Prevalence Of Depression In Patients Research Articles

Prevalence and risk factors of depression in patients with chronic obstructive airway disease: a tertiary care hospital, outpatient setting.

Chronic obstructive airway disease (COPD) has been found to be associated with depression. An overlap of COPD and depression may cause poor quality of life and an increase in mortality. A meta-analysis found that the prevalence and risk factors of depression in patients with COPD have high heterogeneity and are limited in tertiary care hospital outpatient settings. This study thus aimed to evaluate the prevalence and risk -factors of depression in patients with COPD using personal data in a tertiary care hospital outpatient setting. This cross-sectional study included adult patients who were diagnosed with COPD according to the GOLD guidelines, had stable functional status within the past 4 weeks with the same treatment regimen, and had no history of other serious medical or surgical illness. A diagnosis of depression was made according to a score of 11 or higher on the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS). The prevalence and predictors of depression were then computed. The study enrolled and evaluated 150 patients with COPD, out of which 6 (4%) had depression. While the predictive model for depression comprised two factors, only severity of COPD was independently associated with depression. The adjusted odds ratio of severity of COPD was 5.20 (95% confidence interval of 1.75, 15.42; p = 0.003). The prevalence of depression in patients with COPD in a tertiary care outpatient setting was low, at 4%. According to the study's comprehensive assessment, severity of COPD was the only factor associated with depression in patients with COPD.

The influence of depression on clinical outcomes of total shoulder arthroplasty: a systematic Review.

Much of the current literature on total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) has assessed the impact of preoperative medical comorbidities on postoperative clinical outcomes. The literature concerning the impact of psychological disorders such as depression on TSA has increased in popularity in recent years, but there lacks a thorough review of the influence of depression on postoperative pain and functional outcomes. We queried PubMed/MEDLINE and identified six clinical studies that evaluated the influence of a psychiatric diagnosis of depression on patient outcomes after TSA. Studies that discussed the impacts of depression on TSA, including PROs or adverse events in adults, were included. Studies focused on other psychologic pathology, non-TSA shoulder treatments, or TSA not for primary osteoarthritis were excluded. Non-clinical studies, systematic reviews, letters to the editor, commentaries, dissertations, books, and book chapters were excluded. Three cohort studies described patient-reported pain and functional outcomes and three database studies assessed the risk of postoperative complications. Cohort studies demonstrated that the prevalence of depression in patients undergoing TSA decreased from preoperatively to 12-months postoperatively. Two studies demonstrated that depression is an independent predictor of less pre- to postoperative improvement in the ASES score at minimum 2-year follow-up; however, one study found the difference between patients with and without depression did not exceed the minimum clinically important difference. Database studies demonstrated that depression was associated with higher rates of blood transfusion (n = 1, OR = 1.8), anemia (n = 1, OR = 1.65), wound infection (n = 2, OR = 1.41-2.09), prosthetic revision (n = 1, OR = 1.92), and length of hospital stay (n = 3, LOS = 2.5-3days). Although patients with a preoperative diagnosis of depression undergoing TSA can achieve satisfactory relief of shoulder pain and restoration of function, they may experience poorer patient-reported outcomes and a higher risk of postoperative adverse events compared to their peers. Surgeons should be cognizant of the influence of depression in their patients to facilitate proper patient selection that maximizes patient satisfaction, function, and minimizes the risk of adverse events following TSA. Level IV.

The Prevalence of Depression in Patients With Epilepsy in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Objective Among patients with epilepsy (PWE), the prevalence of depression ranges from 30% to 50%, with a 5-25% prevalence of suicide. Depression and epilepsy affect daily tasks such as driving, employment, and physical activity. Depression is the most common comorbidity among patients with epilepsy. Because both conditions involve pathophysiological changes, treating mood disorders helps treat epilepsy and vice versa. Studies about epilepsy and depression in Saudi Arabia are scarce, and no study has been conducted on this topic at King Fahad Medical City (KFMC); hence, we aimed to determine the prevalence of depression among PWE who were followed up at KFMC. Methods This retrospective hospital-based study was conducted at KFMC in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. This investigation spanned a period of 10 years, from 2008 to 2018. The study included patients with PWE who were diagnosed with depression. Results According to a study of individuals aged 18 to 69, 73.7% of patients had been diagnosed with chronic depression (i.e., for more than a year); most of these patients had completed elementary school. Higher rates of depression were also observed among elementary school pupils, divorced women, and non-Riyadh residents. A correlation was observed between the severity of depression based on the Patient's Health Questionnaire( PHQ-9) score, which was used to screen for depression and diabetes mellitus (DM), the number of antidepressant medications (ADM) used, the duration of antidepressant use, suicidal ideation or attempts, and the duration of depression. Epilepsy was most prevalent in the temporal lobe, accounting for 22.6% of all cases, and it was managed in 78.2% of the patients. The duration of epilepsy was significantly associated with the severity of depression.

