Prevalence Of Developmental Enamel Defects Research Articles

The Prevalence of Developmental Enamel Defects in Israeli Children and Its Association with Perinatal Conditions: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) and deciduous molar hypomineralization (DMH) affect the first permanent molars and second primary molars, respectively, causing a greater dental treatment burden and worse oral health quality of life among affected children. We assessed the prevalence and risk factors of MIH and DMH among 1209 children aged 3-13 years who attended a university dental clinic in Israel in 2019-2020. Clinical examinations were conducted to assess the presence of DMH and MIH. Potential etiological factors of MIH and DMH, including demographics, the mother's perinatal health, and the child's medical history during the first three years of life, were retrieved using a questionnaire. To examine the associations between the demographic and clinical variables and the prevalence of MIH and DMH, continuous variables were tested using the Kruskal-Wallis test with Bonferroni corrections. Categorical variables were analyzed by chi-squared test. Multivariate logistic regression was conducted to evaluate which of the significant variables found in the univariate analysis could predict a diagnosis of both MIH and DMH. The prevalence of MIH and DMH was 10.3% and 6.0%, respectively. Age ≥ 5 years, taking medications during pregnancy and severe lesions were associated with a greater risk for a diagnosis of DMH + MIH. Multivariate logistic regression with adjustment for age showed that the severity of hypomineralization was positively and significantly associated with a diagnosis of MIH + DMH with an odds ratio of 4.18 (95% confidence interval 1.26-17.16), p = 0.03. MIH should be diagnosed and monitored in young children to prevent further deterioration. Moreover, a preventive and restorative program for MIH should be established.

Oral Health Status of Children Undergoing Hemodialysis and Kidney Transplantation in Mansoura City, Egypt

Purpose: Evaluation of oral health status in children undergoing hemodialysis sessions and kidney transplantation and compared them with healthy children. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was conducted on 250 children aged 6-18 years old (100 children undergoing hemodialysis, 50 children undergoing kidney transplantation and 100 healthy children as a control group). The oral health status was evaluated regarding to caries experience, gingivitis using PMA index, developmental defects using modified DDE index. Un-stimulated salivary flow rate and pH were also measured. Results: caries experience was significantly lower in both chronic kidney disease (CKD) groups compared to control group. Median PMA was significantly higher in hemodialysis and in transplantation groups compared to control group. The prevalence of developmental enamel defects was 41% in hemodialysis group and 58% in transplantation group compared to 11% in control group (P-value < 0.001). Regarding to saliva analysis, the flow rate was higher among healthy children while the salivary PH was higher among children with CKD. Conclusions: chronic kidney disease may decrease caries experience, increase gingival inflammation, in addition to increase prevalence of developmental defects. Furthermore, children with chronickidney disease have lower salivary flow rate and higher buffering capacity than healthy children.

A Study of Enamel Defects and Dental Caries of Permanent Dentition in School Children with Intellectual Disability.

Data concerning the prevalence of developmental enamel defects and their association with dental caries in individuals with intellectual disability are scarce. This paper aims to evaluate the prevalence and distribution of developmental enamel defects and dental caries in the permanent dentition of special-care school children from Poznan (Poland). Out of 1091 students attending all special-care schools in the city, the study covered 268 subjects with intellectual disability (mild, moderate, severe, and profound) with permanent dentition, aged 10–20. One calibrated dentist performed dental examinations. The Statistica Software v10 was used for statistical analysis, assuming the level of statistical significance p ≤ 0.05. Among the subjects of the study, 19.40% presented developmental enamel defects. The number of teeth with changes ranged from 1 to 28, with maxillary incisors most frequently affected. Students without developmental enamel defects had more teeth observed with active caries compared to those with such changes (10.92% vs. 7.82%, p < 0.01). The highest number of students with developmental defects of enamel was observed in the group of individuals with mild intellectual disabilities. The present study revealed that in special-care students from Poznan, enamel defects and dental caries were frequently observed. However, individuals with developmental enamel defects did not show higher dental caries indices.

Prevalence of Developmental Enamel Defects of Primary Incisors in Preterm Infants delivered with Extremely Low Birth Weight

Prevalence of Developmental Enamel Defects of Primary Incisors in Preterm Infants delivered with Extremely Low Birth Weight

Impact of Developmental enamel defects on quality of life in 5-year-old children.

