Prevalence Of Conduct Disorder Research Articles

The prevalence and risk factors of conduct disorder among juvenile delinquents in China

Conduct disorders (CDs) are common in juvenile justice cases, but their prevalence varies across regions. It is useful to help people comprehend the incidence and risk factors for CDs in the judicial environment. To determine the prevalence of CDs among juvenile delinquents in China and explore the risk factors for CDs in terms of demographic characteristics, individual characteristics, and social environmental factors. A total of 545 male juvenile delinquents and 297 typically developed adolescents from China were recruited for this study. The Conduct Disorder Screening Form was used to assess the symptoms of CD, and related measurements, including the Demographic Questionnaire, Short-Egna Minnen av Barndoms Uppfostran for Chinese (s-EMBU-C), the Short Form of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-SF), the Parental Monitoring Scale, the Deviant Peer Affiliation Scale, the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits (ICU), the Self-Control Scale (SCS), and the Moral Disengagement Scale (MDS), were carried out. Among the juvenile delinquents, 58.7% met the symptoms of CD, with adolescent-onset CD accounting for 90.94% of these cases. There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of CD between the criminal group and the illegal group, but the criminal group scored higher on aggression than the illegal group. The adolescents with CDs differed from the typically developed adolescents in demographic characteristics, parenting style, individual characteristics, and deviant peer affiliation. Discriminant analysis revealed that deviant peer affiliation had the greatest impact on the CDs of adolescents (structural matrix = 0.85), followed by the level of parental monitoring and moral disengagement. CD is widespread in Chinese juvenile delinquents. CD symptoms differ between criminal and illegal juvenile delinquents. Risk factors such as deviant peer affiliation, inadequate parental monitoring, moral disengagement, and low parental warmth all contribute to the high prevalence of CD.

Biatrial arrhythmogenic substrate in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy

BackgroundAtrial fibrillation (AF) in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) may be caused by a primary atrial myopathy. Whether HOCM-related atrial myopathy affects mainly electrophysiological properties of the left atrium (LA) or also the right atrium (RA) has never been investigated. ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to characterize atrial conduction and explore differences in the prevalence of conduction disorders, potential fractionation, and low-voltage areas (LVAs) between the RA and LA during sinus rhythm (SR) as indicators of potential arrhythmogenic areas. MethodsIntraoperative epicardial mapping of both atria during SR was performed in 15 HOCM patients (age 50 ± 12 years). Conduction delay (CD) and conductin block (CB), unipolar potential characteristics (voltages, fractionation), and LVA were quantified. ResultsConduction disorders and LVA were found scattered throughout both atria in all patients and did not differ between the RA and LA (CD: 2.9% [1.9%–3.6%] vs 2.6% [2.1%–6.4%], P = .541; CB: 1.7% [0.9%–3.1%] vs 1.5% [0.5%–2.8%], P = .600; LVA: 4.7% [1.6%–7.7%] vs 2.9% [2.1%–7.1%], P = .793). Compared to the RA, unipolar voltages of single potentials (SPs) and fractionated potentials (FPs) were higher in the LA (SP: P75 7.3 mV vs 10.9 mV; FP: P75 2.0 mV vs 3.7 mV). FP contained low-voltage components in only 18% of all LA sites compared to 36% of all RA sites. ConclusionIn patients with HOCM, conduction disorders, LVA, and FP are equally present in both atria, supporting the hypothesis of a primary atrial myopathy. Conceptually, the presence of a biatrial substrate and high-voltage FP may contribute to failure of ablative therapy of atrial tachyarrhythmias in this population.

DSM-5 conduct disorder and symptoms in youths at high risk of psychosis in Kenya with DSM-5 mental disorders and substance use: towards integrated management

Little is known about the prevalence of Conduct Disorder (CD) and symptoms of CD in high risk psychosis persons at both clinical and community populations in LMICs and in particular Kenya. This study aimed to document (1) the prevalence of CD diagnosis and symptoms in youth who screened positive for psychosis and (2) the associated mental disorders and substance use in the same cohort in LMIC. The sample size was 536 students who had screened positive on the Washington Early Recognition Center Affectivity and Psychosis (WERCAP) from a population of 9,742 high school, college and university students, but had not converted to a psychotic disorder. We collected data on socio-demographic characteristics and used the following tools: Economic indicators tool; the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) tool for DSM-5 diagnosis; World Health Organization (WHO) Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST). Basic descriptive statistics, chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, Pearson correlation and Poisson regression were conducted. Five percent (5%) of the respondents met the criteria for DSM-5 CD. Indeterminate CD comprised 10.1%. Male gender, all substances except hallucinogens lifetime, obsessive compulsive disorder, psychosis, agoraphobia, social phobia, drug abuse/dependence, antisocial personality disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, suicidality, WERCAP screen for bipolar disorder and WERCAP screen for schizophrenia were significantly (p < 0.05) associated with CD. Deceitfulness or theft criteria symptoms showed that CD had no significant gender difference. Criteria symptoms in aggression to people and animals, destruction of property and serious violations of rules were more common among males. Our findings suggest the need to screen for and diagnose CD, mental disorders and substance use in high risk psychosis youths in Kenya. This will inform integrated management.

