Prevalence Of Depressive Disorders Research Articles

Frontal Theta Asymmetry may be a new target for reducing the severity of depression and improving cognitive function in depressed patients

BackgroundThe prevalence of depressive disorder is increasing due to a variety of factors, which brings a huge strain on individuals, families and society. This study aims to investigate whether there is Frontal Theta Asymmetry (FTA) in depressed patients, and whether FTAs are related to depression severity and cognitive function changes in depressed patients. MethodsParticipants who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled in this study. Socio-demographic data of each participant were recorded. Zung's self-rating Depression Scale was used to assess the depression status of participants. P300 was used to evaluate the cognitive function of participants. EEG data from participants were collected by the NeuroScan SynAmps RT EEG system. t-test, Wilcoxon rank-sum test and Chi-square test were used to detect the differences of different variables between the two groups. Multiple linear regression analysis and multiple logistic regression analysis were used to analyze relationships between FTAs in different regions and participants' depression status and cognitive function. ResultsA total of 66 depressed participants and 47 healthy control participants were included in this study. The theta spectral power of the left frontal lobe was slightly stronger than that of the right frontal lobe in the depression group, while the opposite was true in the healthy control group. The FTA in F3/F4 had certain effects on the emergence of depression in participants, the emergence of depression in participants and Changes in cognitive function. ConclusionsFTAs are helpful to assess the severity of depression and early identify cognitive impairment in patients with depression.

Positive aging-How does it work? : Contribution of resilience to the prevention of depressive disorders in old age

Although the prevalence of depressive disorders in old age is high, many older people succeed in staying healthy despite age-related stressors. The individual resilience or mental power of resistance can explain these differences. It is shown how resilience factors or strategies of healthy aging can be used for the primary prevention of depressive disorders in old age. The article summarizes the practically relevant age-specific aspects of resilience obtained through anarrative literature search and evaluates the relevant state of knowledge, also with respect to the consecutive development of primary preventive measures to avoid depressive disorders. Individual psychological strategies for promoting resilience include "stay active", and "mindfulness towards positive things", social strategies "remain socially connected" and "acceptance of support options". In addition to this individual level, which aims at every single person, the social dimension of resilience also includes strategies that start at the social level. Above all, this includes the esteem of older people in society as well as improved opportunities for participation. Age-specific aspects of resilience can be specifically used for the prevention of depressive disorders in old age. They enable aframework to establish resource-promoting and activating interventions, to counteract the deficit perspective on ageing. At the same time, there are clear limits to individual prevention and resilience. The responsibility cannot be seen solely for each individual but above all social structures and framework conditions must enable successful implementation in old age.

Educational inequalities in major depressive disorder prevalence, timing and duration among adults over the life course: a microsimulation analysis based on the Lifelines Cohort Study.

Educational inequalities in major depressive disorder (MDD) pose a major challenge. Tackling this issue requires evidence on the long-term impact of intervening on modifiable factors, for example lifestyle and psychosocial factors. For this reason, we aimed to simulate the development of educational inequalities in MDD across the life course, and to estimate the potential impact of intervening on modifiable factors. We used data from the prospective Dutch Lifelines Cohort Study to estimate the required input for a continuous-time microsimulation. The microsimulation allowed us to project the development of educational inequalities in MDD between ages 18 and 65, and to assess the potential benefit of intervening on quality of social contacts, health literacy and smoking. On average, an additional 19.1% of individuals with low education will ever experience MDD between ages 18 and 65 compared with those with high education. Additionally, individuals with low education generally will develop MDD 0.9 years earlier and spend 1.2 years more with MDD, than individuals with high education. Improving the quality of social contacts in individuals with low education produced the largest effect; it would reduce the inequalities in the prevalence, onset and duration of MDD by an average of 18.4%, 18.3% and 28.6%, respectively. Intervening on modifiable factors, particularly quality of social contacts, in individuals with low education could help reduce the estimated educational inequalities in MDD over the life course.

