Prevalence Of Diarrhea In Children Research Articles

Rainfall and Temperature Influences on Childhood Diarrhea and the Effect Modification Role of Water and Sanitation Conditions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

The latest report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) highlighted the worsening impacts of climate change. Two climate factors—temperature and rainfall uncertainties—influence the risk of childhood diarrhea, which remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in low- and middle-income countries. They create a conducive environment for diarrhea-causing pathogens and overwhelm environmental prevention measures. This study aimed to produce comprehensive evidence on the association of temperature and rainfall variability with the risk of childhood diarrhea and the influence of water and sanitation conditions on those associations. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) approach. Records published in English from 2006 to 2023 were searched on 8 January 2024 via PubMed, EMBASE, ScienceDirect, Scopus, the Cochrane Library, and Google/Google Scholar using comprehensive search terms. We assessed studies for any risk of bias using the Navigation Guide and rated the quality of the evidence using the GRADE approach. The heterogeneity among estimates was assessed using I-squared statistics (I2). The findings of the analysis were presented with forest plots using an incidence rate ratio (IRR). A meta-analysis was conducted on effect modifiers (water supply and sanitation conditions) using a random effects model with a 95% confidence interval (CI). The statistical analyses were conducted using R 4.3.2 software and Review Manager 5.3. A total of 2017 records were identified through searches, and only the 36 articles that met the inclusion criteria were included. The analysis suggests a small positive association between increased temperature and the occurrence of under-five diarrhea, with the pooled IRR = 1.04; 95% CI [1.03, 1.05], at I2 = 56% and p-value < 0.01, and increased rainfall and U5 diarrhea, with IRR = 1.14; 95% CI [1.03, 1.27], at I2 = 86% and p-value < 0.01. The meta-analysis indicated a positive association between unimproved latrine facilities and drinking water sources with a rainfall-modified effect on U5 diarrhea, with IRR = 1.21; 95% CI [0.95, 1.53], at I2 = 62% and p-value = 0.03. We found that an increase in mean temperature and rainfall was associated with an increased risk of childhood diarrhea. Where there were unimproved latrine facilities and drinking water sources, the increase in mean rainfall or temperature would increase the incidence of childhood diarrhea. The results of this review help in assessing the effectiveness of current intervention programs, making changes as needed, or creating new initiatives to lower the prevalence of childhood diarrhea.

Implications of COVID-19 prevention on the occurrence of childhood diarrhea in the Semen Bench district, Bench Sheko zone, southwestern Ethiopia.

Coronavirus (COVID-19) is a virus that occurred in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and has spread to several countries. Although interventions in water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) for COVID-19 are likely a pre-existing response to childhood diarrhea, evidence of the effects of COVID-19 preventative strategies on childhood diarrhea has been lacking. This study aimed to assess the implications of COVID-19 prevention for the occurrence of childhood diarrhea in rural communities of Ethiopia. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from 10 May 2020 to 30 July 2020 involving selected households in the Semen Bench district, Bench Sheko zone, southwestern Ethiopia. A single population proportion formula was used to obtain a total of 768 sample sizes. Data were collected from selected households using a simple random sampling technique. Epidata 3.1 was used to enter the data and then exported to Stata 14 for analysis. Descriptive statistics along with binary and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors of COVID-19 knowledge and practices related to childhood diarrhea. The chi-squared test was used to check the association between COVID-19 prevention and childhood diarrhea reduction. A total of 720 (93.75%) households participated in the study to achieve the study objectives. Approximately 55% of the participants had a good understanding of COVID-19 prevention, while only 48.5% had good COVID-19 prevention practices. The prevalence of childhood diarrhea was 19.3% which was more common among households with poor practices of COVID-19 prevention. The respondents with poor COVID-19 prevention knowledge were 42% (AOR = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.398, 0.847, P = 0.005) less likely to develop childhood diarrhea than those who had good COVID-19 prevention knowledge. Households with poor practices for COVID-19 prevention were 75.1% more likely to develop childhood diarrhea than those who had good preventive practices for COVID-19 prevention (AOR = 1.751, 95% CI: 1.193, 2.571, P = 0.004). The lower risk of childhood diarrhea is significantly related to good COVID-19 prevention practices. However, households with no formal education and a lack of WASH facilities have a higher likelihood of having childhood diarrhea in the household. COVID-19 preventative strategies help reduce the prevalence of diarrhea in children. More research using prospective study designs and advanced statistical models is needed to better understand the implication of COVID-19 preventative efforts in reducing childhood diarrhea.