Clinical features, anxiety and depression among patients with irritable bowel syndrome with constipation and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis with hypothyroidism

Clinical features, anxiety and depression among patients with irritable bowel syndrome with constipation and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis with hypothyroidism

An unwelcome third party: the role of inflammation in the relationship between depression and Peyronie's disease.

The article "The Association Between Peyronie's Disease and Depression: A Scoping Review" explores the intricate relationship between Peyronie's disease (PD) and depression. Authored by Rune Kraglund, Emil Durukan, Annamaria Giraldi, and Mikkel Fode, the scoping review delves into shared risk factors such as obesity, smoking, and diabetes, potentially justifying the higher prevalence of depression in patients with PD. Interestingly, data suggest an increased risk of depression even before PD symptoms manifest, hinting at a complex interplay. The review emphasizes the relevance of systemic inflammation in the pathophysiology of both disorders. While bidirectional links between depression and inflammation are established in literature, PD's association with systemic inflammation adds a layer of complexity. Conditions such as cancer, linked to systemic inflammation, correlate with PD and depression, highlighting common pathways. Examining specific inflammatory markers, the article notes elevated levels of TNF, IL-6, platelet-derived growth factor, TNF-α, and fibroblast growth factor in PD and depressive disorders. The discussion extends to the scoping review's significance, emphasizing the often-overlooked correlation between psychiatric and sexual health disorders. Understanding the psychological aspects of PD is deemed crucial, considering that depressive conditions may affect treatment adherence and outcomes. The article acknowledges the challenge of establishing a causal link between PD's psychological impact and depression. However, it suggests a potential intertwined relationship where PD may lead to depression due to its impact on sexual function and self-esteem, while depression, in turn, enhances inflammatory responses and aggravates PD. In conclusion, the article proposes that the involvement of inflammation complicates the relationship between PD and depression. This complex interplay, though not fully elucidated in the current literature, provides a compelling theme for future studies, offering insights into the shared pathophysiology and potential paths for improved understanding and treatment of these interconnected disorders.

The Prevalence of Depression and Anxiety in Women with Ovarian Cancer: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cross-Sectional Studies.

The results of this study included the prevalence of anxiety and depression in women with ovarian cancer. A thorough search of numerous databases, including PubMed (Medline), Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and PsycoInfo, was conducted to identify relevant cross-sectional studies published between July 2013 and October 2021. STATA 16 was used to analyses the data, and a random effects model was used to determine the pooled prevalence and a 95% confidence interval (95%CI). Of the 18 cross-sectional studies reviewed, 17 reported the prevalence of anxiety and 16 reported the prevalence of depression in patients with ovarian cancer. There was a moderate degree of heterogeneity between studies, as the pooled prevalence of depression was 27% (95%CI: 14%-41%; I2=69.44%). Similarly, there was a greater degree of heterogeneity in the pooled prevalence of anxiety, which was found to be 33% (95%CI: 21%-44%; I2=78.55%). The findings of this study show that, compared to the overall female population, ovarian cancer patients have much greater rates of sadness and anxiety. These results highlight the necessity for healthcare policymakers to prioritize the provision of resources and support for carrying out additional research, such as longitudinal studies or cohorts, to ascertain the efficacy of various treatments or interventions intended to lessen mental health disorders in women diagnosed with ovarian cancer. Healthcare practitioners can enhance the general wellbeing and quality of life for women with this disease by addressing the psychological components of care.