Devastating Wildfires and Mental Health: Major Depressive Disorder Prevalence and Associated Factors among Residents in Alberta and Nova Scotia, Canada.

Background: Since March 2023, hundreds of fires have burned from coast to coast throughout the country, placing Canada on track to have the worst wildfire season ever recorded. From East to West, provinces such as Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, Alberta, and British Columbia have been particularly affected by large and uncontrollable wildfires. Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of depression symptoms and predictors among residents living in extreme climate conditions during the Canadian wildfires of 2023 in Alberta and Nova Scotia and to update the literature with data related to those wildfires. Methods: A cross-sectional quantitative survey was conducted in this study. REDCap was used to administer an online survey between 14 May and 23 June 2023. Through the Text4Hope program, participants subscribe to receive supportive SMS messages daily. As part of the initial welcome message, participants were invited to complete an online questionnaire, containing demographic information, wildfire-related information, and responses to the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) for depression assessment. SPSS version 25 was used to analyze the data. Descriptive, univariate, and multivariate regression analyses were employed. Results: A total of 298 respondents completed the survey out of 1802 who self-subscribed to the Text4Hope program in Alberta and Nova Scotia and received a link to the online survey, producing a response rate of 16.54%. Most of the respondents were females (85.2%, 253), below 40 years of age (28.3%, 84), employed (63.6%, 189), and in a relationship (56.4%, 167). A historical depression diagnosis (OR = 3.15; 95% CI: 1.39-7.14) was a significant predictor of moderate to severe MDD in our study. The unemployed individuals were two times more likely to report moderate to severe symptoms of MDD than employed individuals (OR = 2.46; 95% CI: 1.06-5.67). Among the total sample population, the moderate to severe MDD prevalence was 50.4%, whereas it was 56.1% among those living in areas affected by wildfires. Conclusion: Based on our study findings, unemployment and a history of depression diagnosis were independently significant risk factors associated with the developing moderate to severe MDD symptoms during wildfire disasters. Further research is required to identify robust predictors of mental health disorders in disaster survivors and provide appropriate interventions to the most vulnerable communities and individuals.

Depression in the field of tension of gender roles

The distribution of depression and suicidal ideation by gender reveals agender paradox: women are at least twice as likely to be diagnosed with depressive disorders but have alower suicide rate than men. In contrast, the suicide rate of men is at least three times higher than women, while the prevalence of depressive disorders is only half as high. Although these differences have long been known the reasons for this paradox are still not fully understood. The aim of this narrative review article is to discuss possible explanatory models regarding gender differences in depressive disorders. Aspects related to stress processing and traumatization are considered as well as sociological and biological factors. This article summarizes information that was considered particularly relevant in the interdisciplinary dialogue regarding possible explanatory factors for gender differences in depressive disorders. The summarized studies indicate that women and men differ in certain aspects of stress processing and trauma exposure but men do not have alower risk of disease as aresult. On the contrary, the frequency of depressive disorders in men seems to be underestimated due to an atypical symptom manifestation. The implementation of knowledge about gender-specific vulnerability in the training of physicians and psychotherapists, the systematic assessment of gender beyond binary classifications as well as further diversity domains in research and healthcare as well as gender-sensitive and diversity-sensitive prevention strategies could contribute to the resolution of the gender paradox.

Depressive disorders in children with chronic kidney disease treated conservatively.

