different subtypes of KRAS mutation and BRAF mutation in metastatic CRC patients, and evaluate the relationship between the tumor sidedness and prevalence of KRAS and BRAF mutation. We searched MEDLINE/PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov from January 2010 to July 2020. The data were extracted independently according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). The statistical analysis was done using STATA and Meta-Disk 1.4 applications. Overall, 6699 colorectal cancer patients were included. KRAS and BRAF mutation was reported in 28% and 6% of patients, respectively. The overall prevalence of right primary and left primary metastatic CRC patients with mutated KRAS was 40% and 60%. However, the prevalence BRAF mutated right primary and left primary metastatic CRC patients was 37% and 63%. The overall HR was 2.38 for patients with metastatic CRC who had a mutated type of KRAS. Our study showed a mean overall survival of 35.4 month for KRAS mutant and a 10.12 month survival for BRAF mutant patients with metastatic colorectal cancer patients. The prevalence of KRAS and BRAF mutations varied significantly according to the location of the tumor. BRAF mutations are more commonly found in metastatic colorectal cancers on the right side. Liver was the most common site of metastases in patients with mutant KRAS and the mortality of patients with mutant KRAS was 2.3 times higher than the patients with wild types. These results help to better describe the population of mCRC patients and can have implications for improving and organizing anti-EGFR therapies. Further research is needed to assess differences in survival through mutation status and primary tumor location.

Ramp Lesion Subtypes: Prevalence, Imaging, and Arthroscopic Findings in 2156 Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstructions

Background: Ramp lesions are defined as a particular type of injury within the posterior horn of the medial meniscus and its meniscocapsular attachments. Five subtypes have been described: type 1, meniscocapsular lesion; type 2, partial superior lesion; type 3, partial inferior lesion or hidden type; type 4, complete tear in the red zone; and type 5, complete double tear. Purpose: (1) To determine the prevalence of different subtypes of ramp lesions in patients undergoing arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). (2) To describe the characteristics of ramp lesions based on imaging and diagnostic arthroscopy. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: All patients who underwent arthroscopic ACLRs between November 2015 and November 2018 by 2 senior surgeons at 1 institution were evaluated retrospectively (1) to describe the subtypes of ramp lesions diagnosed intraoperatively using transnotch arthroscopic exploration of the posteromedial compartment and (2) to look for any factors significantly associated with these subtypes. The following parameters were studied: demographics; history and clinical findings including time between injury and surgery, side-to-side laxity, and pivot shift; lesions missed on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans and medial proximal tibial bone contusion visible on MRI scans; and arthroscopic confirmation of ramp lesion (ie, prevalence), associated lateral meniscal tear, or medial chondral tear. Results: Out of 2156 primary or revision arthroscopic reconstructions, 334 ramp lesions were confirmed, giving a prevalence of 15.5%. The subtype distribution was as follows: type 1, 47.9%; type 2, 4.8%; type 3, 11.4%; type 4, 28.7%; type 5, 7.2%. Multivariate analysis showed that gross pivot shift was significantly associated with complete ramp tears (odds ratio, 4.8; 95% CI, 1.7-17.2). Hidden lesions (type 3, inferior partial tear in the red zone) were the most likely to be missed on preoperative MRI (45.9%). Conclusion: In a population undergoing ACLR, the prevalence of ramp lesions was 15.5%. Among the subtypes of ramp lesion, the most common was a meniscocapsular junction tear (type 1). Partial inferior tears (type 3) were the most likely to be missed on preoperative MRI scans. Gross pivot shift was significantly associated with complete ramp tears (types 1, 4, and 5).

Clinical predictors and sequelae of computed tomography defined leaflet thrombosis following transcatheter aortic valve replacement at medium-term follow-up.

