Prevalence Of Daily Cigarette Smoking Research Articles

Lifestyle factors and obesity in young adults - changes in the 2000s in Finland.

Young adulthood is a life stage that is vulnerable to detrimental lifestyle changes and excessive weight gain, which may have major effects on health later in life. This study aimed to examine the changes in lifestyle-related factors in the 2000s and sociodemographic differences in lifestyle in Finnish young adults. The study was based on the cross-sectional data from two representative samples of Finnish young adults aged 18-29 years from the Health 2000 Survey (n = 1894; 90% participated) and the FinHealth 2017 Study (n = 1162; 54% participated). Sociodemographic factors, lifestyle choices (smoking, alcohol consumption, intake of vegetables, physical activity), and anthropometrics were self-reported. Weighted prevalence based on predictive margins and odds ratios were analyzed using logistic regression, taking into account the sampling design and non-response. The prevalence of daily cigarette smoking decreased between the years 2000 and 2017 from 34% to 12% (p < 0.01) and from 23% to 11% (p < 0.01) in men and women, respectively. There was a decline in the prevalence of daily intake of fresh vegetables, especially in men. The prevalence of obesity (BMI ⩾ 30 kg/m2) doubled being 15% in men and 18% in women in 2017. Health-endangering lifestyles, measured by a lifestyle sum score, were more common among young adults with lower education compared to those with higher. This study showed both favorable and unfavorable changes in the lifestyles of Finnish young adults in the 2000s. Health-endangering lifestyles were more common among young adults with lower education, suggesting the need for tailored health-promoting actions. Special attention should be given to obesity prevention.

The impact of cigarette prices on smoking participation and tobacco expenditure in Vietnam.

Vietnam is one of countries with the highest number of smokers in the world and the high smoking prevalence among men in the region. Although the real cigarette prices increased by around 4% during the 2010–2015 period, the prevalence of daily cigarette smoking among men decreased slightly from 31.3% to 30.7% during this period. This raises the question of whether cigarette consumption is sensitive to price. In this study, we estimated the effect of cigarette prices on smoking participation and tobacco expenditure in Vietnam. We found that a one-percent increase in the real cigarette price reduced the probability of cigarette smoking among males by 0.08 percentage points (95% CI from -0.06 to -0.10), equivalent to the price elasticity of the smoking prevalence at -0.26 (95% CI from -0.16% to -0.33%). Using this estimate, we predict that if the cigarette price is increased by 10%, the daily cigarette smoking prevalence among men would decrease from 30.7% to 29.9% and the number of male smokers would decline by around 270 thousand. Higher cigarette prices also reduced per capita tobacco expenditure of households. A one-percent increase in the cigarette price decreased per capita expenditure on tobacco consumption expenditure of households by 0.43 percent (the 95% CI from -0.029 to 0.822). This finding suggests that raising tobacco taxes and prices can be an effective measure to reduce tobacco use.

Socioeconomic inequality in prevalence of cigarette and Water-pipe smoking among Iranian adults: A blinder- Oaxaca decomposition Analysis

Background: To assess the association between socioeconomic inequality and the prevalence of tobacco smoking among Iranian adults in 2010.&#x0D; Methods: Data from the fifth national STEPS survey (WHO STEPwise approach to NCD Surveillance) were analyzed. A Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method was applied to assess the association between socioeconomic inequality and the prevalence of daily cigarette and water pipe (WP) smoking among Iranian men and women.&#x0D; Results: From 10,615 participants in the survey, 4,203 (39.5%) participants appeared to be in the first and fifth quintiles of socioeconomic status (SES). For men, the prevalence of daily cigarette smoking was higher among those with low SES (23.1%) than those with high SES (11.1%) (P&lt;0.001). The observed difference was mainly attributed to the educational level (8.6%). We found no significant difference in high compared to low SES women for cigarette smoking (P value= 0.881). Although there was no difference between high and low SES men for daily WP smoking, low SES women had a higher prevalence of WP smoking (4.4%) than high SES women (1.3%) (P value=0.027). Education level was the major factor (3.3%) to explain the corresponding difference. The difference in WP smoking in high and low SES men was not statistically significant (P value= 0.199).&#x0D; Conclusion: Cigarette smoking in men and WP smoking in women are associated with SES in Iran. Education was the main factor explaining the differences in the prevalence of cigarette and WP smoking in Iranian men and women. Results from this study must be considered as a pivotal basis for designing a tobacco control program at national and sub-national levels.