Children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) experience a lot of mental and emotional stress, which can lead to the development of depressive disorders. The prevalence of depressive disorders in CKD children is estimated to be between 7% and 35%. The aim of our study was to analyze the prevalence and characteristics of depression and depressive symptoms in children and adolescents with CKD treated conservatively. The cross-sectional, multicenter study was conducted in 73 CKD children aged 8-18 and in 92 of their parents. To assess the mental wellbeing of CKD children, Kovacs's Children's Depression Inventory 2 (CDI2) was used as CDI2: Self-Report and CDI2: Parent Form. The majority of CKD children acquired medium scores in CDI2, 11% of participants reported symptoms suggesting depressive disorder, and among them 8.2% met the criteria for depression. A significant relationship was found between age and interpersonal problems, age at CKD diagnosis, and total score and ineffectiveness, CKD duration and total score/emotional problems. Depressive symptoms were associated with the stage of CKD, and they differed significantly between stages III and IV. We noticed the child-parent disagreement on reported depressive symptoms. Parents perceive their children's mental state as worse than the children themselves. There is a problem of depression in children with CKD treated conservatively. Variables associated with depressive symptoms in CKD children treated conservatively require further study. Key factors predisposing to the development of depression seem to be age at the time of diagnosis, disease duration, and progression of CKD from stage III to IV. Disparities between depressive symptoms self-reported by CKD children and their parents' assessment require further analysis. However, these disparaties indicate that the final diagnosis of the occurrence of depressive disorders should be based on a multidimensional assessment of the patient's situation.

Depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and associated factors among adults, in the Eastern part of Ethiopia

BackgroundDepressive disorder is one of the severe and common mental illnesses in the general population. Bipolar disorder is a severe, persistent mental illness associated with significant morbidity and mortality. However, there is a paucity of data on the prevalence of depressive disorder, and bipolar disorder in our study area.ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess the prevalence of depressive and bipolar disorders among adults in Kersa, Haramaya, and Harar Health and Demographic Surveillance Sites in Eastern Ethiopia.MethodsA community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 1,416 participants. A multi-stage sampling was employed to select the participants. DSM-5 diagnostic criteria was used to assess depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. Data was collected using a standard questionnaire. Data were entered into Epi-Data 3.1 and analyzed using SPSS version 26. Both binary and multivariate logistic regression analyses were done. Those with a p-value < 0.05 in the final model were considered statistically significant.ResultsThe overall prevalence of depressive and bipolar disorders among our study participants was 6.7% (95% CI: 5.40, 8.20) and 2.1% (95% CI: (1.40, 3.00), respectively. The independent predictors of depressive disorder included a family history of mental illness, chronic medical illnesses, unemployment, low educational status, divorced or widowed, poor social support, and current alcohol use or khat chewing. Single, males, divorced or widowed, and current consumers of alcohol were independent predictors for bipolar disorder.Conclusions and recommendationThe results of our investigation showed that bipolar illness and depression were significant public health issues. It was shown that although bipolar disorder is highly prevalent in the society, depression is a widespread concern. As a result, it is imperative that the relevant body grow and enhance the provision of mental health services. Furthermore, research on the effects and burdens of bipolar disorder in the community is required.

Prevalence of Anxiety and Depression Disorders among People with Diabetes Monitored at the Diabcarmet Center in Thiès (Senegal)

Introduction: The association of diabetes and anxiety-depressive disorders in the same person is problematic. The aim of our work was to evaluate the prevalence of depressive and anxiety disorders in diabetic patients and to highlight the link between anxiety and depressive disorders and diabetes. Methodology: In our transversal and descriptive study, with analytical purposes, we studied 50 cases. The study took place over a period of 4 months (from April to July 2022), focusing on diabetic patients. Results: Our study included 50 patients with a mean age of 55 ±13 years with a range from 30 to 80 years. The sex ratio was 1.17. The prevalence of depressive disorders was 28% and of anxiety disorders 36%. On bivariate analysis, age, sex, and occupation were associated with depression, and only age was associated with anxiety. On multivariate analysis, female gender (OR=33.8; CI=3.89-293.32), age over 50 years (OR=6.71; CI=[1.31; 34.38]), occupational inactivity (OR=15.5; CI=[3.47;69.16]) exposed diabetic patients to an additional risk of depression and only age over 50 years (OR=3.97; CI=[1.07; 14.72]) exposed diabetic patients to an additional risk of anxiety. Conclusion: Our study highlights the importance of screening for anxiety and depression in diabetic patients to prevent complications and their progression.