3.77 Prevalence of Conduct Disorder Among Children and Adolescents With Adverse Childhood Experience: A Nationwide Inpatient Sample Analysis

3.77 Prevalence of Conduct Disorder Among Children and Adolescents With Adverse Childhood Experience: A Nationwide Inpatient Sample Analysis

The prevalence of conduct disorders among young people in europe: A systematic review and meta-analysis

IntroductionThis systematic review estimates the pooled prevalence (PP) of Conduct Disorder (CD) among 5-to-18-year-old YP living in Europe, based on prevalence rates established in the last five years (LFY).ObjectivesTrends of prevalence rates across countries, gender and level of education were analysed. The random effects pooled prevalence rate (REPPR) for CD was calculated.MethodsA search strategy was conducted on three databases. Studies were also identified from reference lists and grey literature. Eligible studies were evaluated for reliability, validity and bias, and REPPRs were calculated.ResultsThe European REPPR for CD is calculated at 1.5% (Figure1). The REPPR among males is 1.8% whereas the rate among females is 1.0% (Figure2). The prevalence rate of CD in primary school children is 1.4 times lower than the prevalence of secondary school children.ConclusionsGender, culture and socioeconomic inequality may contribute towards diagnostic inequality and prevalence differences. It is recommended that these aspects are addressed, and routine screening and early intervention services are developed.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Parental Factors as Determinants of Conduct Disorder among In-School Adolescents in Ibadan Metropolis, Nigeria

This study was carried out to observe the link between parental factors and Conduct Disorder (CD) among Nigerian school adolescents. A cross-sectional survey research design was adopted for the study where multi-stage sampling techniques led to selecting 1006 participants (mean age = 15.4 years) from six secondary schools in Ibadan, Oyo State, Southwestern Nigeria. Participants responded to Socioeconomic Status (SES) scale, the Parenting Styles Scale (PSS) and Frequency of Delinquent Behaviour Scaling Instrument (FDBSI). A high prevalence of CD was observed. We also observed that parenting styles significantly influenced conduct disorders. Responsive parenting is not a significant predictor of CD, while control parenting significantly predicted CD. Parental occupation significantly influenced CD, with formal occupation types having higher mean scores for both fathers and mothers. Finally, there was a significant influence of socioeconomic status on conduct disorder among the participants. Findings concluded that there is a high prevalence of conduct disorder. Authoritarian and uninvolved parents with formal occupation and families with higher socioeconomic status were conduct disorder determinants among adolescents.

P1791Conduction abnormalities following aortic valve intervention in patients with transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis

Abstract Introduction Aortic Stenosis (AS) is the most common valvular heart disease in the Western world. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is an alternative to surgical valve replacement in medium and high-risk patients. One of the most common complications after TAVI is conduction system disturbances including bundle branch block, complete heart block and need for permanent pacemaker implantation. Transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis (TTR–CA) is an increasingly recognized cause of heart failure that almost exclusively affects older adults. Diagnosis of TTR-CA in patients undergoing valvular intervention is relevant to understand their clinical outcomes and to discuss specific management. Objectives Occult amyloid may account for the frequent need for pacemakers among TAVR patients. We aimed to assess the correlation between intervention induced conduction abnormalities and the need for a pacemaker insertion and the presence of TTR-CA. Methods The study population included patients who had aortic valve intervention between 2011–2018. The patients underwent Tc99m-PYP scan using SPECT technology which has been shown to be valid for the diagnosis of TTR-CA. We examined the rate of conduction disorders and the need for a permanent pacemaker from patient files at the time of hospitalization and during a 24-month follow-up. Results The study population included 86 patients, mean age 78±6 years, 55% women. Twenty-nine (33%) of the participants were diagnosed as positive (VAS 2 and 3) for transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis. There were no differences in baseline characteristics with regard to age, gender, risk factors, hemoglobin and renal function between patients positive and negative for TTR CA. Conduction disorders were seen in 35 (40%) patients. Patients with TTR CA had a statistically higher prevalence of conduction disorders. Forty-two percent of TTR CA positive patients underwent peri-procedural permanent pacemaker implantation compared to 28% peri-procedural pacemaker implantations in the negative group (p=0.043). Development of a new left bundle branch block during the follow-up period was observed in 14.1% of all patients. There was a statistically significant higher rate in the positive group compared to TTR CA negative group (39.1% vs 10.9% p=0.03). Conclusions We observed a high prevalence of occult TTR-CA in older adults with aortic stenosis who underwent TAVI. We also found a high prevalence of conduction abnormalities following TAVI in patients with TTR CA. These findings suggest a need for more careful observation for possible conduction abnormalities and requirement for pacemaker insertion in these patients. Acknowledgement/Funding None

Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of conduct disorder.

Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of conduct disorder.

Conduct disorder in adolescent females: current state of research and study design of the FemNAT-CD consortium

Conduct disorder (CD) is a common and highly impairing psychiatric disorder of childhood and adolescence that frequently leads to poor physical and mental health outcomes in adulthood. The prevalence of CD is substantially higher in males than females, and partly due to this, most research on this condition has used all-male or predominantly male samples. Although the number of females exhibiting CD has increased in recent decades, the majority of studies on neurobiological measures, neurocognitive phenotypes, and treatments for CD have focused on male subjects only, despite strong evidence for sex differences in the aetiology and neurobiology of CD. Here, we selectively review the existing literature on CD and related phenotypes in females, focusing in particular on sex differences in CD symptoms, patterns of psychiatric comorbidity, and callous-unemotional personality traits. We also consider studies investigating the neurobiology of CD in females, with a focus on studies using genetic, structural and functional neuroimaging, psychophysiological, and neuroendocrinological methods. We end the article by providing an overview of the study design of the FemNAT-CD consortium, an interdisciplinary, multi-level and multi-site study that explicitly focuses on CD in females, but which is also investigating sex differences in the causes, developmental course, and neurobiological correlates of CD.

Does the course of manic symptoms in pediatric bipolar disorder impact the course of conduct disorder? Findings from four prospective datasets

BackgroundTo assess whether the course of pediatric bipolar-I (BP-I) disorder impacts the course of conduct disorder (CD)/antisocial personality disorder (ASPD). We hypothesized that remission of manic symptoms in BP-I youth will be associated with remission of CD/ASPD. MethodsWe used data from four longitudinal datasets of carefully characterized and comprehensively assessed youth with structured diagnostic interview based diagnoses of BP-I disorder and CD/ASPD assessed at baseline in childhood and at follow-up onto adolescent years. The baseline sample consisted of 240 subjects with full BP-I disorder. The average follow-up time was 6.6 ± 2.4 years. ResultsSubjects with remitting BP-I disorder in adolescent years had a significantly lower one-year prevalence of CD or ASPD compared to those with persistent BP-I disorder (χ2 = 10.35, p = 0.001). LimitationsOur inferences were derived from the examination of naturalistic longitudinal follow-up data and not results of a clinical trial. ConclusionsResults indicate that remission of manic symptoms at the adolescent follow up in youth with BP-I disorder were associated with a significant decrease in rates of CD/ASPD. These results suggest that targeting manic symptoms in youth with BP-I disorder could mitigate the course of CD/ASPD in youth. Considering the high morbidity and disability associated CD/ASPD in youth and the limited treatment options available to address it, if replicated, these findings would have very important clinical and public health significance.

The Relationship Between Cardiac Conduction Times, Cardiovascular Risk Factors, and Inflammation in Patients with Early Arthritis.