Trends in cardiovascular risk factors in diabetic patients in comparison to general population in Iran: findings from National Surveys 2007\u20132016

To determine levels of change in risk factors for cardiovascular disease among people with and without a previous diagnosis of diabetes from 2007 to 2016 in Iran. Data were obtained from five rounds of the World Health Organization STEPwise approach to Surveillance (STEPS) cross-sectional surveys. Participants were 7665 and 93,733 adults with and without known diabetes, respectively, aged 25–65 years. We used logistic and linear regressions to assess the trends of risk factors. Individuals with known diabetes compared to those without the condition, experienced greater reductions in mean levels of systolic blood pressure (3.0 vs. 0.5 mmHg among women and 3.9 vs. 1.6 mmHg among men), diastolic blood pressure (6.4 vs. 5.11 mmHg in women and 3.3 vs. 1.8 mmHg in men), and non-HDL cholesterol (42.4 vs. 27.2 mg/dL among women and 30.3 vs. 21.0 mg/dL among men) throughout these years. Men with diabetes also showed a greater reduction in the prevalence of daily cigarette smoking compared to their non-diabetic counterparts (7.3% vs. 2.3%). Fasting plasma glucose decreased among subjects with diabetes but increased among those without diabetes. Significant increases were observed in proportions who met goals for blood pressure, triglycerides, non-HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol in both groups; however, almost half of diabetic subjects did not achieve risk factor goals in 2016. Secondary prevention in diabetic patients was more effective than primary prevention in the general population; however, the rate of diabetic patients who met the designated goals for each risk factor was still suboptimal.

Combined nicotine patch with gum versus nicotine patch alone in smoking cessation in Hong Kong primary care clinics: a randomised controlled trial

BackgroundThe prevalence of daily cigarette smoking has dropped to 10% in Hong Kong (HK) in 2017, however, smoking still kills 5700 persons per year. Studies suggest that abstinence rates are higher with combined NRT than single NRT, although local data on safety and benefits of combined NRT are lacking. The aim of this study is to compare the effectiveness of combined NRT with single NRT among HK Chinese.MethodsThis is a one-year, two-arm, parallel randomised trial. Five hundred sixty smokers, who smoked ≥10 cigarettes/day for ≥1 year, were randomized to combined and single NRT. Combined NRT group received counseling and nicotine patch & gum. Single NRT group received counselling and nicotine patch. Primary outcome was abstinence rate measured as self-reported 7-day point prevalence with CO validated at 52 weeks. Secondary outcomes included smoking abstinence rates at 4, 12, & 26 weeks. Crude odds ratio and p-value were reported from logistic regression without adjustment; for trend analysis, adjusted odds ratio (AOR) and p-value were reported from Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) (controlling for time). All AORs were adjusted for age, sex, baseline CO and clusters.ResultsAbstinence rates at 4, 12, 26 and 52 weeks were all higher in the combined NRT group (35.8, 21.9, 16.8, 20.1%) compared with the single NRT group (28, 16.8, 11.2, 14.3%). At 4 weeks, combined NRT group was more likely to quit smoking (OR 1.43, 95% CI, 1.00 to 2.05) than the single NRT group. From GEE analysis, combined NRT group had a significantly higher abstinence rate (23.6%) than the single NRT group (17.6%) across repeated measures at all-time points. Combined NRT group was more likely to quit smoking (OR 1.43, 95% CI, 1.15 to 1.77). No significant difference in the side effect profile was detected between groups.ConclusionsSmokers given 8 weeks of combined NRT were more likely to quit smoking at 4, 12, 26 and 52 weeks compared with single NRT. Combined NRT was as well tolerated as single NRT and it should be further promoted in our community.Trial registrationNCT03836560 from ClinicalTrial.gov, 9 Feb 2019.