The association of comorbid depression with mortality and amputation risk in patients with chronic limb-threatening ischemia

ObjectiveThere is increasing evidence that depression is a risk factor for worse outcomes in patients with peripheral artery disease. The association of depression in patients with chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) is not well described, nor is the impact of medical treatment for depression in this patient population. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of depression in patients with CLTI, its association on major amputation and all-cause mortality, and whether medical antidepressant treatment is associated with improvement in these outcomes in patients with depression. MethodsA retrospective review of all adult patients (≥18 years old) diagnosed with CLTI from January 1, 2007, to December 31, 2018, at a single academic medical center was performed. Collected data included patient demographics, comorbidities, and diagnosis of depression within 6 months of initial CLTI diagnosis. We also collected data on use of antidepressant medications. Outcomes evaluated were need for major lower extremity amputation and all-cause mortality. Multivariable logistic regression models estimated the adjusted effects of comorbid depression and antidepressant medication use on major amputation and all-cause mortality. Kaplan-Meier survival curves illustrated the probabilities of survival and limb salvage over time, stratified by diagnosis of comorbid depression. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models estimated the adjusted effects of comorbid depression on time to major amputation and all-cause mortality, and the adjusted effect of antidepressant treatment on time to all-cause mortality. ResultsA total of 2987 patients with CLTI were identified. Mean age was 68.6 years (standard deviation, 12.9 years); 56.5% were male, and 43.5% were female. Comorbid depression within 6 months of CLTI diagnosis was present in 7.1% of the cohort (212 patients). In multivariable analysis, comorbid depression was associated with a 68% increase in the odds of major amputation (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.68; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.19-2.37; P < .01), a 164% increase in the odds of all-cause mortality among patients not taking antidepressants (aOR, 2.64; 95% CI, 1.31-5.32; P = .03), and only a 6% increase in the odds of all-cause mortality among patients taking antidepressants (aOR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.72-1.55; P = .99). The effect of comorbid depression on mortality varied significantly by whether or not the patient was taking an antidepressant medication (P = .02). ConclusionsComorbid depression in the patient population with CLTI is associated with a worse prognosis for major lower extremity amputation overall, and a worse prognosis for all-cause mortality among patients not taking an antidepressant. Furthermore, antidepressant treatment in the presence of comorbid depression in this patient population is associated with an improvement in the odds of all-cause mortality, illustrating the potential importance of medical management of depression.

Prevalence of Depression in Patients with Hematologic Diseases in Marrakesh, Morocco: A Single Center Experience.

in this descriptive cross-sectional study of patients followed in the hematology department of the University Hospital Mohammed VI of Marrakesh between August 2020 and December 2020, depression symptoms were assessed using Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview test and Beck Depression Inventory. 150 patients participated. Regarding their underlying pathology, 60% (90 patients) of patients were newly diagnosed with leukemia, and 8% patients were admitted for chronic anemia and 12% for lymphoma. Forty-eight percent of them had a characterized depressive episode. Four percent of these episodes were severe, 55% were moderate, and 41% were mild. Among all the factors, multivariate analysis showed that high prevalence of depression was associated with female gender and poor prognosis estimation by the patient.

The role of Neurochemicals, Stress Hormones and Immune System in the Positive Feedback Loops between Diabetes, Obesity and Depression.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and depression are significant public health and socioeconomic issues. They commonly co-occur, with T2DM occurring in 11.3% of the US population, while depression has a prevalence of about 9%, with higher rates among youths. Approximately 31% of patients with T2DM suffer from depressive symptoms, with 11.4% having major depressive disorders, which is twice as high as the prevalence of depression in patients without T2DM. Additionally, over 80% of people with T2DM are overweight or obese. This review describes how T2DM and depression can enhance one another, using the same molecular pathways, by synergistically altering the brain's structure and function and reducing the reward obtained from eating. In this article, we reviewed the evidence that eating, especially high-caloric foods, stimulates the limbic system, initiating Reward Deficiency Syndrome. Analogous to other addictive behaviors, neurochemical changes in those with depression and/or T2DM are thought to cause individuals to increase their food intake to obtain the same reward leading to binge eating, weight gain and obesity. Treating the symptoms of T2DM, such as lowering HbA1c, without addressing the underlying pathways has little chance of eliminating the disease. Targeting the immune system, stress circuit, melatonin, and other alterations may be more effective.