Characteristics of depressive disorders in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and some related factors.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a type of chronic arthritis, is common in Vietnam. It has severe consequences for patients, both physically and psychologically, including depressive disorders. Therefore, early detection of depressive disorders is of high importance to help provide comprehensive treatment and improve RA patients' quality of life. This cross-sectional study explored the prevalence of depressive disorders and their salient characteristics and related factors in RA patients in Vietnam. We enrolled 156 patients diagnosed with RA using the ACR-1987 criteria. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) was used to screen for depressive disorders. Patients' demographic characteristics and clinical and laboratory investigation results, such as the visual analog score, complete blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, Disease Activity Score 28 for RA with C-reactive protein (DAS28-CRP), and quality-of-life score (based on the SF-36 test) were analyzed. Depressive disorders assessed on the first day of admission were reevaluated by a psychiatrist if the PHQ-9 score was ≥ 5. According to the PHQ-9 results, depression prevalence among RA patients was 76.3%. The majority of patients (49.4%) had moderate-to-severe depression and 91% experienced sleep disorder symptoms. Negative thoughts -- suicidal ideation or self-injury - were reported by 21.8% of patients. Depression severity had a moderately positive relationship with disease activity level and a moderately negative relationship with quality of life. Depression prevalence was high among RA patients. Depression severity increased with disease activity and decreased quality of life.

Gender characteristics of depressive disorders: clinical, psychological, neurobiological and translational aspects

Various studies have indicated that the prevalence of depression is almost twice as high among women as among men. A major factor associated with the development of depression and other affective disorders are adverse and psychologically traumatic life events that contribute to changes in the neuroendocrine system, altering the capacity to adapt to stress. These changes are involved in the pathogenesis of mental disorders, along with genetic and other factors, and are to a significant degree regulated by gender dependent mechanisms. While women have a high prevalence of depressive disorders, men show a higher rate of alcohol and substance abuse. These differences in the epidemiology are most likely explained by different predisposition to mental disorders in men and women and a diversity of biological consequences to adverse life events. Taking this into account, there is a need for a critical review of currently used approaches to modeling depressive disorders in preclinical studies, including the use of animals of both sexes. Adaptation of experimental models and protocols taking into account gender characteristics of neuroendocrine changes in response to stress, as well as structural-morphological, electrophysiological, molecular, genetic and epigenetic features, will significantly increase the translational validity of experimental work.

Depressive disorder among the end-stage renal disease patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis at Chitwan medical college

Background: Patients with End stage renal disease (ESRD) suffer from a variety of losses, including renal function, family role, work role, sexual function, as well as time and mobility, all of which have a substantial influence on their lives. Physical manifestation of the End-Stage Renal Disease patients receiving dialysis treatment may be obvious but studies have found that they are also at increased risk of clinical and subclinical Depressive Disorder for a variety of reasons; which might be overlooked in our routine clinical assessment. Depressive Disorder has been associated with impaired recovery and increased mortality in many diseases including End-Stage Renal Disease patients. Objectives: To assess the magnitude of depressive disorder among the patients undergoing hemodialysis of duration &gt;3 months at Chitwan Medical College Teaching Hospital (CMCTH) and to determine the association between explanatory variables with depressive disorder. Methods: Patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis at CMCTH after meeting inclusion criteria were enrolled by consecutive sampling technique. Diagnoses were assessed on the basis of the ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioral Disorders- Diagnostic Criteria for Research (ICD-10 DCR). To stratify the severity of the Depression into mild, moderate and severe categories, we used Hamilton Depressive Disorder rating scale. Seventy-four (74) patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis were assessed. Interviews with patients and informants were taken and filled in a self-designed demographic datasheet. Obtained data were analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The prevalence of the depressive disorder among patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis was 75.70%. Positive correlations were found between depressive disorder and gender, age group and occupation(p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: The present study showed that the prevalence of depressive disorder was higher in ESRD patients compared to study done in Nepal where prevalence of depressive disorder in ESRD patients was 51.8%.