The clinical predictors and sequelae of leaflet thrombosis (LT) following transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is still unclear. Therefore, our aim was to determine the clinical predictors and sequelae at mid-term follow-up of computed tomography (CT)-defined LT following TAVR. We performed a prospective evaluation with a 320-multislice CT following TAVR for the presence of LT, defined as hypo-attenuated leaflet thickening (HALT). Four-dimensional CT image-rendering was performed to determine the presence of reduced leaflet motion (RELM). 172 patients [89 (51.7%) male, mean age 82.8 ± 5.7years] treated with commercially available TAVR device (Lotus 54%, CoreValve 32% and Sapien 3 14%) were included, with median CT-scan at 6.0weeks post-TAVR. Prevalence of HALT was 14.0% (24 cases) and RELM was 9.8% (17 cases). On multivariate analysis, patients with HALT were less prescribed oral anticoagulation (OAC) (OR 9.9), received larger TAVR prostheses (OR 5.7) and higher rates of moderate-severe para-valvular regurgitation (PVR) (OR 16.3). There was no difference in clinical outcomes at a median follow-up of 2.3years. Patients with RELM had significantly higher transvalvular gradients after discharge when compared to those without RELM. Absence of OAC, large TAVR prostheses and moderate-severe PVR were predictors for LT. Transvalvular gradients were higher in patients that developed RELM but not HALT. Further studies are warranted to determine the long-term impact of LT on TAVR durability. Prevalence of different sub-types of CT-defined LT (HALT and RELM) and the clinical predictors of developing LT following TAVR. CT computed tomography, HALT hypo-attenuated leaflet thickening, LT leaflet thrombosis, RELM reduced leaflet motion, TAVR transcatheter aortic valve replacement.

Abdominal pain in children: the role of possible psychosocial disorders.

To evaluate the relationship between functional abdominal pain and biopsychosocial factors: the current diagnostic criteria show limits. This is a retrospective cohort study conducted in paediatric emergency department (ED) of a tertiary hospital in Rome. Children (0-18 years) evaluated for abdominal pain in the paediatric ED between January 2018 and December 2018 were enrolled. Patients were divided in 2 groups: organic and functional groups. The main outcome was the prevalence of different subtypes of functional disorders (according to Rome IV criteria) and the role of possible biopsychosocial disorders related to patients with functional symptoms. In this study, 1130 patients were included. In the functional group, 37.6% of patients were classified as affected by functional dyspepsia, 26.7% by functional abdominal pain-non otherwise specified (FAP-nos), 20.8% by inflammatory bowel syndrome (IBS), and 15.9% by abdominal migraine. Children of our functional sample reported at least one of the items present in the inventory CSSI-24 (24-item Children's Somatic Symptoms Inventory), but more than 50% reported at least 4 of the items investigated. At 6 and 12 months follow up and, new prospective studies on these disorders could improve the inclusion criteria for FGIDs, thinning the dubious rate of patients expected from the literature on the Rome IV criteria.

P-02-63 Correlation Between Risk Factors, Clinical Features and Prevalence of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) IN a Population of Young Men

Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is among the most prevalent sexually transmitted infections. Disease progression, genotype-specificity, oncogenic risk and strategies for prevention and treatment are still unclear. Tetravalent vaccine, currently largely suggested to women only, is efficacious for prevention of precancerous and genital lesions. We aimed to estimate prevalence of different subtypes of HPV in a population of young men, assessing the association to risk factors and clinical manifestations. 150 men aged 18-20 years underwent coronal sulcus sampling via Cytobrush and Thin Prep. Samples were then testes via Test Linear Array (Roche Diagnostics) for genotyping. Clinical examination was performed and several risk factors were then assessed, including unprotected intercourse and number of previous sexual partners. Among the 150 patients included in the study, 47 samples could not be assessed; 31 patients tested positive for HPV (21%), whereas 72 resulted negative (48%). Oncogenic types (16 and 18) were identified in 6% and 13% of positive patients. Co-infections by different genotypes were found in most subjects: 13 patients had a single genotype (41%), 13 had two genotypes (41%), 2 had six genotypes (6%) and 3 (9%) had 3, 5 and 8 genotypes each. 95% of HPV-positive subjects had unprotected intercourse with several partners.