E085 Investigating the relationship between daily disease impact scores and mood in patients with psoriatic arthritis using a smartphone application: a novel use of the PsAID-9 questionnaire

Abstract Background/Aims Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a form of inflammatory arthritis affecting up to 30% of those with psoriasis. It has a considerable impact on patients’ functional capacity and quality of life. Studies have shown an increased prevalence of depression in patients with PsA which can contribute to reduced likelihood of disease remission. Smartphone applications have been developed to monitor symptoms in patients with rheumatic diseases. We used experience sampling to assess the relationship between daily PsA symptom burden using the PsAID-9 questionnaire and mood components utilising the validated Mood Zoom (MZ) questionnaire. Methods Participants (n = 25) with PsA aged ≥18 and &amp;lt;80 years, meeting the CASPAR criteria were recruited from rheumatology clinics at a single centre. At baseline, disease impact was assessed using the Psoriatic Arthritis Impact of Disease-9 (PsAID-9) questionnaire. Participants used the Mezurio smartphone application daily for 28 days to collect data on the PsAID-9 and Mood Zoom questionnaires. MZ comprises 10-items assessing mood symptoms on a 5-point Likert scale. The relationship between daily fluctuations in PsA symptoms and each mood component was assessed using linear mixed-effect (LMER) models. Likelihood ratio testing and Chi-square tests were used to identify statistical significance. Each model controlled for gender and PsAID-9 remission at baseline. Results Mean (SD) age was 49.6 (12.05) years. Sixteen had co-morbid psoriasis. Mean (SD) PsAID-9 scores were 3.28 (1.92). There was a bi-directional association between the mood components of MZ and total PsAID-9 score for each day, as shown in Table 1. Conclusion This study has demonstrated a relationship between daily fluctuations in disease burden and mood. This is the first study to pilot a daily assessment of disease impact versus traditional longer interval collections. Whilst these data demonstrate an association between mood and disease symptoms, they do not allow us to make inferences on the causal effect of mood on symptoms and vice versa. Further research into the relationship between mood and disease burden in PsA are warranted. Disclosure D. McGagh: None. N. McGowan: None. Y. Wu: None. C. Hinds: None. K.E.A. Saunders: None. L.C. Coates: None.

494 The depression prevalence in patients with vitiligo: A meta-analysis

494 The depression prevalence in patients with vitiligo: A meta-analysis

Prevalence of depression in patients on hemodialysis

Objective: To determine the prevalence of depression in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration: Institute of Kidney Diseases Hayatabad, Peshawar and PAF Hospital Islamabad for the duration from December 2021 to May 2022. Methodology: Two hundred and twenty patients on hemodialysis of either gender with ages 25-70 years were enrolled. Detailed demographics were recorded after taking informed written consent. Patients' Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) questions were used to determine the frequency of depression. Severity of depression was also examined. Data was analyzed by SPSS 24.0. Results: There were 135 (61.36%) males while 85 (38.64%) patients were females. Mean age of patients was 46.85±12.38 years. Mean time duration of hemodialysis was 5.25±2.46 years. Depression was found in 160 (72.73%) patients, among them 30 (13.64%) patients had mild, 75 (34.09%) had moderate and 55 (25%) had severe depression. Patients on hemodialysis less than 5 years found more depressive as compared to &gt;5 years. (p-value &lt;0.05). Conclusion: It is concluded that the prevalence of depression in patients of hemodialysis was high.

DEPRESSIONAND RELATED FACTORS AMONG MOROCCAN BREAST CANCER PATIENTS: RESULTS OF ACROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

Introduction: Depression is frequently associated with breast cancer. Although its prevalence and its impact on patientsquality of life are far from negligible, depression is often under-diagnosed and less treated. Objectives: Our study aims to estimate the prevalence of depression in breast cancer patients, to describe their socio-demographic and clinical profile, and to determine the factors associated with this depression. Material and Methods: We carried out a cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study, conducted from October to December 2021 at the Mohammed IV Cancer Treatment Center. The survey included 100 breast cancer patients. It was conducted using an anonymous questionnaire and the Beck scale to diagnose depression and to assess its severity. Results: Depression in a major form was diagnosed in 52% of breast cancer patients. Age under 40, psychiatric antecedents, metastatic breast cancer, refusal of treatment, heavy treatment regimens and the alteration of the conjugal relationshipwere the factors most associated with higher prevalence of depression in these patients. In the light of what has been demonstrated in the analytical study, we note that the occurrence of a major depressive episode is significantly correlated with the following parameters - Age ranging between 20 and 40 years. - Metastatic spread of breast cancer. - Negative attitude of the spouse. - Relapse of the cancerous disease. Discussion and Conclusion: The high prevalence of depression in breast cancer patients as well as the influence of personal characteristics and treatment in the occurrence of this ailment have been confirmed by several authors. We propose some suggestions to improve the psycho-oncological care of patients with breast cancer, in order to prevent the occurrence of depression in this population.