Gender differences in the association between cardiovascular diseases and major depressive disorder among older adults in India.

Despite the global disease burden associated with the co-occurrence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and depression, depression remains underdiagnosed and undertreated in the CVD population, especially among older adults in India. As such, this study examines (1) the association between single and multiple CVDs and major depressive disorder among older Indians; (2) whether this association is mediated by older adults' self-rated health and functional limitations; and (3) whether these associations vary for older men and women. Data come from the 2017-18 wave 1 of the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India. Multivariable logistic regression is used to explore the association between CVDs and major depressive disorder among older men and women. The Karlson-Holm-Breen (KHB) method is used to examine the mediation effects of self-rated health and functional difficulties in the observed associations. Overall, 5.08% of the older adults had multiple CVDs. Older women (9.71%) had a higher prevalence of major depressive disorder compared to men (7.50%). Multiple CVDs were associated with greater odds of major depressive disorder after adjusting the potential covariates (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 1.49; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.10-2.00). Older men with multiple CVDs had a greater risk of major depressive disorder (AOR: 1.64; 95% CI: 1.05-2.57) relative to women with CVDs (AOR: 1.39; 95% CI: 0.93-2.08). The association between multiple CVDs and depression was mediated by self-rated health (34.03% for men vs. 34.55% for women), ADL difficulty (22.25% vs. 15.42%), and IADL difficulty (22.90% vs. 19.10%). One in five older Indians with multiple CVDs reports major depressive disorder, which is three times more common than the prevalence of depressive disorder in older adults without CVDs. This association is attenuated by self-rated health and functional limitations. Moreover, these associations are more pronounced in older men relative to older women. These findings depart from prior inferences that men with CVDs are less psychologically distressed than their female counterparts. Moreover, the findings underscore the importance of gender-specific approaches to interventions and therapeutics for CVD-related mental health.

The Sociocultural Depression Factors among International Student and Domestic Student

This paper delves into the multifaceted realm of depression symptoms and impact factors among university students, specifically examining the differential impacts on international and domestic students. The escalating prevalence of depression disorder within the student population necessitates an in-depth analysis of the factors that contribute to these symptoms. The characteristics that differentiate these student subgroups, including cultural background, acculturation, racial discrimination, and interpersonal relationships, are explored as integral components shaping their susceptibility to depression. By examining the unique challenges faced by both international and domestic students, this paper aims to explore the distinctive dynamics that underlie depression symptom development. Through a comprehensive literature review, the paper delves into how acculturative stress and racial discrimination as depression factors play among international students, while also investigating the role of racial discrimination and interpersonal relationships in domestic students. The implications of the findings highlight the necessity for enhancing mental health support, the needs of international student helping orientation, anti-racial discrimination education, and the creation of an inclusive university environment that satisfies the diverse needs of all students. Future research should further explore on the patient with multi-cultural background, examine the differences of depression symptoms and the efficiency of therapeutic strategies based on cultural variation.

Neurological and metabolic related pathophysiologies and treatment of comorbid diabetes with depression.