Childhood glaucoma profile in Dakahelia, Egypt: a retrospective study.

To analyze childhood glaucoma regarding its demographics, presentations, different causes and surgical modalities used among patients in Dakahelia and to apply the Childhood Glaucoma Research Network (CGRN) classification retrospectively to evaluate its convenience. A retrospective study in which the medical files of all glaucoma patients <16 years old presented to Mansoura Ophthalmic Center, Mansoura University from 2014 to 2017, were retrieved and analyzed. Collected data included: age, gender, laterality, visual acuity (VA), refraction, intraocular pressure (IOP), corneal diameter, cup-disc ratio, types and number of surgeries and antiglaucomatous drugs (AGD) at the first and last visit. Prevalence of different subtypes was calculated and means of clinical features were compared. A total of 305 eyes of 207 patients were included classified into 6 groups: primary congenital glaucoma (PCG), juvenile open angle glaucoma (JOAG), glaucoma associated with systemic disease, glaucoma associated with ocular anomalies, acquired glaucoma and glaucoma following cataract surgery. PCG was the predominant type (55.1%) followed by acquired glaucoma (29.5%). Males represented 63.8% of the whole studied patients. Glaucoma associated with ocular anomaly group showed the youngest age at diagnosis (21.9±30.0mo). The shortest corneal diameter was recorded in post cataract group (10.4±0.5 mm). Highest cup-disc ratio was found in the PCG group (P<0.0005). Glaucoma associated with systemic disease presented with the highest baseline IOP (34.5±5.0 mm Hg). All the cases with PCG were treated surgically with 21.8% required more than one surgery. The majority of the patients (74.2%) in the acquired group were treated medically. Combined trabeculotomy-trabeculectomy was the most frequent operation done, accounting for 34.5% of all primary surgeries. Ahmed valve implantation comprised 87% of the secondary surgeries. Acquired glaucoma group had the highest percent of eyes with good final Snellen's VA (69.4%), while glaucoma associated with ocular anomaly group had poorest final VA. PCG is the most prevalent type of childhood glaucoma, followed by acquired glaucoma especially traumatic hyphema. Combined trabeculotomy-trabeculectomy and Ahmed valve implantation are the most common surgical interventions. CGRN classification is found to provide a consensus skeleton and is recommended to be integrated in our routine ongoing clinical practice.

Prevalence of Golden retriever in European dogs with lymphoma: preliminary data

Introduction. Canine breeds, being genetic clusters, are good models for studies on genetic predisposition. Golden retriever (GR) has been described with a high incidence of both lymphoma overall (19%) and T zone lymphoma (TZL, 40%) with differences in different geographical areas in US. This breed predisposition is confirmed in Japanese but not in European (EU) case series although specific studies are still lacking. Aim of the present study is to investigate the prevalence of GR in a huge case series of canine lymphomas from different EU countries and to compare prevalence of different subtypes with studies in extra-EU countries, in order to support a possible different genetic predisposition. Materials and methods. Signalment data on 1734 consecutive cases of canine lymphoma collected from 9 different European countries are retrospectively analysed. When subtypes are available, cases are furtherly separated in three subtype groups: 1) B-cell lymphoma, 2) T-cell lymphoma-high grade, 3) TZL. Odds ratio (OR) for different lymphoma subtypes are calculated in comparison with mixed breed population, considered as control. Results. Overall prevalence of GR is 5.19% (range 1.59-7.32%) of lymphoma cases and differs from that reported in American and Japanese caseloads. Prevalence slightly varies among EU countries and no subtypes predilection is found if compared with mixed breed. Concerning Italian cohort, GR is not predisposed to develop a lymphoma when normalized for the breed prevalence (OR=1.49, 95% confidence interval=0.87-2.55, p=0.14). Discussion. Prevalence of lymphoma in EU population of GR is much lower than that of US. No predisposition is identified in EU GR for TZL differently from US and Japan. Being genetic of European GR population quite different from American and Japanese ones this suggest a possible different genetic predisposition. Slight differences in GR lymphoma prevalence among European countries likely reflects different breed distribution rather than different genetic predisposition.