Depression and quality of sleep in patients with type 1 diabetes being under regular diabetes care

IntroductionResearch indicates that co-morbid diabetes and depression is common; however, the implications for clinical practice remain unclearObjectivesThe aim of the study was to check the prevalence of depression in patients with T1DM who are provided with optimal conditions of diabetes care and to identify possible risk factors connected with affective traitsMethodsOut of the 107 patients, 78 (54 females, 24 males) were included for the analysis (HbA1c [%] 7.11±1.0, BMI [kg/m2] 25.3, ± 5.6; Years of T1DM [N] 13.7±8.3). The patients filled in a set of questionnaires during their regular visit to the outpatient clinic. Three patients from the whole group were on intensive insulin therapy with Multiple Daily Injections (MDI) and Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose (SMBG), all the rest were on various types of personal insulin pumps (years on insulin pump [N] 9.1±4.5). All the patients were on regular diabetologist care, with regular visits in a Centre for Advanced Technologies in Diabetes (at least every 6 months).ResultsIn QIDS-S 26 patients (33.8%) were screened positive for depression, in PHQ 57.7% of the patients (45 patients) had symptoms of depression (age was negatively correlated with PHQ score (r= -0.26; p=0.023)). In CES-D 16 (20%) of the patients assessed their present affect as depressed. Quality of sleep was highly correlated with depressive symptoms CESD (r=0.61, p=0.001), PHQ Score (r=0.62; p=0.001), QISD (r=0.68; p=0.001).ConclusionsThe prevalence of affective disorders and poor sleep quality in the examined T1DM patients was much higher than in the general population. Even if the patients have in general good glycemic control, their mental health condition should not be neglected. Well organized cooperation between patients, diabetologists, psychiatrists and psychotherapists is needed.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Construction and Validation of a Risk Warning Model of Depression in Patients with Pulmonary Nodule

Background. To establish a depression risk warning model for patients with pulmonary nodules and to provide a theoretical basis for medical staff to identify high-risk patients early and quickly and take timely intervention measures. Methods. A total of 535 hospitalized patients with pulmonary nodules were selected, and the relevant data were analyzed by single-factor analysis. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to determine the independent risk factors for depression in patients with pulmonary nodules and to establish a risk warning model. The Hosmer−Lemeshow test and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were used to evaluate the goodness of fit and prediction effect of the model, and the cross-validation method was used to verify the efficacy of the model. Results. The prevalence of depression in patients with pulmonary nodules was 47.29%. Univariate analysis showed that CRP, albumin, creatinine, phosphorus, calcium, triglyceride, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, β2-microglobulin, objective support, social support, and education level were related to depression in patients with pulmonary nodules P &lt; 0.05 . Binary logistic regression analysis showed that serum CRP, calcium, social support, and education level were independent risk factors for depression in patients with pulmonary nodules. The area under the ROC curve/sensitivity/specificity of serum CRP, calcium, social support, and education level was 0.78/86.88%/80.65%, 0.79/84.40%/75.59%, 0.83/89.91%/80.22%, and 0.81/85.96%/79.19%, and the accuracy of cross-checked risk warning model was 84.97%. In the Hosmer−Lemeshow test, P = 0.926, area under the ROC curve was 0.98, sensitivity was 98.17%, and specificity was 93.55%. The accuracy of the cross-checked risk warning model was 84.97%, indicating that the prediction effect of the model was good. Conclusions. Serum CRP, calcium, social support, and education level are the independent risk factors of depression in patients with pulmonary nodules, and the risk warning model based on them has a good early warning effect on depression in patients with pulmonary nodules. The risk warning model established in this study has a good predictive effect on depression in patients with pulmonary nodules.

Prevalence of Depression in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes between 10 and 17 Years of Age in Jordan.

The study was conducted by distributing the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children (CES-DC) to adolescents with T1D seen at Jordan University Hospital between February 2019 and February 2020. Demographic, clinical, and socioeconomic data were collected using electronic clinical charts. Possible predictors of depression were assessed using logistic regression analysis. A total of 108 children were enrolled in the study with mean age of 13.7 ± 2.3 years. Fifty-eight children (53.7%) had a CES depression score less than 15, and 50 children (46.3%) had a depression score of 15 or more. The number of diabetes-related hospital admissions and the frequency of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) were significantly different between the two groups. In the multivariable analysis, both gender and SMBG frequency were statistically significant. Girls were more likely to have a depression score ≥ 15 (OR = 3.41, p = 0.025) than boys. Patients who were rarely testing blood glucose levels were more likely to have a depression score ≥ 15 compared to those who were testing regularly (OR = 36.57, p = 0.002). The prevalence of depressive symptoms is relatively high in adolescents with T1D, especially in those living in developing countries. Longer diabetes duration, higher glycated hemoglobin level, and less frequent blood glucose monitoring are associated with higher depression scores.