The comorbidity between diabetes mellitus and depression was revealed, and diabetes mellitus increased the prevalence of depressive disorder, which ranked 13th in the leading causes of disability-adjusted life-years. Insulin resistance, which is common in diabetes mellitus, has increased the risk of depressive symptoms in both humans and animals. However, the mechanisms behind the comorbidity are multi-factorial and complicated. There is still no causal chain to explain the comorbidity exactly. Moreover, Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, insulin and metformin, which are recommended for treating diabetes mellitus-induced depression, were found to be a risk factor in some complications of diabetes. Given these problems, many researchers made remarkable efforts to analyze diabetes complicating depression from different aspects, including insulin resistance, stress and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis, neurological system, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Drug therapy, such as Hydrogen Sulfide, Cannabidiol, Ascorbic Acid and Hesperidin, are conducive to alleviating diabetes mellitus and depression. Here, we reviewed the exact pathophysiology underlying the comorbidity between depressive disorder and diabetes mellitus and drug therapy. The review refers to the available literature in PubMed and Web of Science, searching critical terms related to diabetes mellitus, depression and drug therapy. In this review, we found that brain structure and function, neurogenesis, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glucose and lipid metabolism were involved in the pathophysiology of the comorbidity. Obesity might lead to diabetes mellitus and depression through reduced adiponectin and increased leptin and resistin. In addition, drug therapy displayed in this review could expand the region of potential therapy. The review summarizes the mechanisms underlying the comorbidity. It also overviews drug therapy with anti-diabetic and anti-depressant effects.

Time trends in the prevalence of depressive disorder symptoms in the Danish workforce, 2012 to 2018

Abstract Background Over the last decade, and well-before the COVID-19 pandemic, the prevalence of mental health problems has increased in many European countries, particularly in youth, raising public health concerns. Yet, there has been little focus on the mental health status of the working population, and it is unknown if the proportion of workers with impaired mental health is growing as well. In this paper, we report change in the prevalence of depressive disorder in a large nationwide sample of the Danish workforce (N = 76,802) from 2012 to 2018. Methods We used data from the Work Environment and Health in Denmark study, a bi-annual nationwide survey on working conditions and health. We measured depressive symptoms using the Major Depression Inventory and defined prevalence of depressive disorder by a score ≥21, in accordance with previous clinical validation studies. Using a log-binomial regression model, we estimated change in prevalence of depressive disorders from 2012 to 2018 with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Results From 2012 to 2018, the prevalence of depressive disorder increased from 7.0% (95% CI: 6.7-7.4) to 9.4% (9.0-9.9) corresponding to an adjusted increase of 36.1% (27.4-45.4) over the 6-year period. We observed a statistically significant increase in the prevalence in every wave, from 2012 to 2014 (adjusted change in prevalence: 10.8%, 3.2-18.9), from 2014 to 2016 (8.6%, 1.3-16.4)), and from 2016 to 2018 (13.1%, 6.0-20.7)). The increase occurred in both sexes, all age groups and for all types of occupational status, but was more pronounced among women, younger workers and workers of low occupational status. Conclusions In a large nationwide sample of the Danish workforce, we observed an increasing prevalence of depressive disorder from 2012 to 2018. The results indicate that the general trend towards increased levels of mental health problems also encompasses the workforce and underlines the need for public health action. Key messages • The prevalence of depressive disorder in the Danish workforce increased considerably from 2012 to 2018. • The increase in prevalence of depressive disorder was observed in all groups, but was particularly pronounced for women, younger workers and basic-skilled workers.

Sertraline versus escitalopram in South Asians with moderate to severe major depressive disorder: (SOUTH-DEP) a double-blind, parallel, randomized controlled trial.