Study on the Prevalence of Different Subtypes of Hypertension and the Physique Level of the Elderly Taking Part in the Urban Regular Physical Activity

Study on the Prevalence of Different Subtypes of Hypertension and the Physique Level of the Elderly Taking Part in the Urban Regular Physical Activity

Prevalence of different subtypes of type II lip prints among students of saveetha dental college

Background: Cheiloscopy, the study of lip prints, is a forensic technique for personal identification. Uniqueness of lip prints such as fingerprints helps to detect the identity of an individual. Various studies about lip prints have been conducted. The present study was conducted to establish the prevalence of subtypes of Type II variety of lip print. Aim: The aim of the study is to find the prevalence and different types of Type II lip prints among 100 individuals from Saveetha Dental College. Objective: To assess the prevalence of Type II variety of lip print. To identify which subtype of Type II lip print is commonly seen. To find whether there is any significant difference in subtypes of Type II lip print between male and female and to evaluate the most common subtype of Type II lip print seen in each compartment of lips. Result: Type IIa is more common among both males and females, followed by Type IIb and then Type IIc . Conclusion: This study has defined the subvarieties of Type II lip prints that were not given by studies of Yasuo Tsuchihashi. Result: Type IIa is more common among both males and females, followed by Type IIb and then Type IIc . Conclusion: This study has defi ned the subvarieties of Type II lip prints that were not given by studies of Yasuo Tsuchihashi.

Molecular Basis of Von Willebrand Disease in Patients from India

Introduction: Type 3 Von Willebrand Disease (VWD) is an autosomal recessive bleeding disorder with a prevalence of about 0.5 to 1 per million in western countries. In India there lies no epidemiological data on the prevalence of different subtypes. However type-3 VWD outnumbers the other types mainly due to (i) high degree of consanguinity and (ii) under diagnosis of mild to moderate subtypes. Clinically being a severe subtype, there are very few studies describing mutation spectrum and molecular pathology of the disease in Indian population. Hence we screened for mutations in patients with type III(VWD). More than 724 mutations have been reported in the literature. Identification of mutations is important for offering genetic testing to families affected by this disorder and to understand the biology of von willebrand factor.Methods: A total of one hundred patients from 86 families were diagnosed with type 3 VWD from 2012-2015 were included in the study. Clinical data was collected by Condensed Molecular and Clinical Markers for the Diagnosis and Management of Type 1 von Willebrand Disease (MCMDM-1VWD) bleeding questionnaire. Laboratory diagnosis was based on prolonged clotting times, reduced antigen(vWF:Ag), ristocetin co-factor activity (vWF:RCo) and FVIII levels(FVIII:C). DNA was screened for mutations in the VWF gene by PCR, CSGE and sequencing. For ascribing causality to novel mutations, we performed in silico analysis. Gene dosage analysis was done to detect deletions and to confirm the carrier status in females. Haplotype analysis was carried out using polymorphic markers in patients with recurrent mutations.Results: The median age at presentation was 3 years (0-60years). All these patients presented with history of variable skin and mucosal bleeding with a mean MCMDM-1VWD bleeding score of 10(3-25). A total of 55 mutations were identified in 91 patients of which 43(78%) were novel. These included frame shift (n=17, 30.9%) missense (n=14, 25.5%), nonsense (n=10, 18.18%), large deletion (n=2, 3.63%) gene conversion (n=3, 5.45%) and splice site mutation (n=9, 18.4%). Among the fourteen missense mutations, 8(57%) were novel. The mutations p.Asp47 and p.Gly74, are highly conserved across multiple species and mutations in this region are known to impair the polymerization of the multimers. The residue p.Cys370Tyr lies in D1 domain which could affect the extracellular secretion of VWF. The residue p.Met1055Lys lies in the D3 domain which may impair FVIII binding. The residue Ala1150Pro, p.Gln2266His, p.Cys2184Tyr on insilico analysis is predicted to impair the protein stability, which may affect the extracellular secretion of VWF proteins (SIFT score: 0.0). The residues p. Cys2257Arg are predicted to disturb dimerization. The functional significance of some of these mutations has to be further evaluvated and confirmed. Three common mutations accounting to 22% (p.Trp2107*, n=6; c.2443-1G>C, n=12; c.3675+1G>C, n=4) of the patients were highly prevelant in the study were haplotype analysis was carried out. A common haplotype was shared among different ethinic group from India only in patients with p.Trp2107*.Conclusions: The mutations identified in patients with VWD are as heterogeneous as reported in other populations. The molecular data presented here adds significantly to the mutation database of this condition and also useful for its genetic diagnosis in India. DisclosuresNo relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Prevalence of HIV-1 Subtypes and Drug Resistance-Associated Mutations in HIV-1-Positive Treatment-Naive Pregnant Women in Pointe Noire, Republic of the Congo (Kento-Mwana Project).