Major depressive disorders in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and rheumatoid arthritis.

Various immune-mediated inflammatory diseases consisting of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), are found to have a substantial societal burden, increased healthcare costs, and progressive disability. Studies suggest that patients with vs without comorbid depression have a more significant disability, a lower likelihood of remission, and reduced adherence to therapy. Elevated interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and IL-6 contribute to developing depression by the impaired physiological responses to stress, resulting in increased pain, fever, fatigue, and lack thereof of interest, and thus poor long-term outcomes. This study emphasizes the timely recognition of the prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) in patients with RA and IBD combined, thus preventing disability. To identify the prevalence level and temporal trends of depression in hospitalized IBD-RA patients. All adult hospitalized patients from January 2000 to December 2019 in the nationwide inpatient sample (NIS) were captured. The study population included all patients with a primary or secondary IBD-RA overlap disease using corresponding international classification of diseases (ICD)-9 and ICD-10 codes. IBD includes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. The study population was divided into IBD-RA without MDD (controls) and IBD-RA with MDD (cases). For group comparison between MDD vs no MDD, we used Student's t-test for continuous variables and Rao-Scott Chi-square tests for categorical variables. For univariate analyses, we used logistic regression, and for multivariate analysis, we used a weighted multi-level mixed-effects model. We attested all hypotheses with two-tailed significance level of 0.05 (P < 0.05 was considered significant). The outcome is to examine the temporal trends and prevalence of depression in patients with IBD-RA by gender, race, and age. A total of 133315 records were identified with IBD-RA overlap, of which 26155 patients (19.62%) had MDD. Among the IBD-RA patients, those who had MDD were younger [mean age of 56 years (SD ± 15)] to IBD-RA without MDD patients with a P < 0.0001, more females (80% among cases vs 73% among controls) than males with a P < 0.0001, frequent in the white race (79% among cases vs 73% among controls) than black race. Over the 19 years, the number of patients with MDD in IBD-RA increased from 153 (the year 2000) to 2880 (the year 2019) in weighted NIS, representing a 1782% increase compared to the year 2000 with a P < 0.001. Factors associated with higher MDD included younger age, female gender, white race, alcohol, opioids, esophageal disorders, peptic ulcer disease, chronic pancreatitis, paralysis, dementia, menopausal disorders, obesity, nutritional deficiencies, diabetes mellitus with chronic complications, and osteoarthritis. There is a rise in the prevalence of depression in younger patients with IBD-RA combined compared to their counterparts. These patients are also at higher risk for the increased cost of care and poor treatment compliance. It is crucial to educate the involved clinicians to identify the early signs and symptoms of depression in patients with IBD or RA or IBD-RA combined and treat them to have a better overall prognosis.