Spatio-temporal distributions and determinants of diarrhea among under-five children in Ethiopia.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the spatio-temporal pattern of Ethiopia's childhood diarrheal disease and identify its contributing factors. We conducted analyses on secondary data from four Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys conducted between 2000 and 2016. Moran's I was used to determine spatial dependence and spatial models were used to evaluate variables associated with diarrhea in under-five children at the zonal level. Childhood diarrhea showed spatial clustering in Ethiopia (Moran's I; p < 0.05). The spatial regression model revealed significant factors at the zonal level: children born at home ( = 1.355, 95% CI: 1.052-1.544, p < 0.001), low birth weight ( = 1.18, 95% CI: 1.017-1.691, p < 0.05), and unimproved source of water ( = 0.8568, 95% CI: 0.671-1.086, p < 0.01). The prevalence of diarrhea among under-five children varied over time by zone, with the Assosa, Hundene, and Dire Diwa zones having the highest rates. Home births and low birth weight contributed to the prevalence of childhood diarrhea. In high-risk zones of Ethiopia, reducing childhood diarrhea requires integrated child health interventions and raising awareness about the potential hazards associated with unimproved water sources.

Practices of diarrhoea disease prevention measures among caregivers in Nyalenda, Kisumu County

This study aims to assess the practice of diarrhoea disease prevention measures among caregivers to enhance the effectiveness of prevention strategies. Diarrhoea disease poses a significant health risk, particularly among children, and caregivers play a crucial role in preventing its occurrence. However, the actual practice of diarrhoea disease prevention measures among caregivers is not well understood. Understanding the current practices and identifying areas for improvement can inform targeted interventions and educational programs to enhance the effectiveness of prevention strategies. This study employed a quasi-experimental design with mixed methods analysis. A sample of 302 households with caregivers of children aged 6-24 months. In-depth interviews and structured questionnaires were employed for data collection entered into SPSS. Descriptive analysis, multivariate logistic regression, independent samples t-test, chi-square test, and qualitative thematic analysis were employed for data analysis. The findings revealed the level of adherence to preventive measures among caregivers and identified specific areas where improvements are needed. The study contributes to the understanding of caregivers’ practices in preventing diarrhoea diseases and highlights the necessity for targeted interventions to improve adherence to preventive measures. By identifying specific areas for improvement, healthcare providers and policymakers can design educational programs and interventions that address the gaps in practice, ultimately reducing the incidence of diarrhoea diseases among children. The study recommends incorporating visual charts as an intervention strategy to improve caregivers’ practice of diarrhoea disease prevention measures. Visual charts can effectively enhance adherence to preventive measures among caregivers, ultimately reducing the prevalence of diarrhoea in children.

The Impact of Rapid Handpump Repairs on Diarrhea Morbidity in Children: Cross-Sectional Study in Kwale County, Kenya.

Handpumps are used by millions of people as their main source of water. Although handpumps represent only a basic form of water provision, there have been continuous efforts to improve the performance of these systems as they are likely to remain in use for many years to come. The introduction of a professional maintenance service in southern Kenya has shown an order of magnitude improvement in operational performance over community-based management, with 90% of handpump faults repaired within 3 days of being reported. One driver behind these efforts is the assumption that a more reliable water supply will lead to a reduction in water-related disease. However, it is not clear if operational improvements lead to health gains. Despite limited empirical evidence, some modeling studies suggest that even short periods of drinking contaminated water can lead to disproportionate negative health impacts. The aim of this study was to assess whether the improvements in operational performance from the rapid professional maintenance of rural handpumps lead to improved household health outcomes. From a sample of households using handpumps as their primary water source in Kwale County, Kenya, we measured the 2-week prevalence of World Health Organization-defined diarrhea in children, reported by the adult respondent for each household. We compared the rates before and after a period during which the households' handpumps were being professionally maintained. We then conducted a cross-sectional analysis, fitting logistic regression models with reported diarrhea as the dependent variable and speed of repair as the independent exposure of interest, adjusting for household socioeconomic characteristics; dwelling construction; and Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH)-related factors. We fitted an additional model to examine select interactions between covariates. Reported diarrhea in children was lower in households whose pumps had been repaired within 24 hours (adjusted odds ratio 0.35, 95% CI 0.24-0.51). This effect was robust to the inclusion of multiple categories of covariates. No reduction was seen in households whose pump repairs took more than 24 hours. Analysis of interaction terms showed that certain interventions associated with improved WASH outcomes were only associated with reductions in diarrhea in conjunction with socioeconomic improvements. Only pump repairs consistently made within 24 hours of failure led to a reduction in diarrhea in the children of families using handpumps. While the efficacy of reduction in diarrhea is substantial, the operational challenges of guaranteeing same-day repairs limits the effectiveness of even best-in-class pump maintenance. Maintenance regimes that cannot bring handpump downtimes close to zero will struggle to generate health benefits. Other factors that reduce diarrhea prevalence have limited effect in isolation, suggesting that WASH interventions will be more effective when undertaken as part of more holistic poverty-reduction efforts.