The Kento-Mwana project was carried out in Pointe Noire, Republic of the Congo, to prevent mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission. To determine the prevalence of different subtypes and transmitted drug resistance-associated mutations, 95 plasma samples were collected at baseline from HIV-1-positive naive pregnant women enrolled in the project during the years 2005-2008. Full protease and partial reverse transcriptase sequencing was performed and 68/95 (71.6%) samples were successfully sequenced. Major mutations to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and protease inhibitors were detected in 4/68 (5.9%), 3/68 (4.4%), and 2/68 (2.9%) samples, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of HIV-1 isolates showed a high prevalence of unique recombinant forms (24/68, 35%), followed by CRF45_cpx (7/68, 10.3%) and subsubtype A3 and subtype G (6/68 each, 8.8%). Although the prevalence of transmitted drug resistance mutations appears to be currently limited, baseline HIV-1 genotyping is highly advisable in conjunction with antiretroviral therapy scale-up in resource-limited settings to optimize treatment and prevent perinatal transmission.

Prevalence of Different Subtypes of Serrated Polyps and Risk of Synchronous Advanced Colorectal Neoplasia in Average-Risk Population Undergoing First-Time Colonoscopy

OBJECTIVES:A growing body of evidence indicates that patients with sessile serrated adenoma/polyp (SSA/P) and traditional serrated adenoma (TSA) are at risk for subsequent malignancy. Despite increasing knowledge on histological categorization of serrated polyps (SPs) data are lacking on the actual prevalence and the association of each SP subtype with advanced colorectal neoplasia.METHODS:We prospectively determined the prevalence of different SP subtypes and evaluate the association with synchronous advanced neoplasia in asymptomatic average-risk subjects undergoing first-time colonoscopy. All retrieved polyps were examined by two independent pathologists. Serrated lesions were classified into hyperplastic polyps (HP), SSA/P (without and with cytological dysplasia, SSA/P/DIS), and TSA, and were screened for BRAF and K-ras mutations.RESULTS:Among 258 polyps detected in 985 subjects, the proportion of SSA/P and TSA was 8.9% and 1.9% with an overall prevalence of 2.3% and 0.6%, respectively. SSA/Ps were small without significant difference in their location between proximal and distal colon; TSA were predominantly left-sided. BRAF mutation was common in SSA/Ps and K-ras mutation was present in all TSA. Independent predictors of advanced neoplasia were male sex (odds ratio (OR)=2.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.0–4.0), increasing age (OR=4.5, 95% CI 1.5–13.4 for 50–69 years and OR=9.9, 95% CI 3.1–31.5 for >70 years), current smoking (OR=2.0, 95% CI 1.3–6.8), >3 tubular adenoma (OR=3.6, 95% CI 1.9–6.4), and SSA/P (OR=6.0, 95% CI 1.9–19.5).CONCLUSIONS:The substantial prevalence of BRAF-mutated SSA/P and the independent association with synchronous advanced colorectal neoplasia in asymptomatic average-risk subjects support the overall impact of the serrated pathway on colorectal cancer (CRC) risk in general population. The endoscopic characteristics of SSA/P emphasize the need of high-quality colonoscopy as a key factor for an effective CRC screening program.

