Prevalence Of Diabetic Retinopathy In Type Research Articles

Analysis of independent risk factors for progression of different degrees of diabetic retinopathy as well as non-diabetic retinopathy among type 2 diabetic patients.

To study the independent risk factors for development of different degrees of diabetic retinopathy (DR) as well as non-DR (NDR) among type 2 diabetic patients. This cross-sectional study included 218 patients with type 2 diabetes between January 2022 and June 2022. All the patients were divided into two groups: the DR group and the NDR group. The DR group was subdivided into the mild, moderate and severe non-proliferative DR (NPDR) group and the proliferative DR (PDR) group. Data recorded for all patients included age, gender, duration of diabetes, blood pressure, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting blood glucose (FBG), blood lipids, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure (IOP), axial length (AL), anterior chamber depth (ACD), and renal function. Logistic regression methods were used to analyze the risk factors for DR. The prevalence of DR in type 2 diabetes was 28.44%. The duration of diabetes, age, mean arterial pressure (MAP), HbA1c, FBG, urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (UACR), BCVA, AL, and ACD were significantly different between the DR and the NDR groups (p < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified age, FBG, UACR, and AL as the independent risk factors for DR (OR = 0.843, 2.376, 1.049, 0.005; p = 0.034, 0.014, 0.016, p < 0.001). Young age, short AL, higher levels of FBG and UACR were the independent risk factors for the progression of DR in type 2 diabetes.

OCT ASSESSMENT OF MACULAR THICKNESS IN NON-PROLIFERATIVE DIABETIC RETINOPATHY IN RELATION TO GLYCOSYLATED HEMOGLOBIN

Background: Diabetic retinopathy (DR), also known as diabetic eye disease, is a retinal damage that occurs due to diabetes. Blindness can be the end result of diabetic retinopathy. Objective: To evaluate the relation of macular thickness to glycosylated hemoglobin in patients with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Patients and Methods: This study included 100 eyes of 100 patients with a diagnosis of type 2 DM. This was designed as an observational, cross-sectional and non-cohort study during the period from 6/2019 to 3/2020. One hundred eyes were divided into two equal groups: one group included diabetic patients with no diabetic retinopathy and the other group included diabetic patients with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Patients were recruited from Retinal clinic in Al-Azhar University Hospital and asked to participate in this study. Results: The results showed that non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) group and group of no DR were comparable as regard age, sex and best corrected visual acuity (BCVA). There was a statistically insignificant difference between group of no DR and NPDR group, but group of no DR had shorter duration of DM, lower HbA1c level, lower macular thickness in all of the 9 standard early treatment diabetic retinopathy study (ETDRS) subfields, lower total macular volume (TMV) than NPDR Group. The results showed that central subfield macular thickness (CST) is positively and significantly related to glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level in each group of no DR and NPDR, and that severity of DR stage was significantly increased with increased HbA1c levels. The results also showed that there’s significant positive association between severity of DR stage and macular thickness in all of the nine standard ETDRS subfields. There was a positive significant relation between duration of DM and HbA1c level in type 2 diabetic patients, while there was no significant relation between duration of DM and macular thickness. The results also showed significant inverse relation between insulin use and HbA1c level, and significant inverse relation between insulin use and prevalence of DR in type 2 diabetic patients. Conclusion: Increased incidence of DR, increased macular thickness and increased incidence of diabetic macular edema were associated with increased level of glycosylated hemoglobin in type II diabetic patients.

Impact of socioeconomic deprivation on the development of diabetic retinopathy: a population-based, cross-sectional and longitudinal study over 12 years

ObjectiveTo study the association between socioeconomic deprivation and prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR).DesignPopulation-based, cross-sectional observational study and retrospective longitudinal analysis over 12 years.SettingPrimary care, East of Scotland.MethodsOutcome data from DR...

Early detection of diabetic retinopathy among type 2 diabetic patients in Qaluobia Governorate, Egypt

Objective The main objective of this study was prevention of diabetic retinopathy (DR), and specifically to determine its prevalence among type 2 diabetic patients. Background DR is one of the leading causes of blindness in the world. It develops in nearly all individuals with type 1 diabetes and in more than 75% of individuals with type 2 who survive for over 20 years with the disease. Patients and methods This is a cross-sectional comparative study. It was conducted on all registered type 2 diabetic patients in Al-Shoaar FHU and Kafr-Shokr FHC; both were randomly selected to represent the urban and rural areas of Qaluobia governorate during the period from January to November 2013. The study included 105 patients with type II diabetes mellitus. They were subjected to a predesigned questionnaire, and their data were retrieved by checking their files. Results The prevalence of DR in type 2 diabetic patients was 51.3%, and 62.8% of the patients had never undergone a fundus examination before this study. In 57% of the patients, the barrier for DR screening was negligence and lack of awareness about its importance. Prevalence of DR depends on the duration of and degree of control of diabetes. Conclusion Most of the diabetic patients are aware of its complications; however, there is little awareness about the importance of screening for DR, which together with negligence constitutes the main barriers for its screening. Therefore, the family physician plays an important role in increasing patients' awareness.