To investigate the prevalence of conduction disorders in patients with early arthritis and the relationship with inflammation and traditional cardiovascular (CV) risk factors. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have a 2-fold higher risk of sudden cardiac death, possibly owing to conduction disorders. This increased risk might already be present at the clinical onset of arthritis. Therefore, we assessed electrocardiography, blood pressure, 28-joint Disease Activity Score (DAS28), lipid profile, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and C-reactive protein (CRP) level in 480 patients with early arthritis at baseline and after 1 year. The prevalence of conduction disorders was 12.5%. Conduction times at baseline were not associated with DAS28, ESR, or CRP levels and did not change during antirheumatic treatment. Baseline and the improvement in DAS28 (European League Against Rheumatism response), ESR, and CRP were significantly associated with heart rate, lipid profile, and blood pressure. Elevated total cholesterol and blood pressure were associated with an increased QRS time. The change in heart rate differed 7.3 bpm between patients with the least versus largest DAS improvement. The prevalence of conduction disorders in patients with early arthritis was 12.5%, which is similar to the general population and was not associated with changes in inflammation markers. However, a high cholesterol was associated with a prolonged QRS time. Therefore, the emphasis of CV risk management in arthritis should not be only on treatment of disease activity but also on traditional CV risk factors. The relationship between the improvement in disease activity and heart rate is remarkable because this could imply a 10-year CV mortality risk difference of 24%.

Life course persistent and adolescence limited conduct disorder in a nationally representative US sample: prevalence, predictors, and outcomes.

The course of conduct disorder (CD) is heterogeneous. Moffitt proposed the heuristic of life course persistent (LCP) and adolescence limited (AL) to differentiate etiologically distinct forms of antisocial behavior (AB), each with distinct predictors and consequences, although a few studies have assessed this demarcation within the context of CD. The objective of this study was to apply Moffitt's taxonomy in a nationally representative US sample to investigate the prevalence, predictors, and outcomes of LCP and AL CD. Data come from the Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Studies, a set of population-based nationally representative cross-sectional surveys (N = 20,130). Predictors included harsh discipline, maternal and paternal closeness, poverty in childhood, history of learning disability, parental deviance, and nativity. Outcomes included substance use, employment status, education attainment, marital status, income level, and self-rated mental and physical health. The prevalence of LCP and AL CD was 0.5 and 4.6%, respectively, for females, and 1.9 and 5.1%, respectively, for males. Low childhood SES [Odds Ratio (OR) = 3.49], lack of maternal closeness (OR = 2.50), and history of harsh discipline (OR = 2.17) increased odds of LCP group membership. The LCP group had higher odds of developing substance use disorders (OR = 2.00) relative to AL. LCP CD is more strongly influenced by childhood environment and confers increased odds for substance use problems in adulthood relative to AL CD.

Disruptive behavior disorders among basic-learning schoolchildren at Quweisna District, Menoufia Governorate, Egypt (2014/2015)

Background Disruptive behavior disorders (DBDs) are psychiatric disorders of children and adolescents, including oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD). It is associated with an increased risk for negative developmental outcomes including substance abuse, school problems, and antisocial or criminal violence. Objective The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of DBDs among basic-learning schoolchildren in Quweisna District, Menoufia Governorate, its types, and its risk factors. Participants and methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on 348 basic-learning schoolchildren and their parents, as well as their teachers. Children were subjected to mini-kids interview for diagnosis of DBDs and then 'Parenting Manner Scale' for the detection of parenting style. Parents and teachers rated the child's behavior at home and school, respectively, during the past 6 months. Parents were subjected to the socioeconomic status scale. Results Prevalence of DBDs was 14.9%. The prevalence of ODD and CD was 8 and 6.9%, respectively. Mean age was significantly lower among patients (11.69 ± 1.6), with male sex predominance (69.2%). Low socioeconomic level (67.3%), interparental conflicts (36.5%), single parent (51.9%), and family history of neuropsychiatric disorders (65.4%) were significantly higher among cases. Overprotection (28.8 and 28.8%), discrimination between siblings (28.8 and 28.8%), and authoritarian parenting styles (17.3 and 19.2%), were significantly more prevalent among cases. Conclusion Prevalence of DBDs among basic-learning schoolchildren in Quweisna District, Menoufia Governorate, Egypt, was 14.9%. Its types were ODD and CD represented by 8 and 6.9%, respectively. Risk factors for DBDs among the studied group were low socioeconomic status, low parental education, father smoking, parental conflicts, family history of neuropsychiatric disorders, and bad parental styles among fathers and mothers (overprotection, discrimination, authoritarian, and hesitancy).

Aggressive Antisocial Behaviors Are Related to Character Maturity in Young Swedish Violent Offenders Independent of ADHD.