Developmental enamel defects (DDE) represent one of the prevalent oral problems in childhood; however, few studies have evaluated its impact on quality of life in the children's own perception. To evaluate the DDE impact on quality of life of 5-year-old children. This cross-sectional observational study assessed 566 children aged 5years old, in Teresina, Piauí, Brazil, according to their self-perceptions. Children answered the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory™ Version 4.0 and Oral Health Scale. The dmft index, modified DDE index and Foster and Hamilton criteria were used to diagnose dental caries, DDE and malocclusion, respectively. A single examiner performed the clinical examination. Descriptive analyses and Poisson regression with robust variance were performed. The prevalence of DDE was 33.7%. For children's self-reports, the presence of DDE had a negative association with oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL; PR 1.09, 95% CI 1.02-1.15). Enamel hypoplasia had a negative impact on the physical function (PR 1.05; 95% CI 1.01-1.10) and oral health (PR 1.06, 95% CI 1.01-1.11) domains. Diffuse opacity had a negative impact on the social aspect (PR 1.09, 95% CI 1.02-1.18). Enamel defects had a negative impact on OHRQoL according to the self-reports of the children.

The role of external aetiological factors in dental anomalies in non-syndromic cleft lip and palate patients.

The hypothesis tested was whether proper tooth development in cleft lip and palate (CLP) patients is affected by early orthopaedic treatment (EOT), primary surgical interventions and palatal defects after primary palatoplasty. The prospective study groups comprised 369 CLP children (aged 11.0 ± 4.5years) and 500 healthy children (aged 11.1 ± 3.8years) aged > 6years without any diseases associated with increased risk of dental anomalies. Patients were examined clinically and radiologically. Primary treatment details and outcomes were extracted from the hospital records registry and analysed to evaluate the role of possible external aetiological factors in dental abnormalities. Selective tooth aplasia was the commonest dental abnormality with upper lateral incisors missing in 33.9% of CLP patients and 3.4% of controls. Central incisor agenesis was restricted to early primary periosteoplasty cases. Lateral incisor aplasia on the cleft side was significantly associated with palatal defect (P = 0.0003) and primary lip surgery type (P = 0.008). The prevalence of developmental enamel defects (DEDs) correlated with primary surgical procedure (P = 0.002), palatal defect and lack of EOT (P = 0.03 and 0.04, respectively). Surgical trauma during early primary periosteoplasty, reduced blood supply associated with palatal defects and absence of EOT significantly increase the prevalence of frontal tooth anomalies. The prevalence of dental abnormalities in CLP patients depends on treatment protocol.

Enamel defects and dental caries among children attending primary schools in Poznań, Poland.

Both positive and negative associations between developmental enamel defects (DED) and dental caries have been reported in the literature. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of DED of permanent dentition and its association with dental caries in schoolchildren living in Poznań (Wielkopolskie Voivodeship, Poland). A total of 2,522 6th grade children and 3,112 1st grade children were examined. Developmental enamel defects were described using the modified Developmental Defects of Enamel Index. Dental caries experience was assessed in accordance with the number of decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT). The study revealed 475 children (9.6%) to have at least 1 enamel defect of permanent dentition. In 6th-graders, statistical analysis confirmed significant differences between DMFT, DT (decayed teeth) and FT (filled teeth) numbers of various DED groups with subjects affected by diffuse opacities having generally the lowest caries indices and subjects with enamel hypoplasia and/or demarcated opacities having the highest caries indices. In both age groups, dental caries prevalence was statistically significantly higher in subjects with hypoplasia and/or demarcated opacities as compared to subjects without DED or with diffuse opacities (p < 0.05). The prevalence of DED in the examined population was low and comparable to those reported in regions without fluoridated water. The study confirmed that children affected by diffuse enamel opacities were less susceptible to dental caries, while demarcated opacities and hypoplasia should be considered important dental caries risk factors.