The study design included the double-blind, parallel, randomized controlled trial. The aim of this randomized controlled trial was to compare the efficacy and safety of sertraline and escitalopram in participants with moderate to severe major depressive disorder (MDD). The study was conducted in South Asian participants. A total of 744 participants with moderate to severe MDD were randomly assigned to receive either sertraline or escitalopram for 8 weeks. Drug dosages and titration schedules were based on the recommendations of the prescribing information for each product and according to the judgment of the clinicians involved in the study. The primary outcome measures were changes from baseline on the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and the clinical global impression (CGI) scale as well as the frequency of adverse events in both groups. Baseline MADRS scores in the escitalopram and sertraline groups were 28.2±0.47 (mean±SD) and 29.70±0.46 (mean±SD) respectively, and was no variability in the baseline assessments. Changes in MADRS as well as CGI scales at the end of the study were significant only for the sertraline group whereas they remained statistically nonsignificant for the escitalopram group. Results: The results of the study showed that sertraline was more efficacious than escitalopram in reducing depression rating scales such as MADRS and CGI, and that participants subjectively felt better regarding their symptoms in the sertraline group. Sertraline displays enhanced safety or tolerability than other groups of antidepressants, which frequently cause high levels of drowsiness, dizziness, blurred vision, and other undesirable effects. Adverse events were seen in both groups, but delayed ejaculation was the most frequent adverse event seen in both groups. However, a greater number of participants reported having nausea and insomnia in the sertraline group compared to the escitalopram group. Our study clearly highlights that there is a statistically significant difference in efficacy between sertraline and escitalopram at the doses used in our study. Sertraline was able to significantly lower the depression rating scales like MADRS and CGI in participants with moderate to severe MDD. Participants subjectively felt better regarding their symptoms in the sertraline group. The most frequent adverse event in both groups was delayed ejaculation. From an efficacy standpoint, sertraline was more efficacious than escitalopram. The study indicates that the prevalence of depressive disorders in South Asia is comparable to the global estimate, and Bangladesh and India has higher proportions of people with depressive disorders in South Asia. Additionally, females and older adults (75-79 years) have the highest burden of depressive disorders across all countries in the region. This study's limitation included the absence of a placebo arm. An additional limitation of the current study was the lack of an evaluation of inter-rater reliability and the research sample could not have been uniform in terms of the kind of depressive disorders and bipolarity.

Mental health status of individuals with diabetes in Korea before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a comparison of data from the Korean national health and nutrition examination surveys of 2018–2019 and 2020–2021

ObjectivesThis study aimed to compare the mental health status of patients with diabetes before and after the COVID-19 pandemic and to determine the effect of COVID-19 on their mental health...

Prevalence of depression among Iranian children and adolescents: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis.

One of the most common mental disorders among children and adolescent is depression. Some of the conducted studies indicate a too-high prevalence of depression, which cannot be generalized to the entire country. So the pooled estimation of the results of different studies is very important to reach valid results. So the current study aimed to determine the prevalence of depression among Iranian children and adolescents using an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. A random-effects model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence of depression (I 2 = 99.7% and Cochran's Q, p < 0.001). To assess the effect of different factors on heterogeneity, the univariate meta-regression model was used. Publication bias was evaluated by Beggs and Eggers tests as well as funnel plots. Data were analyzed by STATA v 11 (StataCorp.). The significance level of the tests was considered less than 0.05. The prevalence of depression was 33.3% (95% CI: 27.3-39.2). The most prevalence estimated using the Beak questionnaire (57.1% [95% CI: 50.2-64.0]) and the lowest was estimated using the K-SADS-PL (9.0% [95% CI: 4.0-13.6]). This estimate among females was more than among males (47.2% [95% CI: 35.4-58.9] vs. 30.5 [95% CI: 7.4-53.6]). Regarding the geographical region, the most and the lowest amount of depression was seen in the central with 41.7% (95% CI: 19.2-64.3) and southern region with 21.9% (95% CI: 14.2-29.6), respectively. The high prevalence of depressive disorders in Iranian children emphasizes the importance of prevention measures for these disorders.