Prevalence of Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Community Based Study From Northern India

Background/AimsThe prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) varies from 4% to 20% in different Asian nations. Prevalence of IBS in native North Indian community is not known.MethodsBetween November 2008 to December 2009, we estimated the prevalence of IBS in a rural community of Ballabgarh block, located in Haryana state. A structured questionnaire based on Rome III module was used to collect symptoms related to IBS from all the participants in a door to door survey. A Rome III criterion was used for diagnosis of IBS. IBS was further classified based on predominance of symptoms as constipation predominant, diarrhea predominant, mixed and unspecified based on Rome III module.ResultsThere were 4,767 participants (mean age 34.6 ± 10.8, males 50%). Overall, 555 (11.6%; 95% CI, 10.7-12.5) had constipation, 542 (11.4%; 95% CI, 10.5-12.3) diarrhea and 823 (17.3%; 95% CI, 16.2-18.4) abdominal pain. The overall prevalence of IBS was 4% (95% CI, 3.5-4.6). The prevalence of constipation predominant IBS was 0.3% (95% CI, 0.16-0.49), diarrhea predominant IBS 1.5% (95% CI, 1.18-1.90), mixed IBS 1.7% (95% CI, 1.35-2.11) and unsubtyped IBS 0.5% (95% CI, 0.32-0.75). The prevalence of IBS was significantly higher in females compared with males (4.8% vs 3.2%, P = 0.008). However, there was no significant difference between males and females in the prevalence of different subtypes of IBS. The prevalence increased with age.ConclusionsThe prevalence of IBS in a North Indian community is 4%. IBS poses a significant burden on the rural adults.

Heterogeneity of Bronchitis in Airway Diseases in Tertiary Care Clinical Practice

Sputum cell counts have identified inflammatory subtypes of bronchitis in relatively small numbers of subjects with asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and chronic cough in research studies. The prevalence of different subtypes of bronchitis in routine clinical practice, however, has not been reported. To examine the heterogeneity of bronchitis and its relationship to the severity of airflow obstruction. A retrospective cross-sectional survey based on a computerized database of spontaneous or induced sputum cell counts examined in a large university tertiary respiratory outpatient clinic. The database contained 4232 consecutive sputum records from 2443 patients with chronic cough (39%), asthma (37%), asthma with COPD (9%), COPD (13%) and bronchiectasis (3%). Total and differential cell counts were obtained from 86% of successful sputum samples. Induced sputum provided more viable samples than spontaneous expectorate. Approximately one-third of patients with asthma and one-fifth of patients with COPD experience eosinophilic bronchitis. Asthmatic patients with moderate to severe airflow obstruction had a greater number of sputum eosinophils. There was a significantly higher number of total cell counts and percentage of neutrophils in the sputum of COPD patients with moderate and severe airflow obstruction than in those with mild airflow obstruction. There is heterogeneity in the cellularity of sputum in various airway diseases. Patients with clinically stable airway diseases may have high sputum cell counts. During exacerbations, more patients may experience neutrophilic bronchitis. Severity of airflow obstruction is associated with eosinophilic bronchitis in patients with asthma, and neutrophilic bronchitis in patients with nonasthmatic COPD.