Is the impact of paid maternity leave policy on the prevalence of childhood diarrhoea mediated by breastfeeding duration? A causal mediation analysis using quasi-experimental evidence from 38 low-income and middle-income countries

ObjectivesQuasi-experimental evidence suggests that extending the duration of legislated paid maternity leave is associated with lower prevalence of childhood diarrhoea in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). This could be due...

Low-cost domestic rainwater harvesting in rural southeast Madagascar: A process and outcome evaluation

In settings where communities rely on unimproved water sources, household rainwater harvesting (HRWH) may improve the quality and quantity of water available. This research presents results from a two-year controlled before-and-after study that evaluated the impact of low-cost HRWH on household water collection habits, hygiene practices and prevalence of childhood diarrhoea in rural Madagascar. The study assessed system functionality, water quality and the acceptability of requesting household financial investment (16–20 USD). Surveys were administered to enrolled intervention households (n = 138) and control households (n = 276) at baseline and endline. Water quality tests at endline compared microbial contamination in a sub-sample of HRWH systems (n = 22) and public water sources (n = 8). Difference-in-difference analyses were used to compare changes in outcomes between study arms at baseline and endline. At endline 111 (75%) of systems were functional with an average age of 1.25 years. Microbial contamination was 39.3 TTC/100ml in community water sources compared with 23.3 TTC/100ml in the HRWH systems (coef: -16.0, 95CI: -37.3 to 5.2, p = 0.133). 85 (57%) of households completed their repayment plans while remaining households owed on average 3.7 USD. There was weak evidence to suggest that intervention households collected more water per capita day than controls (adj coefficient: 3.45; 95CI: -2.51 to 9.41, p = 0.257). Intervention households had 11% higher absolute risk of owning a handwashing station compared against controls (95CI: 0.00 to 0.23; p = 0.06). There was no evidence of differences in ownership of soap or prevalence of childhood diarrhoea between study arms. Overall, operation and maintenance of the systems remained high, users demonstrated willingness to pay, and there was weak evidence that water provision at the household increased domestic consumption. However, the systems did not provide contaminant-free water. We conclude that HRWH using low-cost, locally available materials can increase household access to water in areas reliant on limited communal water sources.

Diarrheal disease and associations with water access and sanitation in Indigenous Shawi children along the Armanayacu River basin in Peru.

Diarrheal disease, particularly in children under 5 years old, remains a global health challenge due to its high prevalence and chronic health consequences. Public health interventions that reduce diarrheal disease risk include improving access to water, sanitation, and hygiene. Although Peru achieved the 2015 Millennium Development Goal (MDG) indicators for water access, less progress was achieved on sanitation. Furthermore, many Indigenous Peoples were overlooked in the MDG indicators, resulting in a prioritization of Indigenous Peoples in the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of childhood diarrhea, characterize access to water and sanitation, and determine the association of childhood diarrhea with water access and sanitation indicators in 10 Shawi Indigenous communities along the Armanayacu River in the Peruvian Amazon. A cross-sectional survey (n=82) that captured data on diarrheal disease, sociodemographic variables, and water and sanitation exposures was conducted in 10 Shawi communities. Nutritional status of children under 5 was also assessed via physical examination. Descriptive and comparative statistics were conducted. A small proportion (n=7; 8.54%) of participating children reported an episode of diarrhea in the previous month. Almost half (46.30%) of participating children had stunting, wasting, or both. Although not statistically significant, children living in households that used latrines were 4.29 times (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01-18.19) more likely to report an episode of diarrhea than children living in households that practiced open defecation. Although not statistically significant, children living in households that used water treatment methods were 4.25 times (95%CI 0.54-33.71) more likely to report an episode of diarrhea than children living in households that did not. The prevalence of childhood diarrhea was lower for Shawi than for other Amazon areas. The higher prevalence of childhood diarrhea in households that used latrines and water treatments warrants further investigation into local risk and protective factors. These Shawi communities scored low for the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme indicators for water and sanitation, indicating that they should be prioritized in future water, sanitation, and hygiene initiatives. Research will be required to understand and incorporate local Indigenous values and cultural practices into water, sanitation, and hygiene initiatives to maximize intervention uptake and effectiveness.