Relationship between serum C-peptide level and diabetic retinopathy according to estimated glomerular filtration rate in patients with type 2 diabetes

ObjectiveTo test the hypothesis that serum C-peptide level would relate to the risk of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in type 2 diabetic patients independently of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). DesignA total of 2,062 patients with type 2 diabetes were investigated in this cross-sectional study. Fasting C-peptide, 2-hour postprandial C-peptide, and ΔC-peptide (postprandial C-peptide minus fasting C-peptide) levels were measured. The patients were divided into two groups according to eGFR (ml∙min−11.73m−2): patients without renal impairment (eGFR ≥60) and those with renal impairment (eGFR <60). ResultsIn subjects both with and without renal impairment, patients with DR showed lower levels of fasting C-peptide, postprandial C-peptide and ΔC-peptide. In multivariate analysis, serum C-peptide levels were significantly associated with DR (odds ratio [OR] of each standard deviation increase in the logarithmic value, 0.85; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.78–0.92 for fasting C-peptide, P<0.001; OR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.82–0.92 for postprandial C-peptide, P<0.001; OR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.82–0.94 for ΔC-peptide, P<0.001) after adjustment for age, gender, and other confounding factors including eGFR. ConclusionsSerum C-peptide levels are inversely associated with the prevalence of DR in type 2 diabetic patients independently of eGFR.

What did inspire me to write the abstract for the EPMA Congress?

Case Report Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) Male 22 years of age (Figure 1) Insulin dependent since 2003 Visual acuity: OD: 0,10 OS: Light Perception Preparing for surgical treatment Operation rejected because of: Blood hypertension (230/110 mmHg) HBA1C: 10.7 % Anemia Renal Insufficiency (not diagnosed) Hart ischemic changes, left ventricular hypertrophy (not diagnosed) DM is a major cause of avoidable blindness all over the world. Patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR) are 25 times more likely to become blind than non-diabetics. Prevalence of type 1 diabetes is 10-15% of the diabetic population. Prevalence of DR in Wisconsin Epidemiological Study of Diabetic Retinopathy was 50.1 and 54.2% in the diabetes control and complications trial in type 1 diabetes [1] and 35-39% in United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study in type 2 diabetes [2]. In two studies from India, the prevalence of DR in type 2 diabetes patients were 34.1% and 37% [3].WHO estimates India has 31.7 million diabetic subjects at present. In USA, DR is the leading cause of new blindness in people 25-74 years of age. Approximately 700,000 persons have proliferative DR (PDR). Each year another 65,000 are diagnosed with the condition. A recent study has estimated that among people with diabetes aged 40 or older, 28.5% will develop DR. Worldwide 20 million people have PDR (very severe eye complication), with this number projected to increase to over 30 million by 2030. After 10 years of onset of DM, blindness was 1.8, 4.0 and 4.8% in type 1, insulin-treated type 2 and noninsulin-treated type 2 patients, respectively. In these three groups of patients, the 10-year incidence visual impairment (loss of 15 letters on a scale of 0-70 letters) was 9.4, 37.2 and 23.9%, respectively [4]. Good glycemic control arrests the development and progression of DR, but still there are a lot of factors that can influence the DR visual loss. Technological advances have improved the diagnostic accuracy of screening methods and given an access to the diabetic patients to the specialist care. In the last decades, the treatment strategies have been revised and besides laser photocoagulation, include surgical interventions and pharmacotherapies. DR will often go unnoticed when the condition is in its early stages but advanced symptoms can include blurred or sudden vision loss. Diabetics are advised to take advantage of the eye screenings which are offered free of charge in the UK, to detect any signs of the disease.

Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy in Western Indian Type 2 Diabetic Population: A Hospital – based Cross – Sectional Study

Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) can be defined as a damage which is caused to microvasculature in the retina by prolonged hyperglycaemia. Various studies have been conducted in south India, to find out prevalence of DR. It remains a less explored domain among type 2 diabetic patients in western India. (1) To assess prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 DM in western Indian population. and (2) To find out effect of duration of diabetes on severity of DR in this population. A hospital - based, cross - sectional study. A total of 168 patients with type 2 DM underwent detailed opthalmoscopic examinations for DR. The ETDRS classification was followed to categorize retinopathy in different stages. We observed that overall, prevalence of DR in type 2 patients of western India was 33.9%. Prevalences of non-proliferative DR and proliferative DR were 25.5% and 8.33% respectively. Statistically significant differences (p value<0.05) were observed between prevalences of DR in each group of patients which was classified, and duration of diabetes. Prevalence of CSME (clinically significant macular oedema) was 6.5%. Associated hypertension showed a statistically significant (p value<0.05%), higher prevalence of DR. This study concluded that prevalence of DR in type 2 DM patients of western India was 33.9% and that it increased with duration of diabetes. Associated hypertension is a risk factor for development of DR. It was further noted that proliferative DR was prevalent only after having diabetes for 11 years.