Cefalea menstrual: subtipos, fenotipos clínicos y tratamiento

Up to 60% of women relate their episodes of headache to menstrual cycle. Menstrual migraine has been included in the second edition of the International Classification of Headache disorders. Menstrual tension-type headache has not yet been recognised by the International Headache Society. To evaluate the prevalence of different subtypes of menstrual headache and to analyze their clinical features and the treatment prescribed. We prospectively included women attending several neurology outpatient clinics, from January to November 2008 whose headache appeared during the menstrual period. A total of 108 patients were included during the study period. Mean age was 34.8 ± 8.9 years-old. 29.3% suffered from pure menstrual migraine, 58.7% from menstrual related migraine, 4.5% from pure menstrual tension-type headache and 7.5% from menstrual related tension type headache. Our data suggest that menstrual related tension-type headaches exist with a prevalence found about 12%, in our neurology outpatient clinics.

Obesity and risk of the less commonly diagnosed subtypes of breast cancer

Objectives A set of common epidemiologic risk factors have been associated with the risk of breast cancer despite of its molecular sub-classifications. We implemented a case series study with the primary objective of evaluating if obesity is associated with the diagnostic risk of “ER + and/or PR +, HER2 +”, “ER −/PR −, HER2 −”, or “ER −/PR −, HER2 +” relative to the most commonly diagnosed subtype of breast carcinoma, “ER + and/or PR +, HER2 −”. Methods Demographic, clinical and pathologic data were collected from existing databases. The statuses of HER2/neu biomarker and hormone receptors were dichotomized as either positive or negative. Immunohistochemical staining was used to assess the prevalence of different subtypes. Body mass index was calculated from weight and height data collected at the time of consultation. Conclusions Findings from the present study suggest that excess body weight decreases the diagnostic risk of “ER −/PR −, HER2 −”, or “ER −/PR −, HER2 −” relative to “ER + and/or PR +, HER2 −”. Obese and overweight women are more likely to be diagnosed with to “ER + and/or PR +, HER2 −”, the subtype that has best prognosis and mostly associated with personal lifestyle. Weight gain with the population attributable-risk factor of 21.3% contributes the most to the incidence of invasive post menopausal breast cancer. Younger pre-menopausal women were more likely to be diagnosed with “ER + and/or PR +, HER2 +”. In younger women biology of breast cancers with positive expression for hormone receptors and epidermal growth factor is a complex that extends beyond the currently assessed prognostic markers.

Impact of obesity on diagnosis of breast cancer

A set of common epidemiologic risk factors have been associated with the risk of breast cancer despite of its molecular sub-classifications. We implemented a case series study with the primary objective of evaluating if obesity is associated with the diagnostic risk of “ER+ and/or PR+, HER2+”, “ER−/PR−, HER2−”, or “ER−/PR−, HER2+” relative to the most commonly diagnosed subtype of breast carcinoma, “ER+ and/or PR+, HER2−”.Demographic, clinical and pathologic data were collected from existing databases. The statuses of HER2/neu biomarker and hormone receptors were dichotomized as either positive or negative. Immunohistochemical staining was used to assess the prevalence of different subtypes. Body mass index was calculated from weight and height data collected at the time of consultation.Findings from the present study suggest that excess body weight decreases the diagnostic risk of “ER−/PR−, HER2−”, or “ER−/PR−, HER2−” relative to “ER+ and/or PR+, HER2−”. Obese and overweight women are more likely to be diagnosed with to “ER+ and/or PR+, HER2−”, the subtype that has best prognosis and mostly associated with personal lifestyle. Weight gain with the population attributable-risk factor of 21.3% contributes the most to the incidence of invasive post menopausal breast cancer. Younger pre-menopausal women were more likely to be diagnosed with “ER+ and/or PR+, HER2+”. In younger women biology of breast cancers with positive expression for hormone receptors and epidermal growth factor is a complex that extends beyond the currently assessed prognostic markers.