Racial and ethnic disparities in access to safe water and sanitation in high-income countries: a case study among the Arab-Bedouins of Southern Israel

Abstract Disparities in access to water, sanitation, and hygiene within high-income countries are common and often occur across racial/ethnic lines. The Arab-Bedouins in Israel, a formerly nomadic ethno-national minority, have experienced displacement, forced sedentarization, and poverty since Israel was founded. Land disputes with the government have led to precarious living arrangements, including unrecognized villages that the government considers illegal. We administered a structured questionnaire in one government-planned, two legally recognized, and two unrecognized Bedouin communities in the Negev (190 households). Only 44% (95% CI 37%, 51%) of households had access to both safely managed drinking water and sanitation; nationally Israel reports over 99% coverage for each. In one unrecognized village, only 15% of households had access to safely managed water and sanitation, comparable to low-income countries. The overall 1-week prevalence of diarrhea in children under 5 years of age was 22% (95% CI 17%, 27%), with substantial variation between communities. These results highlight that universal access to safely managed drinking water and sanitation remains a relevant goal, not only for low- and middle-income countries but for high-income countries. Bedouin communities in the Negev are a prime example, emphasizing that historic gains in global development have not uniformly reached marginalized groups within high-income countries.

Diarrhea Prevalence and Associated Factors among Children in Azezo Sub-City, Northwest Ethiopia: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study.

Globally, diarrheal disease continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality among children under 5 years of age, especially in low-income countries such as Ethiopia. However, there is still limited evidence in the study area quantifying the burden of diarrheal disease among children under 5 years. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in April 2019 to estimate the prevalence of childhood diarrhea and to identify its associated factors in Azezo sub-city, northwest Ethiopia. A simple random sampling technique was applied to recruit the eligible cluster villages with children under 5 years. Data were collected by interviewing mothers or guardians using structured questionnaires. The completed data were entered into EpiInfo version 7 and exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Binary logistic regression model was used to identify factors associated with diarrheal disease. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% CI was used to measure the strength of association between the dependent and independent variable. The period prevalence of diarrheal disease among children under 5 years was 24.9% (95% CI: 20.4-29.7%). Age group between 1 and 12 months [AOR: 9.22, 95% CI: (2.93-29.04)] and 13 and 24 months [AOR: 4.44, 95% CI: (1.87-10.56)], as well as low monthly income (AOR: 3.68, 95% CI: (1.81-7.51)] and poor handwashing practice [AOR: 8.37, 95% CI: (3.12-22.52), were significantly associated with high risk of childhood diarrhea. In contrast, small family size [AOR: 0.32, 95% CI: (0.16-0.65)], and immediate consumption of prepared meals [AOR: 0.39, 95% CI: (0.19-0.81)] were significantly associated with low risk of childhood diarrhea. Diarrheal diseases were a common health problem among children under 5 years of age in Azezo sub-city. Therefore, an appropriate hygiene intervention program through health education is recommended with a focus on identified risk factors to reduce the burden of diarrheal diseases.

Prevalence of Rotavirus and Adenovirus in Children with Acute Viral Gastroenteritis in Dakar, Senegal, 2018-2022