Frequency of Depression in Patients Suffering from Non-Epileptic Fits

Introduction: The most prevalent and severe type of mental disease, depression affects 60–70% of adults, primarily between the ages of 15 and 35. Not only are the patients affected by this terrible disorder, but also their care givers and families. It has long been known that depression often manifests as a variety of psychosomatic conditions, one of which is non-epileptic fits, which are typically more common in children and women than men. Therefore, the majority of patients who present to a psychiatric emergency room, outpatient department, or ward having non-epileptic fits have underlying depression. This was one of the few studies conducted on the prevalence of depression in patients experiencing non-epileptic fits in Pakistan, particularly in province, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Study Design and Study Area: In the psychiatry department of Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar, this descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted. Duration of Study: The duration of study was 06 months i.e. from 30th march, 2015 to 30th September, 2015. Materials and Methods: The study included 162 patients who presented to the hospital with non-epileptic fits and had ages ranging from 20 to 40 years. The study excluded non-consenting individuals, those with organic brain disorders, and those who had another psychiatric diagnosis already. On a proforma that was especially created, variables were recorded. The BDI depression scale was used to evaluate the depression screening process. Results: Of 193 patients, 162 met the requirements for study. The patients were estimated to have a mean age of 25.44 years, with a standard deviation of 14.25 years. Only 32 patients (20%) were female, while remaining 130 (80%) patient were male. Majority 88 (56%) individuals were uneducated. 46 people (32%) had education up to the primary level, 14 (8%) were matriculating, and 12 (4%) were graduates. 40 people (25%) were single, 94 people (58%) were wed, and 28 people (17%) were widows or widowers. 30 people (19%) were working and 132 (81%) were unemployed. 62 persons had been seeking care for more than 24 months, compared to 8 who had been doing so for less than 24 months, 20 persons for less than 18 months, 14 patients having duration of illness for less than 12 months and 12 patients of less than 6 months period of illness. Only when non-epileptic fits were linked to the depression (p value 0.004) was statistical significance observed. When depression was compared to the patient's gender, marital status, educational attainment, length of care, and occupation, there was no statistically significant difference. Conclusions: The majority of people who have non-epileptic fits also have depression. Age of onset of non-epileptic fits and depression are significantly correlated, whereas gender, educational level, marital status, occupation, length of illness, and patient's family history are not. Keyword: Psychological distress, depression, non-epileptic fits, KTH.

Study of Depression and Its Associated Factors Among Patients of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and Hypertension (HTN) Attending a Primary Health Center (PHC) in a Rural Area of New Delhi, India.

Depression is among the most common mental disorders which is a leading cause of disability and is a negative prognostic indicator in many non-communicable chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension (HTN). Depression among these patients can further worsen their disease condition. Existing information on this topic has mostly come from tertiary care hospital setting. Hence, present study was done among patients attending a primary health center (PHC) in New Delhi. This was a cross-sectional study conducted among 210 participants having diabetes and/or hypertension attending the non-communicable diseases (NCD) clinic at PHC, Fatehpur Beri, New Delhi. Simple random sampling was done and a pre-designed, semi-structured, interview-based questionnaire was used. Depression was assessed using a Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 21.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). The overall prevalence of depression was found to be 49% (n=103), out of which most had moderate depression (23.8%), 16.2% had moderately severe depression, and 9% had severe depression. Multivariate analysis results revealed the odds of having depression to be significantly higher among those who belonged to lower socioeconomic class (adjusted odds ratio, aOR=2.9, confidence interval, CI=1.2-7.4); had uncontrolled diabetes mellitus/hypertension (DM/HTN) (adjusted odds ratio, aOR=2.5, CI=1.1-6.1); had associated comorbidities (aOR=5.9, CI=2.4-15); sedentary lifestyle(aOR=7.8, CI=2.4-25.1); who had past history of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection (aOR=14.7, CI=5.4-39.6); and those who lost family member(s) due to COVID-19 (aOR=10.1, CI=1.3-79.4). Prevalence of depression in patients with DM/HTN was found to be significantly high and various factors were found to be significant. Therefore, every such patient should be screened for depression; and periodic follow ups should also be conducted to prevent future complications and improve prognosis of the disease.

Ocorrência de depressão e avaliação da capacidade funcional em pacientes com doenças vasculares internados em um serviço de cirurgia vascular

Abstract Background Vascular diseases are associated with significant sequelae and clinical repercussions for the lives of affected patients, which are more serious among the elderly. The consequences of vascular disease, such as limb loss, chronic pain, prolonged hospitalization, and polypharmacy, reduce these patients’ autonomy and independence, influencing their wellbeing and quality of life. Objectives To determine the prevalence of depression and assess functional capacity in patients with vascular diseases admitted to a Vascular Surgery Service. Methods This is a descriptive, cross-sectional study, carried out at the Vascular Surgery Service of a tertiary hospital with a non-random sample of patients selected consecutively. The geriatric depression scale short form (GDS-15) was used to assess depression and the Katz scale was used for functional assessment. Results The prevalence of depression in these patients was 60.6%. Associations were observed between depression and consultation with a family doctor in the last 12 months, alcoholism, claudication, diabetes, and individuals who had had an amputation. Individuals’ Katz index functional capacity scores were significantly associated with sociodemographic variables, conditions related to vascular disease, and hospitalization. Conclusions There was a high prevalence of depression in patients with vascular diseases admitted to a vascular surgery service and important reductions in functional capacity in some groups, such as individuals with low educational levels, those who had chronic pain in the lower limbs, patients with diabetes, and those who had had an amputation.