Antisocial personality and psychopathic traits have constantly been found to accompany criminal and aggressive behaviors, but little attention has been given to aspects of character maturity and its relation to such behaviors. The present study investigated (1) whether level of character maturity (low, medium, and high) is associated with amount of aggressive antisocial behaviors (AABs) and psychopathic traits in young men imprisoned for violent criminality, and (2) whether such an association is independent of coexisting attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Swedish males (N = 270, aged 18-25) sentenced to prison for violent and/or sexual criminality in the western region of the Swedish Prison and Probation Service underwent a thorough clinical examination during their incarceration. Data on character maturity, as measured by the character dimensions Self-Directedness and Cooperativeness of the Temperament and Character Inventory, were available for n = 148 subjects and were used to divide these offenders into three groups with low, medium, and high character maturity. These groups were then compared for variables reflecting criminal history, a DSM-IV diagnosis of ADHD, conduct disorder (CD) and substance use disorders (SUD), aggressive behaviors, and psychopathic traits. Character maturity was consistently associated with less AABs and psychopathic personality traits; the group with the highest character maturity showed: (i) a later age at onset of criminality, (ii) a smaller number of prior violent criminal acts, (iii) lower prevalence of ADHD, CD, and SUD, (iv) less self-rated and expert-rated aggressive behaviors, and (v) less psychopathic traits. The association between character maturity and aggressive behaviors/psychopathic personality traits remained even when ADHD was controlled for. The only exception was sexual criminality, where the group with the highest character maturity contained the largest amount of sexual offenders. Higher character maturity appeared to be a protective factor among young male violent offenders, associated with less AABs, suggesting that character maturity is a promising target for treatment interventions for this group of individuals.

The Limited Prosocial Emotions Specifier for Conduct Disorder Among Detained Girls

This study examines the prevalence and clinical usefulness of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM-5) specifier “with Limited Prosocial Emotions” (LPE) in detained girls. Detained girls ( N = 85; Mage = 16.24) and their parents were interviewed with a structured diagnostic interview to identify girls with conduct disorder (CD), and both informants completed the Antisocial Process Screening Device to assess the LPE specifier. Psychiatric disorders other than CD, aggression, and offending were assessed through standardized self-report tools. Different approaches were used to deal with diagnostic information from multiple informants. The prevalence of CD + LPE girls was lower when using self-report (12.9%) compared with parent-report (38.8%), suggesting that parents indeed are important to identify CD + LPE girls. However, including parental information did not result in a better differentiation between CD + LPE and CD-only girls. Specifically, the LPE specifier only enabled to identify a group of seriously antisocial girls with higher levels of proactive aggression, though solely when using self-report.

Prevalence of conduct disorder and associated factors among the high school students in Sanandaj, 2013

Background: This study was performed to assess the prevalence of conduct disorder and its associated factors among the high school students of Sanandaj in 2013. Methods: The study sample included 375 high school students selected from the high school students in Sanandaj through multistage stratified random sampling. The instruments for data collection comprised of Child Symptom Inventory and Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-1). The results were evaluated by SPSS (version 21) using chi-square test. Results: The results showed the prevalence of conduct disorder among the high school students was 8.8%. Also, the prevalence of conduct disorder among students with separated parents was higher than other students. The prevalence of conduct disorder in the male students was significantly more than that of the female students. Moreover, there was a significant correlation between students’ conduct disorder and their parents’ separation and divorce. However, no significant difference was obtained between conduct disorder and other associated factors, including parents’ death rate, parents’ history of psychological disorder and academic level of students (P<0.05). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, running counseling centers at schools and holding family training programs for parents by psychologists are recommended.

English

CONTEXT: There is a lacuna of studies on Conduct Disorder (CD) in the Indian context. AIMS: (i) To identify the prevalence of CD in primary school children, (ii) To identify the gender difference in the prevalence of CD. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: This is a cross sectional study of school aged children selected from four different schools in Rewa district. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nine hundred children aged between 6 and 11 years were selected from different four schools' in Rewa district after obtaining informed consent from their parents and the school authorities. The study was a two phase study. The presence of CD was assessed by using Rutter CBQ and those who were screened positive were subjected to DSM-IV-TR criteria for the final diagnosis. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) 10 software Mean and Standard Deviation, and chi square test were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The prevalence of CD among primary school children was found to be 5.48. Prevalence was found to be higher among the males (66.67%) as compared to that of females (33.33%). CONCLUSION: The present study shows a high prevalence of CD among primary school children with a higher prevalence among the males than the females.