Do population trends in adolescent electronic cigarette use coincide with changes in prevalence of cigarette smoking?

Adolescents who initiate electronic cigarette (EC) use without having ever used tobacco are more likely than those that have not initiated EC use to try cigarette smoking over time. However, whether rates of EC use coincide with cigarette smoking rates at the population level remains unknown. This study aimed to compare trends in ever, current, and daily use of EC and cigarette smoking among adolescents in Iceland from 2015 to 2018. We analyzed four waves of pooled cross-sectional population-based school survey data with students enrolled in the 8th, 9th and 10th grades in the national Icelandic school system (n = 42,440, boys = 50.1%). Response rates ranged between 83.3% and 86.0%. Findings for 8th, 9th, and 10th grade students, and the combined sample, revealed a consistent pattern: prevalence of cigarette smoking either remained unchanged or decreased minimally over the study period. In the combined sample rates of ever smoking remained between 9 and 10% during the entire study period, whereas the prevalence of daily cigarette smoking was around 1%. The use of EC increased 2- to 3-fold in all age groups. Ever use increased from 12% to roughly 30% in the combined group and daily use increased from about 2% to 6% during the same period. We conclude that the prevalence of adolescent cigarette smoking in Iceland remained mostly unchanged between the years 2015 and 2018, whereas EC use increased exponentially during the same period. The prevalence of EC use now far outweighs cigarette smoking in 8th–10th grade youth in Iceland.

Prevalence of Cigarette Smoking and its Characteristics among Undergraduate Medical Students at AL-Ghad International College, Abha City, Saudi Arabia

Background: Cigarette smoking among medical students is becoming a serious public health problem worldwide. Objectives: To determine the daily cigarette smoking prevalence and its characteristics among undergraduate medical students at AL-Ghad International College, Abha city, Saudi Arabia. Methods and Materials: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted at AL-Ghad International College, Abha city, Saudi Arabia. A validated self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from the participants. Descriptive data analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17. Association between different variables was performed using Chi-square and ANOVA tests. A P-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The prevalence of daily cigarette smoking was 30.25%. Significant associations were found between the cigarette smoking and smokers in the age group of 20-25 years (P-value 0.001) and students of higher level of the study (P-value 0.005). About two-thirds (65.3%) of smokers began cigarette smoking after joining the College and 79.4% smoked 1 to 10 cigarettes per day. The association between number of cigarettes smoked per day and the duration of cigarette smoking in years showed statistically significant result (P. value 0.002). Conclusion: The daily cigarette smoking prevalence is still higher among undergraduate medical students. The higher prevalence of cigarette smoking might predict future adverse effects on health. This necessitates introduction of public health preventive and cessation programs which should be implemented by health and education authorities.

Nondaily Cigarette Smoking Is Increasing Among People With Common Mental Health and Substance Use Problems in the United States: Data From Representative Samples of US Adults, 2005-2014.

The current study estimated trends in the prevalence of daily and nondaily cigarette smoking among United States adults with any common mental health or substance use problem (MHSUP), compared to US adults without MHSUP, from 2005 to 2014. Data were drawn from the years 2005 to 2014 from the public use data files for the annually conducted National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Linear time trends of current, daily, and nondaily cigarette smoking among adults (age 18 years and older) with and without MHSUP were assessed using logistic regression models with continuous year as the predictor. In 2014, the prevalence of current cigarette smoking among those with MHSUP was more than twice that of those without MHSUP. Nondaily cigarette smoking increased significantly from 2005 to 2014 among those with MHSUP (P = .001) in contrast to a decline in nondaily cigarette smoking among those without MHSUP (P < .01). The rate of change differed significantly (P < .001). Daily cigarette smoking declined significantly from 2005 to 2014 among those with and without MHSUP (P values < .001). The prevalence of nondaily cigarette smoking is increasing among US adults with common mental health and substance use problems, while it continues to decline among those without these vulnerabilities. The disparity in prevalence of daily cigarette smoking between those with and without MHSUP remains substantial. Conclusions about how to reach the tobacco endgame may need to be reconsidered to develop targeted tobacco control public health approaches that address common MHSUP.