Background: Rotavirus infection is the most important cause of infectious, severe and dehydrating diarrhea and death in children aged 5 and under and continues to have a significant impact on child morbidity and mortality in our countries. The aim of this study was to retrospectively determine prevalence of rotavirus and adenovirus in patients presenting with gastroenteritis symptoms and the distribution of pathogens according to gender, age and season.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: Stool samples received at the medical microbiology laboratory between January 2018 and December 2022 were evaluated for rotavirus/adenovirus antigen with BIOSYNEX Rotavirus/Adenovirus BSS kit (BIOSYNEX, Switzerland).&#x0D; Results: Rotavirus was detected in 36 (6.96%) of the 517 stool samples evaluated and 16 (3.09%) samples were positive for adenovirus. Co-infection was detected in 10 samples (1.93%). Prevalence of rotavirus and adenovirus was 12.22% (28/229) and 4.80% (11/229) respectively in children aged 0-12 months. Our results showed a significant difference between the patients among the three study groups (rotavirus, adenovirus and mixed) with regard to their age categories. Regarding the monthly distribution, the highest detection rate of rotavirus gastroenteritis was found between the months of September (12.28%) and February (14.89%). Adenoviruses were detected continuously over a period from June to December with a significant difference (p&lt;0.05).&#x0D; Conclusion: Due to the high prevalence of viral diarrhoea in children in our region and the morbidity and mortality that can be associated with it, it is important that medical laboratories are equipped to detect viruses specifically rotavirus and adenovirus for efficient management. All of these actions combined with vaccination will contribute to a significant reduction in the burden of these infections on our health system.

Diarrheal disease, sanitation, and culture in India

The health burden of childhood diarrhea in India has been a major public health concern. This study examines the role of the individualism-collectivism dichotomy in the prevalence of diarrhea in children under the age of five in India. Using subnational data on rice suitability to measure collectivism, we provide evidence that collectivism is negatively associated with the prevalence of childhood diarrhea across 618 Indian districts. We find that the mechanism works through improvements in water and sanitation. Collectivism propagates values of interdependence, cooperation and collective action which increases safe water and sanitation practices, thereby reducing the prevalence of diarrhea in children.

Diarrhoeal prevalence and handwashing practices of children attending early childhood development centres in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.

Diarrhoea, a leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality, spread through contaminated food or water or from person to person, is a major cause of hospitalisation in South African children. To determine if hygiene practices of parents or guardians and early childhood development centre (ECD) educators contributed to diarrhoea in children attending the centres. The study was conducted at ECD centres in Mpumalanga Township of KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at 10 ECD centres. Parents or guardians (n = 385) and educators (n = 121) answered self-administered questionnaires. Frequencies, bivariate associations and multivariate regression modelling were conducted. The prevalence of diarrhoea in children ≤ 5 years was 67.3%. Most parents or guardians washed their hands after defecating and handling a child's faeces as well as before preparing food. Handwashing after urination was low. Washing of children's hands after these events was lower. Although all educators reported always washing the child's hands after defecating and before handling or eating food, they were less likely to wash the children's hands after urination (p = 0.003). Childhood diarrhoea was associated with the type of toilet, households with pit latrines having a higher prevalence of diarrhoea (p < 0.001). It was also associated with washing of children's hands after urination (p = 0.014), before handling or eating food (p = 0.001) and with increased number of children in the household (p = 0.001). In this population, the high prevalence of diarrhoea is related to the number of children in a household and handwashing practices. This study highlights the importance of handwashing practices in the prevention of diarrhoea in children.

The effect of a large-scale water, sanitation and hygiene intervention in Bangladesh on knowledge, behaviour and health: Findings from an endline programme evaluation.

The Sanitation, Hygiene Education and Water Supply in Bangladesh Programme (SHEWA-B) was a 5-year intervention aiming to improve water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) practices among 20 million rural residents through community hygiene promoters. This analysis evaluates the impact of SHEWA-B on knowledge, behaviour and childhood diarrhoea outcomes. The evaluation included repeated cross-sectional surveys and health surveillance in matched cohorts in intervention and control clusters. Cross-sectional surveys and structured observations at baseline, midline, and endline assessed the availability of WASH technology, caregiver knowledge and behaviour. Fieldworkers collected monthly health data in a subset of control and intervention households to determine the prevalence of diarrhoea. Of 5091 households surveyed, participants residing in intervention clusters showed minimal improvements in knowledge, reported behaviour, or use of WASH technology compared to the control clusters. During structured observations, intervention households increased more than control households at handwashing before preparing food and after cleaning a baby's anus when comparing endline to baseline, but these changes were not seen when comparing endline to the midline. The prevalence of childhood diarrhoea remained similar in both groups before (10.2% in intervention, 10.0% in control) and after (8.8% in intervention, 11.7% in control) midline changes were made to improve the intervention. Intervention clusters showed no improvement in diarrhoea over time compared to control clusters. SHEWA-B's community-based WASH promotion did not yield the intended impact on knowledge, behaviour or health. Greater priority should be given to approaches that have demonstrated effectiveness. Including rigorous evaluations would broaden the evidence base to support and improve large-scale programmes.