Research Review: Epidemiological modelling of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010

The most recent Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD 2010) is the first to include attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and conduct disorder (CD) for burden quantification. We present the epidemiological profiles of ADHD and CD across three time periods for 21 world regions. A systematic review of global epidemiology was conducted for each disorder (based on a literature search of the Medline, PsycInfo and EMBASE databases). A Bayesian metaregression tool was used to derive prevalence estimates by age and sex in three time periods (1990, 2005 and 2010) for 21 world regions including those with little or no data. Prior expert knowledge and covariates were applied to each model to adjust suboptimal data. Final prevalence output for ADHD were adjusted to reflect an equivalent value if studies had measured point prevalence using multiple informants while final prevalence output for CD were adjusted to reflect a value equivalent to CD only. Prevalence was pooled for males and females aged 5-19years with no difference found in global prevalence between the three time periods. Male prevalence of ADHD in 2010 was 2.2% (2.0-2.3) while female prevalence was 0.7% (0.6-0.7). Male prevalence of CD in 2010 was 3.6% (3.3-4.0) while female prevalence was 1.5% (1.4-1.7). ADHD and CD were estimated to be present worldwide with ADHD prevalence showing some regional variation while CD prevalence remained relatively consistent worldwide. We present the first prevalence estimates of both ADHD and CD globally and for all world regions. Data were sparse with large parts of the world having no estimates of either disorder. Epidemiological studies are urgently needed in certain parts of the world. Our findings directly informed burden quantification for GBD 2010. As mental disorders gained increased recognition after the first GBD study in 1990, the inclusion of ADHD and CD in GBD 2010 ensures their importance will be recognized alongside other childhood disorders.

Migration from Mexico to the United States and conduct disorder: a cross-national study.

Twin studies suggest that conduct disorder (CD) is under substantial genetic influence, which is stronger for aggressive than for nonaggressive symptoms. Studies of migrating populations offer an alternative strategy for separating environmental and genetic influences on psychiatric disorders. To examine variation in the prevalence of CD associated with migration from Mexico to the United States and to determine whether this variation is similar for aggressive and nonaggressive CD symptoms and symptom profiles. The prevalences of CD, different types of CD symptoms, and CD symptom profiles were compared across 3 generations of people of Mexican origin with increasing levels of exposure to American culture: families of origin of migrants (residing in Mexico), children of Mexican migrants raised in the United States, and Mexican-American children of US-born parents. General population surveys conducted in Mexico and the United States using the same diagnostic interview. Adults aged 18 to 44 years in the household population of Mexico and the household population of people of Mexican descent in the United States. Conduct disorder criteria, assessed using the World Mental Health version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Compared with the risk in families of origin of migrants, risk of CD was lower in the general population of Mexico (odds ratio [OR],0.54; 95% CI, 0.19-1.51), higher in children of Mexican-born immigrants who were raised in the United States (OR,4.12; 95% CI, 1.47-11.52), and higher still in Mexican-American children of US-born parents (OR,7.64; 95% CI, 3.20-18.27). The association with migration was markedly weaker for aggressive than for nonaggressive symptoms. The prevalence of CD increases dramatically across generations of the Mexican-origin population after migration to the United States. This increase is of larger magnitude for nonaggressive than for aggressive symptoms, consistent with the suggestion that nonaggressive symptoms are more strongly influenced by environmental factors than are aggressive symptoms.

Classes of conduct disorder symptoms and their life course correlates in a US national sample

Population data on conduct disorder (CD) symptoms can help determine whether hypothesized subtypes of CD are sufficiently disparate in their familial, psychiatric and life course correlates to distinguish separate diagnostic entities. Latent class analysis (LCA) of CD symptoms occurring before age 15 was conducted in a national sample of adults aged 18-44 years from the National Epidemiological Study of Alcohol and Related Conditions. Associations of latent class membership with parental behavior problems, onset of psychiatric disorders and anti-social behaviors after age 15, adolescent life events (e.g. high school drop-out), and past-year life events (e.g. divorce/separation, bankruptcy) were estimated. LCA identified a no-CD class with low prevalence of all symptoms, three intermediate classes - deceit/theft, rule violations, aggression - and a severe class. The prevalence of CD, according to DSM-IV criteria, was 0% in the no-CD class, between 13.33% and 33.69% in the intermediate classes and 62.20% in the severe class. Latent class membership is associated with all the familial, psychiatric and life course outcomes examined. Among the intermediate classes, risk for subsequent mood/anxiety disorders and anti-social behavior was higher in the deceit/theft and aggressive classes than in the rule violations class. However, risk for adolescent life events is highest in the rule violations class. CD symptoms tend to occur in a partially ordered set of classes in the general population. Prognostically meaningful distinctions can be drawn between classes, but only at low levels of symptoms.