Among whom is cigarette smoking declining in the United States? The impact of cannabis use status, 2002–2015

ObjectivesTo 1) estimate changes in the prevalence of daily and non-daily cigarette smoking among current (past 30-day) daily, non-daily, and non-cannabis users in the United States (U.S.) population; 2) examine time trends in current (past 30-day) cigarette smoking in daily, non-daily, and non-cannabis users ages 12+ from 2002 to 2015. MethodsData collected annually from the 2002 to 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) were employed. Linear time trends of daily and non-daily cigarette smoking were assessed using logistic regression with year as the predictor. ResultsIn 2015, the prevalence of current (past 30-day) cigarette smoking was highest among daily (54.57%), followed by non-daily (40.17%) and non-cannabis users (15.06%). The prevalence of non-daily cigarette smoking increased among daily cannabis users from 2002 to 2015, whereas non-daily cigarette smoking declined among non-daily cannabis users and non-cannabis users from 2002 to 2015. Daily cigarette smoking declined among both cannabis users and non-users; the most rapid decline was observed among daily cannabis users, followed by non-daily and then by non-cannabis users. However, the relative magnitude of the change in prevalence of daily cigarette smoking was similar across the three cannabis groups. ConclusionsDespite ongoing declines in cigarette smoking in the U.S., non-daily cigarette smoking is increasing among current cannabis users, a growing proportion of the U.S. population. Daily and non-daily cigarette smoking continue to decline among those who do not use cannabis. Efforts to further tobacco control should consider novel co-use-oriented intervention strategies and outreach for the increasing population of cannabis users.

Cross-section survey on smoking behavior and cognition in Chongqing, 2014

To investigate the prevalence of smoking, smoking cessation, passive smoking and awareness of the dangers of tobacco in population in Chongqing and provide evidence for developing prevention and control measures. A total of 5 400 residents aged ≥18 years were selected from 9 districts/counties in Chongqing through stratified multi-stage cluster sampling and face-to-face interviews were conducted among them. Indicators as current smoking rates, smoking cessation rates and passive smoking rates were calculated by the weight of age proportions from 2010 population census. The analytical method was based on complex sampling design. The current smoking rate of the residents aged ≥18 years was 27.4% (male: 53.5% and female: 1.1%), which was highest in age group 40-50 years (58.4%) for males. The current smoking rate among rural residents was higher than that in urban residents. The prevalence of daily cigarette smoking was 27.5%, which was significantly higher in southeastern Chongqing. The rate of passive smoking was 52.4%. Among daily smokers, the mean number of cigarettes smoked was 17.5 per day (men: 17.6 per day; women: 13.5 per day). The daily smoked cigarette number in males was higher in age group 40-50 years (20.1 per day) and those with junior middle school education level (18.9 per day). The proportion of the current smokers who smoked more than 20 cigarettes per day (the rate of heavy smoker) was higher in males than in females and in rural residents than in urban residents. The proportion of heavy smokers was 59.3%, which was highest in age group 40-50 years (66.8%), followed by those with junior middle school educational level (65.2%). The average age of smokers when they stared to smoke was 20.8 years old, which was low in males and rural residents. About 80.2% of the smokers stared to smoke under 25 years old, and 70.3% of the smokers stared to smoke between 15 and 25 years old. The overall rate of smoking cessation was 20.1% and the successful smoking cessation rate was 13.7%. The two rates increased with age, the successful smoking cessation rate was lowest in age group 18-40 years (4.8%). The awareness of the tobacco risk related knowledge seemed poor among the residents, only 19.6% of the residents were aware that smoking could cause serious diseases (stoke, heart disease and lung cancer). 21.9% of the residents were aware that passive smoking could cause serious diseases (heart disease, lung disease and lung cancer). Current prevalence of smoking in males in Chongqing remains at a high level, indicating that the publicity programs on the tobacco risk related knowledge needs to be strengthened and the tobacco control needs more efforts. The tobacco control in Chongqing is still facing serious challenge.