Prevalence and factors associated with diarrheal diseases among children below five years in selected slum settlements in Entebbe municipality, Wakiso district, Uganda

BackgroundDespite global interventions to prevent and control diarrhea, it still remains a public health problem leading to childhood morbidity and mortality majorly in developing countries. In Uganda, diarrhea is amongst the five leading causes of under-five mortality, contributing to more than 140,000 deaths every year and this accounts for 7.1% of all under-five mortalities in Uganda. Efforts to prevent and lower diarrheal diseases need to be informed by data on determinants of diarrhea. The study assessed factors associated with diarrheal diseases among children below five years in selected slum settlements in Entebbe municipality, Wakiso District, Uganda.MethodsThe study employed a cross-sectional study design covering 384 randomly selected households having children < 5 years old in the study area using quantitative research methods. Data was collected using close-ended questionnaires and diarrhea disease history was captured for the last month before the survey. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify the risk factors associated with childhood diarrhea considering a 95% confidence level.ResultsThe prevalence of Diarrhea disease in children among the selected slum settlements in Entebbe municipality was found to be at 62.4%. Access to water from a protected water source (deep well and borehole), presence of a vent in toilets, age, and child birth weight were found to be significantly associated with diarrheal diseases among children below five years in the selected slum settlements in Entebbe municipality.ConclusionThe prevalence of childhood diarrhea among children < 5 years of age in selected slums of Entebbe municipality was found high. Use of water from a protected source, presence of a vent in toilets, age, child birth and weight were identified as predictors of diarrhea occurrence. These findings imply that community health education is urgently needed for fighting childhood diarrhea in the study area to eliminate the predisposing factors to diarrhea.

PEMBUATAN SARINGAN CEPAT (RAPID FILTER) (Penggunaan Pipa PVC Dengan Sistem Pencuci Balik (Backwash) Di SMAN 1 Jejawi OKI)

Water is the basic need of every living thing, especially humans, animals and plants. Without water, living things cannot be alive. Jejawi District is an area of ​​Ogan Komering Ilir (OKI) Regency, South Sumatra Province with a population of 38,098 people. The people of Jejawi District get water for their daily needs from the river and well. The use of water with low quality might potentially cause diarrhea. As such, it is regarded as a potential endemic disease and is an Extraordinary Events (KLB) causing death. The prevalence of diarrhea in children under five in OKI Regency reached 11.35% where Jejawi District was in the fifth place with the highest cases that are 1,328 cases of diarrhea. Given the importance function of water, as one of the study programs at PGRI Palembang University, the chemical engineering study program is committed to contributing to environmental management, especially in the area of ​​South Sumatra, one of which is about water. Some of the courses listed in the curriculum in chemical engineering study programs include water treatment equipment used in water management, such as water filters. A Water filters are tools that can be used to filter and eliminate impurities in the water, by means of a barrier, either by chemical, physical or biological processes. Water filters are widely useful in irrigation, drinking water, aquarium as well as swimming pool. One type of filter that is commonly used is a fast filter water filter (Rapid Filter) with a back wash system. Therefore as an application of the learning outcomes in the chemical engineering study program at the PGRI University of Palembang, As well as helping the problems in Jejawi disrict, particullarly for the academic community of sman 1 jejawi in water treatment, the training was held to make water rapid filter by back wash system.

The prevalence rate and preventive measures of diarrhea in children under five years of age in Suryabinayak municipality, Bhaktapur

Introduction: Diarrheal disease forms one of the two major killer diseases in children under five years of age in the developing world. According to World Health Organization (2017), diarrhea related deaths in Nepal accounts for 4.83% of total deaths. Prevalence of diarrhea in children under five in Nepal was reported to be 9.7 % in 2016. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 92 caregivers using simple random technique. Self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. t-test was used for comparison. Prevalence of diarrhea was analyzed by using Microsoft Excel 2007 and SPSS 16.0. Results: Prevalence of diarrhea among under five children in Suryabinayak Municipality was 39%. There was no association between prevalence of diarrhea and variables such as age of caregivers, number of children in their houses, source of drinking water, presence of toilet and gender of child, while association was found in case of education level of caregivers, income of the family, exclusive breast feeding and ways of purification of water. Preventive measures like hand-washing, proper waste disposal, clean drinking water, breast feeding helped lower diarrheal frequency in children under five years of age. Conclusions: The burden of diarrhea in Suryabinayak Municipality is quite high, which is associated with education of caregiver, income, exclusive breast feeding and ways of purification of drinking water.