Prevalence of depressive disorder in the adult population of Latin America: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Depressive disorder is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide; however its prevalence and association with inequality and crime is poorly characterised in Latin America. This study aimed to: i. systematically review population-based studies of prevalence of ICD/DSM depressive disorder in Latin America, ii. report pooled regional, country, and sex-specific prevalence estimates, and iii. test its association with four country-level development indicators: human development (HDI), income (Gini) and gender inequality (GII), and intentional homicide rate (IHR). We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based studies reporting primary data on the prevalence of ICD/DSM depressive disorder in Latin America from 1990 to 2023, irrespective of language. We searched PubMed, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, SciELO (regional database), LILAC (regional database), and available grey literature. Study quality was assessed using JBI's critical appraisal tools. We generated pooled estimates using random-effects meta-analysis; heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic. Meta-regression analyses were used to test associations of depression prevalence with indicators of inequality and human development. The study was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42019143054). Using data from 40 studies in Latin America, lifetime, 12-month, and current prevalence of ICD/DSM depressive disorder were calculated at 12.58% (95% CI 11.00%-14.16%); 5.30% (4.55-6.06%), and 3.12% (2.22-4.03), respectively. Heterogeneity was high across lifetime, 12-month, and current prevalence, sex, and countries. 12-month and current prevalence was associated with higher Gini and GII, 12-month prevalence with lower HDI, and current prevalence with higher IHR. We found a high prevalence of ICD/DSM depressive disorders in Latin America, and a statistically significant association with inequality and development indicators. The high heterogeneity found across prevalence periods and the major gaps in country representation underscore the need to escalate efforts to improve mental health access and research capabilities in Latin America. Systematic, comparable prevalence estimates would inform more effective decision-making in the region. Pfizer Independent Medical Education Grant.

How does depressive disorder impact outcomes in patients with glenohumeral osteoarthritis undergoing primary reverse shoulder arthroplasty?

Current literature shows that the prevalence of depressive disorders (DD) is increasing in the United States. Patients with DD have worse outcomes after shoulder arthroplasty; however, properly defined inclusion and exclusion criteria evaluating the effects of DD on primary reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) are limited. The purpose of this study was to compare the outcomes of patients with and without DD undergoing primary RSA, evaluating: (1) in-hospital length of stay (LOS), (2) medical complications, (3) emergency department (ED) utilizations, and (4) cost of care. A retrospective query was performed using a nationwide administrative claims database from 2010 to 2020 for all patients who underwent primary RSA for the treatment of glenohumeral osteoarthritis. The query yielded a total of 24,326 patients within the study (DD, n=4084) and comparison (without DD, n=20,242) cohorts. The primary end points were in-hospital LOS, 90-day medical complications, and total 90-day episode of care costs. Subanalyses compared whether DD diagnosis and preoperative ED utilization within 6 months of RSA were associated with increased incidence and odds of postoperative ED utilization within 90 days. P values less than .004 were considered statistically significant. Patients with DD undergoing primary RSA had significantly longer LOS (3 vs. 2 days, P<.0001) compared with patients without DD. The study group also had higher frequency and odds ratio (OR) of complications (47.40% vs. 17.63%; OR: 2.27, P<.0001) such as pneumonia (10.04% vs. 2.15%; OR: 2.88, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.47-3.35, P<.0001), cerebrovascular accidents (3.13% vs. 0.86%; OR: 2.69, 95% CI: 2.09-3.46, P<.0001), myocardial infarctions (1.98% vs. 0.51%; OR: 2.54, 95% CI: 1.84-3.50, P<.0001), and other adverse events. Among patients who had a diagnosis of DD, preoperative ED utilization within 6 months of RSA was associated with increased odds of postoperative ED utilization within 90 days compared with those without ED utilization preoperatively (15.08% vs. 13.64%; OR: 1.16, 95% CI: 1.04-1.28, P=.003). Controlling for preoperative ED utilization and comorbidities, patients with DD experienced a 2- to 3-fold increase in postoperative ED use within 90 days after surgery (P<.0001). Patients with DD also incurred significantly higher episode of care costs ($19,363.10 vs. $17,927.55, P<.0001). This retrospective study shows that patients with DD undergoing primary RSA for the treatment of glenohumeral osteoarthritis have longer in-hospital LOS, higher rates of complications, and increased costs of care. Preoperative health care utilization among patients with DD may be associated with increased utilization postoperatively.