The Effect of Tobacco Use on Oral Health and Dental Readiness in the Croatian Army

ABSTRACT This study examined tobacco use as a risk factor in the development of periodontal disease as dental emergency and dental readiness among soldiers. A total of 884 soldiers were followed: 650 recruits and 234 professional active veterans. They were categorized into dental readiness classes, and questionnaires were completed about tobacco use. Overall, 62.7% of soldiers reported current smoking, with a higher prevalence of smokers among recruits. The results showed a significant difference in smokers vs. non-smokers in dental readiness, supragingival/subgingival calculus, gingivitis, and Class 3 dental fittnes. More recruits (63.8%) smoked than veterans (59.4%), but greater prevalence of daily cigarette smoking and duration of smoking habits was found among veterans. In both groups, soldiers who smoked were characterized by a higher percentage of periodontal health problems and decreased combat readiness compared to soldiers who did not smoke. This indicates a need for oral health prevention program, and cigarette smoking and cessation programs.

Daily cigarette smoking among colombian high school students: gender related psychosocial factors

This study aimed to establish the prevalence of daily cigarette smoking (DCS) and its gender correlated factors in high-school attending adolescents from Bucaramanga, Colombia. A random cluster sample was surveyed (N = 2291). The previous month DCS prevalence was 11.6% (95% CI 9.7-13.5) in boys and 4.4% (95% CI 3.3-5.5) in girls. In girls, DCS was associated with previous month illegal substance use (OR 8.13, 95%CI 3.52-18.87), abusive alcohol consumption (OR 5.88, 95% CI 2.54-13.70), being the best friend of a smoker (OR 3.25, 95% CI 1.38-7.63), and poor or mediocre academic achievement (OR 2.46, 95% CI 1.25-4.85). In boys, DCS was related to previous month substance use (OR 6.23, 95% CI 3.62-10.71), being the best friend of a smoker (OR 5.87, 95% CI 2.93-11.76), poor or mediocre academic achievement (OR 2.09, 95% CI 1.34-3.24), and being older than non-smokers (OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.21-1.81). DCS presents associated factors very similar for girls and boys. Thus, more research is needed.

Factores asociados con el consumo diario de cigarrillo en adolescentes estudiantes de básica secundaria de Bucaramanga, Colombia.

Daily cigarette smoking is associated with high morbidity and mortality in adults. This pattern of tobacco use is established during the early adolescence. Among adolescents, daily cigarette smoking is a strong predictor of illegal, addictive substance use. The prevalence of daily cigarette smoking is not known in Colombian adolescent middle-school students. To assess smoking prevalence, daily cigarette smoking and associated factors among middle school-students in Bucaramanga, northeast Colombia. An anonymous questionnaire concerning illegal and legal substance use was administered to a random sample of 2,586 students. The group mean age was 13.0 years; 54.9% was male; 32.0% was in sixth grade, 31.7% in seventh, 25.2% in eighth and 11.1% in ninth grade, with 67.1% enrolled in public schools. The prevalence of daily cigarette smoking lasting the month prior to the questionnaire was 3.8% (95% CI 2.7-4.9). Logistic regression showed a significant association between being the best friend of a smoker or a drinker of alcohol (OR=3.71; 95% CI 1.71-8.04), having low academic performance perception (OR=3.83; 95% CI 1.0-14.2), and being older age (OR=1.4; 95% CI 1.2-1.8). These data demonstrated that one in 26 middle-school student adolescents from Bucaramanga is an everyday smoker. The most important associated factor was being the best friend of a smoker or a drinker of alcohol.