Food awareness among diarrheal children mothers

Background: Food awareness is vital in the prevention and prevalence of diarrhea in children under the age of five. Assessment of maternal food knowledge is a public health priority for children's health. Therefore, thus study aimed to assess food awareness among diarrheal children mothers and determine the associated demographic variables in The-Qar Province/ Iraq. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 200 women who had child's with diarrhea. This sample distributed throughout two hospitals include (Bint Al-Huda Teaching Hospital and Martyr Muhammad Al-Moussawi Children's Hospital). The reliability of the questionnaire was achieved through a pilot study and then presented to experts to prove its validity. The total number of items included in the questionnaire was 20-items. The data was collected by using the semi-structured interview and analyzed by the application of descriptive and inferential statistical data analysis approach. Results: The results of the study indicated that (43%) of the mothers exhibited a moderate level of food awareness. There were significant differences in food awareness with regards mothers age, education and residents (p&lt; 0.05). Conclusions: Mothers health awareness leads to decrease the prevalence of diarrhea.

Prevalence of Diarrhea and Association with Socio-Demographic Factors among Children Under Five in Mayo Camp-Khartoum State Sudan

Background: Diarrhoeal diseases remain among the most common causes of mortality and morbidity in children, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). In 2013, of the 6.3 million children worldwide who died before they reached their fifth birthday, about half (3.2 million) died from infectious diseases, with diarrhoea killing more than 500,000 children. Sudan has one of highest prevalence rates of diarrhoea and Global Acute Malnutrition. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of diarrhea and impact of socio-demographic factors on the prevalence among Children under five years, Methodology: a community-based cross-sectional research was carried out to study the prevalence of diarrhoea among children under 5 years of age. Results: The average prevalence of diarrheal cases occurring during the 2 weeks preceding the interview was 35.0 percent (n = 311). The prevalence was higher among boys than among girls (25% and 10%, respectively). Our research showed that sociodemographic factors such as family size, number of &lt; 5 siblings and occupation of the mother were not significantly correlated with diarrheal disease in children under 5 years of age, whereas the research showed a high significance between the educational level of the mother and the diarrheal disease family income in children under 5 years of age. Conclusions: our study showed High prevalence of diarrhea in children under the age of five, with the highest prevalence among male compared with female. correlation highly associated between education of mothers, income levels, and diarrheal disease. Keywords: Prevalence, Diarrhea, sociodemographic, children, Association

Nurse-Led Intervention on Prevention and Home Management of Diarrhoea Among Mothers of Under-5 Children in Surulere Local Government, Lagos State

The adverse impact of diarrhoea in Nigeria as a nation cannot be far-fetched with various scientific findings and correlation over the years. The prevalence of childhood diarrhoea in Nigeria is 18.8%. Therefore, the study examined the effect of nurse-led intervention on prevention of diarrhoea among mothers of under-5 children. The study adopted a two group quasi-experimental design. Purposive and proportional sampling techniques were used to select 161 participants for the study. Two instruments were used as tools for collecting information from the respondents which are questionnaire and checklist. The study was carried out in three phases namely pre-intervention, intervention and post-intervention stage. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data collected at 0.05 level of significance. The results revealed that respondents’ knowledge of prevention of diarrhoea among mothers of under-5 children was low at the pre-intervention stage for both the experimental group (8.03±1.19) and the control group (8.02±1.28) while it increased significantly at the immediate post intervention for the experimental group (20.01±1.97) while the control group (8.75±0.74) remained almost the same. There were significant differences in the post intervention knowledge of prevention of diarrhoea between mothers of under-5 children in the intervention and control group (Mean difference = 11.26; t = 39.291; p &lt; .05); and post intervention knowledge of preventive skills for diarrhoea between mothers of under-5 children in the intervention and control group (Mean difference = 8.90; t = 33.750; p &lt; .05). The study concluded that nurse-led intervention increased the levels of knowledge of prevention and preventive skills of diarrhoea among mothers of under-5 children. It was recommended among others that an intensive and comprehensive educational initiative should be organized by nursing leaders and tailored to meeting the specific needs of mothers.