Prevalence of Enamel Hypoplasia and Enamel Hypocalcification in a Group of Egyptian Children

Purpose. This study was designed to determine the prevalence of developmental enamel defects in a group of Egyptian children and to determine the most common causes of these developmental enamel defects. Subjects and Methods: A total of 1500 children (4-14 years old, 700 boys and 800 girls) were randomly selected from the health insurance public daycare centers. For each child a clinical examination was performed according to the 2013 WHO dental caries criteria and the modified DDE index (FDI, 1982). Children were divided into three groups, according to the type of dentition asfollows, group (A) included “692” children and representing the children who had only deciduous dentition, group (B) included “688” children and representing the children who had mixed dentition and group (C) included “120” children and representing the children who had only permanent dentition. Results: Prevalence of enamel defect were observed in 22.5% of cases. Conclusion: Prevalence of enamel defect were observed in 337 cases with the most common defect was demarcated opacity which was found in 197 cases (13.1%). There was a statistically significant association between presence of enamel defects and previous disease. Previous surgery, previous radiation, previous medication and previous hospitalization. Also, high mean dmf, def and DMF indices, high mean GI. There was no statistically significant association between presence of enamel defects and maternal history during pregnancy, present disease, present intakeof medication and familial history of disease

Prevalence and extent of enamel defects in the permanent teeth of 8‐year‐old Nigerian children

Enamel formation is a vulnerable developmental process, susceptible to environmental influences such as excessive systemic fluoride (F) exposure and infant/childhood disease. This study determined prevalence and extent of developmental enamel defects (DDE) and dental fluorosis in 8-year-old Nigerians and explored associations with key predictors. A sample of 322 healthy 8-year-olds (155 males, 167 females) from primary schools in lower and higher water F areas of (i) rural and (ii) urban parts of Oyo State in south-west Nigeria (n = 4 areas) (in which the mean (SD) F concentration of community water supplies ranged from 0.07 (0.02) to 2.13 (0.64) mg F/L) were dentally examined using modified DDE (mDDE) and Thylstrup and Fejerskov (TF) indices. Drinking waters, cooking waters and toothpaste samples were analysed for F concentration using a F ion-selective electrode (F-ISE). Information on infant/childhood diseases, infant feeding and tooth cleaning practices was obtained from parents/legal guardians. Data were analysed using ANOVA, chi-square tests, Spearman correlation and binary logistic regression as appropriate. Mean (SD) F concentration of actual drinking and actual cooking waters consumed by participants was 0.25 (0.20) and 0.24 (0.14) mg F/L respectively in the urban higher F area; 1.11 (1.00) and 1.16 (1.02) mg F/L, respectively in the rural higher F area (P < .05). Overall, mouth prevalence of DDE in the permanent dentition was 61.2% with a mean (SD) of 2.4 (2.2) index teeth affected. Dental fluorosis mouth prevalence was 29.8% with a mean of 2.1 (3.7) teeth affected. Prevalence and extent of DDE and dental fluorosis were greater in higher F than lower water F areas (P < .001). A weak positive correlation was seen between extent of dental fluorosis and drinking water F concentration (ρ = 0.28). The absence of infant/childhood disease was associated with a lower risk of DDE being present (P = .001), with an odds ratio of 0.43 (95% CI = 0.26, 0.71). Gender was a statistically significant (P = .014) predictor for dental fluorosis with females having a higher risk OR 1.94 (95% CI = 1.14, 3.28) of dental fluorosis than males. In these Nigerian 8-year-olds (n = 322), mouth prevalence of DDE was 61.2% (mean (SD) teeth affected = 2.4 (2.2)), and a key positive predictor was a history of infant/childhood disease. With 29.8% of these children exhibiting dental fluorosis (mean (SD) teeth affected = 2.1(3.7)), drinking water F concentration was identified as a positive predictor, along with gender, with females more at risk of dental fluorosis than males.

Prevalence and Association of Developmental Defects of Enamel with, Dental- Caries and Nutritional Status in Pre-School Children, Lucknow.

Developmental Defects of Enamel in the primary dentition may be associated and predictors of dental caries and nutritional status. The aim of the present study was to assess the Prevalence of Developmental Defects of Enamel and its Association with, Dental-Caries and Nutritional Status in Pre-School Children of Lucknow, India. Multistage Sampling was done. A total of 302 pre-school (Rural and Urban) children were examined. Type III examination was conducted with WHO Probe. Developmental Enamel Defects (DED) and Dental Caries were assessed using WHO (1997) Proforma. The prevalence of DED of any type was 39.9% with that of demarcated opacities being the highest, followed by hypoplasia. The most frequently affected teeth were maxillary anterior teeth, while the least affected teeth were mandibular incisors. The mean dmft was 3.5. A positive association between DED and caries was observed. Association between Dental Caries & BMI was non-significant whereas Pearson correlation showed a negative correlation between the two. The prevalence of enamel defects and caries was high, as the enamel defects were strongly associated with caries.

