Prevalence Of Diabetes In Individuals Research Articles

Mediterranean Diet and COVID-19: Hypothesizing Potential Benefits in People With Diabetes.

The outbreak of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) started in December 2019 in Wuhan (China) and has since spread in more than 200 countries. The pandemic was brought about by a novel virus causing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Among the comorbidities of people suffering from COVID-19, the most prevalent are diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and hypertension, all of which are associated with worse outcomes (1). People with diabetes are at increased risk of severe viral respiratory tract infections, including the SARS-CoV, H1N1 influenza, and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV). The prevalence of diabetes in individuals with COVID-19 has been reported to range between nearly 10% and up to 30%, depending on the location of the study, population, age of participants in the studies, severity of illness, and method of testing (2). Moreover, diabetes has emerged as an important predictor of severity of the SARS-CoV-2, as the risk of fatal outcomes has been reported to be 50% higher in individuals with diabetes than in those without (3). Given the high transmission rate of SARS-CoV-2 and the global prevalence of diabetes, which affects nearly half a billion people worldwide, the coexistence of both COVID-19 and diabetes should be considered alarming, as it represents the combination of two pandemics.

Down Syndrome-Associated Diabetes Is Not Due To a Congenital Deficiency in β Cells.

Aims/Hypothesis:We sought to establish whether the increased incidence of diabetes associated with Down syndrome was due to a congenital deficit in β cells.Methods:The pancreas was obtained at autopsy from nondiabetic subjects with Down syndrome (n = 29) and age-matched nondiabetic control subjects without Down syndrome (n = 28). The pancreas sections were evaluated for the fractional β-cell area.Results:No difference was found in the fractional β-cell area between the subjects with Down syndrome and the control subjects.Conclusions/Interpretations:The increased incidence and prevalence of diabetes in individuals with Down syndrome is not due to an underlying congenital deficiency of β cells.

Diabetes and pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States with a 5-year survival rate of less than 5%. There are substantial evidences that smoking, male gender, alcohol use, African American race, type 2 diabetes, family history, obesity, and pancreatitis increase the risk of pancreatic cancer. The prevalence of diabetes in individuals with pancreatic cancer is reported to range between 5% and 20%. Pancreatic cancer and diabetes have a bidirectional and complex relationship. Although preexisting diabetes may be an etiological factor in the development of pancreatic cancer, it has also been proposed that, as pancreatic cancer destroys pancreatic parenchyma, it can lead to diabetes, though a relatively large degree of pancreatic tissue needs to be destroyed for this to occur. Pancreatic cancer typically progresses without early detection because of a lack of overt symptoms. Cohort and case-control studies indicate that 25%-50% of patients with pancreatic cancer develop diabetes mellitus within the 3 years before the cancer diagnosis, and given the close temporal association, it was speculated this new-onset diabetes may be directly linked to the malignancy. However, studies have failed to identify reliable imaging protocols as a means to detect early pancreatic cancer in patients with new-onset diabetes mellitus. Moreover, the partial pancreatectomy (ie, Whipple) classically performed to treat early pancreatic cancer commonly leads to the development of diabetes postoperatively. Total pancreatectomy results in total insulin deficiency and near-absent glucagon production. All of these patients develop diabetes and require treatment with insulin. In this review, we focus on 3 areas: (1) type 2 diabetes, obesity, and the risk of developing pancreatic cancer; (2) association of metformin, insulin use, and the risk of pancreatic cancer; and (3) glycemic management in patients who have undergone partial or total pancreatectomy.

High prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose in urban Latin America: the CARMELA Study

Cardiovascular risk is increased with glucose metabolism abnormalities. Prevalence data can support public health initiatives required to address this risk. The Cardiovascular Risk Factor Multiple Evaluation in Latin America (CARMELA) study was designed to estimate the prevalence of Type 2 diabetes, impaired fasting glucose and related risk factors in seven urban Latin American populations. CARMELA was a cross-sectional, population-based study of 11 550 adults 25-64 years of age. With a multi-stage sample design of a probabilistic nature, approximately 1600 subjects were randomly selected in each city. Overall, the prevalence of diabetes was 7.0% (95% confidence intervals 6.5-7.6%). The prevalence of individuals with diabetes or impaired fasting glucose increased with increasing age. In the oldest age category, 55-64 years of age, prevalence of diabetes ranged from 9 to 22% and prevalence of impaired fasting glucose ranged from 3 to 6%. Only 16.3% of people with prior diagnosis of diabetes and who were receiving pharmacologic treatment, were in good glycaemic control (fasting glucose < 6.1 mmol/l). The prevalence of diabetes in individuals with abdominal obesity was approximately twofold higher. Participants with hypertension, elevated serum triglycerides and increased common carotid artery intima-media thickness were also more likely to have diabetes. The prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose is high in seven major Latin American cities; intervention is needed to avoid substantial medical and socio-economic consequences. CARMELA supports the associations of abdominal obesity, hypertension, elevated serum triglycerides and carotid intima-media thickness with diabetes.

Diabetes Mellitus in Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury or Disorder

Background/Objective: To examine diabetes prevalence, care, complications, and characteristics of veterans with a spinal cord injury or disorder (SCI/D).Methods: A national survey of veterans with an SCI/D was conducted using Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) survey questions. Data were compared with national Centers for Disease Control and Prevention BRFSS data for veteran and nonveteran general populations.Results: Overall prevalence of diabetes in individuals with an SCI/D was 20% (3 times higher than in the general population). Veterans with an SCI/D and veterans, in general, had a higher prevalence of diabetes across all age groups; however, those with an SCI/D who were 45 to 59 years of age had a higher prevalence than other veterans. One fourth of the persons with an SCI/D and diabetes reported that diabetes affected their eyes or that they had retinopathy (25%), and 41 % had foot sores that took more than 4 weeks to heal. More veterans, both with (63%) and without an SCI/D (60%), took a class on how to manage their diabetes than the general population (50%). Veterans with an SCI/D and diabetes were more likely to report other chronic conditions and poorer quality of life than those without diabetes.Conclusions: Diabetes prevalence is greater among veterans with an SCI/D compared with the civilian population, but is similar to that of other veterans, although it may occur at a younger age in those with an SCI/D. Veterans with an SCI/D and diabetes reported more comorbidities, more slow-healing foot sores, and poorer quality of life than those without diabetes. Efforts to prevent diabetes and to provide early intervention in persons with SCI/D are needed.