Developmental enamel defects and their impact on child oral health-related quality of life

This cross-sectional study assessed the impact of Developmental Enamel Defects (DED) on Child Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (COHRQoL). A sample of 944 11- to 14-year-old Brazilian schoolchildren was examined for the prevalence and severity of DED. The children completed the Child Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ11-14), and socioeconomic status was also collected using a questionnaire. Poisson regression models were used to assess the association between DED and overall and domain-specific CPQ11-14 scores. The prevalence of DED was 19.7%. In general, children with DED did not indicate any decrease in self-perception. However, this condition was associated with an impact on the functional limitation domain. The presence of DED may cause negative impacts on a child's perception of oral health and on their daily performance.

Prevalence and distribution of developmental enamel defects in children with cerebral palsy in Beijing, China

To investigate the prevalence and distribution of developmental enamel defects in children with cerebral palsy (CP) in Beijing, China. A total of 135 children aged 1.5-6 years with moderate or severe congenital CP diagnosed in Beijing Boai Hospital from year 2005 to 2009 were recruited. The children underwent dental examination at the hospital dental clinic. Enamel defects (opacity and/or hypoplasia) were found in 44 (32.6%) out of 135 CP children. Enamel hypoplasia was found in 35 (25.9%) of the CP children, opacity alone was found in 5 (3.7%) of the CP children, and mixed defects (opacity and hypoplasia) was found in 4 (3.0%) of the CP children. Most of the enamel defects were located symmetrically in the primary incisors and first molars. 42.4% of children with enamel defects were born prematurely (<37 weeks) where as only 23.2% of them were born at normal gestational age. No statistically significant difference in the prevalence of enamel defects was found in relation to birth weight (P > 0.05). A high prevalence of developmental enamel defects was found among the children with CP. The prevalence of defects varied with the tooth type and was associated with gestational age of the children.

Prevalence of developmental enamel defects of the first permanent molars among school children in Western Australia

The prevalence of enamel defects in the first permanent molars among children has been reported to be high and may be on the increase, particularly in the European countries. Little information is available on the prevalence of enamel defects in the first permanent molars among children in Australia. The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of enamel defects in the first permanent molars among school children in Western Australia. Informed consent was obtained from parents of children attending pre-primary schools within an administrative area of the School Dental Service of Western Australia in metropolitan Perth to participate in the study in 2005. Parents completed a questionnaire about the mother's health status during pregnancy, and their child's health status for the first three years. Participating children were examined during 2006 and 2007 by one examiner. Teeth were classified on the type and extent of enamel defects using the modified DDE index, and deciduous tooth caries experience of molars and canines was recorded using the WHO criteria. Parents of 634 children out of the eligible 1135 (56 per cent participation) completed the questionnaire. Five hundred and eleven children with at least one erupted first permanent molar were examined (mean age 7.1 years, SD 0.5). Of the first permanent molars, 42 per cent upper right; 37 per cent upper left; 47 per cent lower left; and 45 per cent lower right were without enamel defects. White diffuse opacities were the predominant enamel defects found with 46 per cent upper right; 47 per cent upper left; 40 per cent lower left and 41 per cent lower right molars affected. Demarcated opacities alone or in association with other defects affected 11 per cent upper right; 14 per cent upper left; 10 per cent lower left and 9 per cent lower right molars. At the individual level, 71 per cent had permanent molars with enamel defects; 47 per cent with white diffuse opacities and 22 per cent with demarcated opacities. Prevalence of enamel defects among this school population is high. Majority of defects were white diffuse opacities and the prevalence of demarcated opacities is at the high end of that reported for some European countries. Possible risk factors for enamel defects remains to be tested.

Prevalence of developmental enamel defects in children with cerebral palsy.

Enamel defects observed in primary anterior teeth of 123 children with congenital cerebral palsy (CP) born 1983 through 1985 in four northern California counties were categorized using an adaptation of the Developmental Defects of Enamel Index. Nineteen children (15%) had crowns or loss of tooth substance (LTS) due to attrition. Missing enamel (ME) including horizontal groove, was observed in 39 children (32%). Twenty-four children without ME (20%) had enamel pits, vertical grooves, or colored enamel opacities. Forty-one (33%) had clinically normal enamel. ME children did not differ significantly from those with normal enamel with respect to race, sex, singleton vs twin, severity or type of CP, or presence of dysmorphic features. ME children more often had shorter gestational ages than children with normal enamel. More ME children, even those who were not low in birth weight, were reported by parents to have required neonatal intensive care.